Introduction
In each Hellenic, Indo-Iranian, and Italic the word for "thousand" is derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéslo-—apparently "handful"?—but in different forms.
Greek χίλιοι khílioi (kilo-) seems to derive from *ǵʰesliyoy, possibly a plural adjective form?
In Indo-Iranian it's prefixed with *sem- as *sm̥-ǵʰéslom, which could be translated as "one handful", but I think perhaps better rendered here as "a whole handful". This becomes forms like Sanskrit sahásram and Persian hazāra.
Italic also uses the *sm̥-, but makes the whole thing feminine-collective as *smih₂-ǵʰéslih₂, whence Latin mille (milli-).
Teaser
surgery,
garter,
milli-,
kilo-,
millennial,
chrono-,
yard,
Midgard
Full Text
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Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes- hand, take
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Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰésōr hand primary noun, gen. and abl. *ǵʰsrés
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Anatolian *ǵésōr
- Hittite 𒆠𒌍𒊬 késːar ke-eš-šar hand
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Luwic
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Luwian
- Cuneiform Luwian 𒄿𒅖𒊭𒊑𒅖 īssaris i-iš-ša-ri-iš hand
- Lycian 𐊆𐊈𐊕𐊁𐊅𐊆 izredi by hand
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Old Armenian ձեռն jeṙn hand, first, arm, strength, force
- Armenian ձեռք jeṙkʻ hand, arm
- Old Armenian *jeṙnuk diminutive
- Arabic زرنوك zarnūk handle
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Hellenic *kʰéhər
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Classical Greek χείρ kheír hand
- Translingual Chiroptera taxonomic order of bats
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Koine Greek χέριον khérion diminutive
- Greek χέρι chéri hand, arm, handle
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Classical Greek ἑκατόγχειρος hekatónkheiros hundred-handed
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Classical Greek ἑκατὸν μὲν χεῖρες hekatòn mèn kheîres
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Classical Greek χειρουργός kheirourgós craftsman, surgeon "hand-worker"
- Latin chīrūrgus surgeon
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Classical Greek χειρουργία kheirourgíā handiwork, handicraft, surgery
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Latin chīrūrgia surgery
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Western Romance
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Latin *chīrurgiānus
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Western Romance
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Old French surgien
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Old French cirurgiien
- French chirurgien
- Dutch chirurgijn
- English chirurgeon
- English chiro-
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Hellenic *kʰéhr-nikʷs hand-wash
- Mycenaean Greek 𐀐𐀛𐀣 ke-ni-qa
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Classical Greek χέρνιψ khérnips water for handwashing
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Classical Greek χέρνιβον khérnibon wash basin
- Arabic كرنيب kirnīb wash basin, bath, dipper
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Italic *hezor
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Tocharian *ṣar hand
- Arshian tsar hand
- Kushean ṣar hand
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Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰēsreh₂
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Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰr̥sós
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Celtic *garros leg, calf
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Brythonic *garr
- Breton gar leg
- Cornish garr leg
- Welsh gar leg
- Old Irish gairr calf
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Gaulish *garrā
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Western Romance *garra leg, calf
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Old French gare
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Old French garet diminutive
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Middle French jarret
- French jarret back of the knee, leg joint of meat
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Old French gareter garter
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Middle French jarretier garter
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Middle English garter garter
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Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéslom numerous, thousand, handful?
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Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-ǵʰéslom
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Indo-Iranian *saȷ́ʰásram thousand
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Indo-Aryan *saźʰásram thousand
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Sanskrit सहस्रम् sahásram thousand
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Prakrit sahasra śahaśśa sahasira sahassa
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Prakrit sāsira
- Kannada ಸಾವಿರ sāvira thousand
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Old Tamil
- Tamil ஆயிரம் āyiram thousand
- Malayalam ആയിരം āyiraṁ thousand
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Elu *sahasa
- Dhivehi ހާސް hās thousand
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Sauraseni
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Northwestern Sauraseni
- Kashmiri ساس sās thousand
- Hindi सहस्र sahasra thousand
- Telugu సహస్రము sahasramu thousand
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Iranian *hajáhram thousand
- Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬢𐬭𐬀 hazaŋra thousand
- Bactrian υαζαρο uazaro thousand
- Pashto زر zër thousand
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Western Iranian *hazáram
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Western Iranian *hazára-pátiš thousand-commander
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Northwestern Iranian
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Medean *hazārapatiš commander of a thousand
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Old Persian *hazārapatiš
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Middle Persian 𐭧𐭦𐭠𐭫𐭥𐭯𐭲 ḥzārāpt
- Classical Greek ἀζαραπατεῖς azarapateîs
- Classical Greek ἀζαβαρίτης azabarítēs
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Classical Greek χιλίαρχος khilíarkhos commander of a thousand, tribune, chiliarch
- Gothic 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 þūsundifaþs commander of a thousand, tribune
- Latin chiliarchus
- Classical Syriac ܟܝܠܝܪܟܐ kilirka
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Parthian 𐭇𐭆𐭓𐭅𐭐𐭕 hazārpet
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Old Armenian հազարապետ hazarapet chiliarch
- Armenian հազարապետ hazarapet chiliarch
- Georgian ჰაზარაპეტი hazaraṗeṭi
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Northwestern Iranian
- Medean *hazāram
- Kurdish hezar thousand
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Parthian 𐭀𐭋𐭐𐭉𐭍 𐭇𐭆𐭀𐭓 hzār ālpin thousand ālpin as an Aramaeogram
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Middle Persian 𐫍𐫉𐫀𐫡 hzār thousand
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Persian هزار hazâr thousand
- Persian هزاردستان hezâr-dastân nightingale lit. "thousand songs"
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Hindustani
- Hindi हज़ार hazār thousand
- Urdu ہزار hazār thousand
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Old Persian *hadāram thousand
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Proto-Indo-European *smih₂-ǵʰéslih₂
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Italic *smīɣeslī
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Latin mille thousand
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Latin mīllennis thousand-years
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Latin mīllennium millennium
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English millennium
- Japanese ミレニアム mireniamu millennium
- English millennial
- Italian millennio millennium
- Spanish milenio millennium
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Latin mīlle mīlle passūs a thousand paces, a mile
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Central Romance
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Western Romance
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Byzantine Greek μίλιον mílion Roman mile
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West Germanic *mīliju a mile
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Old English mīl mile
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Frankish *mīla
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Old High German mīla mile
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Middle High German mīle
- German Meile mile
- Yiddish מײַל mayl mile
- Polish mila mile
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Central Romance
- Dalmatian mel thousand
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Italian mille thousand
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Italian milione million augmentive
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Middle French million million
- French million million
- English million
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Middle French -illion back-formed
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Middle French billion billion (long-scale, 10^12)
- French billion billion (long-scale, 10^12)
- English billion
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Middle French trillion billion (long-scale, 10^18)
- French trillion trillion (long-scale, 10^18)
- English trillion
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Eastern Romance
- Aromanian njilje thousand
- Romanian mie thousand
- Albanian mijë thousand
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Western Romance
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Old French mile thousand
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Middle French mille thousand
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Spanish mil thousand
- Basque mila thousand
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Brythonic *mil thousand
- Breton mil thousand
- Cornish mil thousand
- Welsh mil thousand
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Old Irish míle thousand
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Middle Irish
- Irish míle thousand
- Scottish Gaelic mìle thousand
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French milli-
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Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰesliyoy plural adjective form?
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Hellenic *kʰehliyoi
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Classical Greek χίλιοι khílioi
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Classical Greek χιλίαρχος khilíarkhos commander of a thousand, tribune, chiliarch
- Gothic 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 þūsundifaþs commander of a thousand, tribune
- Latin chiliarchus
- Classical Syriac ܟܝܠܝܪܟܐ kilirka
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French kilo-
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Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰóstos
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Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰástas
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Indo-Aryan *źʰástas
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Sanskrit हस्तः hástaḥ 𑀳𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀂 hand, elephant trunk, cubit
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Elu
- Dhivehi އަތް at̊ hand, palm, side, direction
- Sinhala අත ata hand, side, direction
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Pali 𑀳𑀢𑁆𑀣 hattha hand
- Khmer ហត្ថ hat hand, arm, elephant trunk, lock of hair, cubit
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Sauraseni
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Hindustani
- Hindi हाथ hāth hand
- Urdu ہَاتھ hāth hand
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Northwestern Sauraseni
- Punjabi ਹੱਥ hatthă hand, forearm, cubit
- Kashmiri اَتھٕ athụ hand
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Western Sauraseni
- Gujarati હાથ hāth hand
- Romani vast hand
- Malay hasta cubit
- Malayalam ഹസ്തം hastaṁ hand
- Telugu హస్తము hastamu hand, forearm, elephant trunk, cubit
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Sanskrit हस्ती hastī́ 𑀳𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀻 elephant
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Sanskrit hastināpuraḥ हस्तिनापुरः place name: City of Elephants, Hastinapura
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Hindustani
- Hindi हस्तिनापुर hastināpur
- English Hastinapur
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Prakrit 𑀳𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺 hatthi
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Elu
- Dhivehi އެތް et̊ elephant, palm flower
- Sinhala ඇත් æt
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Magadhi
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Bengali-Assamese
- Assamese হাতী hati elephant
- Bengali হাতি hati elephant, bishop (chess)
- Sylheti ꠀꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ atti
- Rohingya háñti
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Sauraseni
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Hindustani
- Hindi हाथी hāthī elephant, rook (chess)
- Urdu ہاتھی hāthī elephant
- English hathi
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Northwestern Sauraseni
- Punjabi ਹਾਥੀ hāthī elephant, rook (chess)
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Iranian *jástah
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Indo-Iranian *dʰástas probably dissimilation, or by association with *dáwš: "arm"
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Iranian *dástah
- Bactrian λιστο listo hand
- Pashto لاس lâs hand
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Western Iranian
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Northwestern Iranian
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Old Persian 𐎭𐎿𐎫 d-s-t hand
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Middle Persian 𐭩𐭣𐭤 YDE hand Aramaeogram
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Persian دست dast hand, arm Aramaeogram
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Hindustani
- Hindi दस्त dast hand, cubit
- Urdu دست dast hand, cubit
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Nuristani *dásta hand
- Ashkun dóst
- Kamviri dǘšt hand
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Italic *hostos
- Latin hostus yield of an olive tree
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Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰostiyos
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Balto-Slavic *źastijas arm?
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Balto-Slavic *pa-źastijas under arm? with *pa-: "under"
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East Baltic
- Lithuanian pažastìs armpit
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Slavic
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West Slavic
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Czech paže arm
- Czech podpaží armpit re-preffixed with pod- : "under", probably cognate to the previous *pa- prefix
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Italic
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Latin hostia sacrifice, offering, victim, host (consecrated bread)
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Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- to enclose horticulture, court
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Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰronos
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Hellenic *kʰrónos
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Classical Greek χρόνος khrónos time, a period of time, a lifetime, a delay
- Greek χρόνος chrónos time, year, tense
- Coptic ⲭⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ khronos time, a period of time, a lifetime, age, duration
- English chrono-
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Classical Greek Χρόνος Khrónos personification of time
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Proto-Indo-European *gʰerdʰ- to enclose, to encircle, enclosure, belt
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Proto-Indo-European *gʰerdʰeti
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Germanic *gerdaną
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East Germanic
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Gothic *gairdan
- Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌽 bigairdan to gird
- Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌽 ufgairdan to gird
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Proto-Indo-European *gʰr̥dʰyeti
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Germanic *gurdijaną
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North Germanic
- Old Norse gyrða to gird, to girth
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West Germanic *gurdijan
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Old English gyrdan to gird
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Germanic *gurdilaz girdle
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North Germanic
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West Germanic *gurdil
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Old English gyrdel
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Frankish *gurdel
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Old High German gurtil girtle, girth, band
- German Gürtel belt, strip
- Yiddish גאַרטל gartl belt
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Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos
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Germanic *gardaz enclosure, court, yard, garden
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Germanic *midjagardaz the middle enclosure, the world, Midgard
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 midjungards the inhabited world, ecumene
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North Germanic
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Old Norse Miðgarðr the Earth, Midgard, the inhabited world
- Danish Midgård
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Icelandic Miðgarður
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West Germanic
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Old English Middanġeard the world, the inhabited world
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Old English Middaneard the world, the inhabited world
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Germanic *urtgardaz garden, orchard
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 aurtigards orchard, garden
- Old Church Slavonic врътоградъ vrŭtogradŭ herb garden, kitchen garden
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North Germanic
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Old Norse *urtgarðr
- Swedish örtagård herb garden
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West Germanic *ortgard
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East Germanic
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Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 gards yard, court, house, household, family
- Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 þiudangardi kingdom lit. "~household of a people"
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North Germanic
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Old Norse garðr
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Danish gård
- Danish Kierkegaard surname: Church-Yard pre-1948 orthography retained in proper nouns
- Icelandic garður
- Middle Irish garrda
- Middle Welsh garð
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Samic *kārtē fenced enclosure, corral
- Northern Sámi gárdi
- Old Norse Útgarðar
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West Germanic *gard
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Old English ġeard
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Frankish *gard
- Dutch gaard
- Old French gart garden
- Old High German gart enclosure, plot of land, circle
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Germanic *gardan- *gardô
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West Germanic *gardō
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Frankish *gardo
- Dutch gaard
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Old French gardin garden
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French jardin
- English garden
- Spanish jardín
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Old High German garto garden, paradise
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Proto-Indo-European *gʰordʰéh₂
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Germanic *gerdō
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰 gairda girdle, purse
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North Germanic
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Old Norse gjǫrð belt, girdle, saddle girth
- Danish gjord
- Icelandic gjörð
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Middle English gerth girth, barrel hoop
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Samic
- Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- intestines, bowels, gut (as a material)
Visual
Collected English words
Middle Earth,
Midgard,
Chiroptera,
orchard,
milestone,
surgery,
surgeon,
chirurgeon,
chiro-,
garter,
million,
billion,
trillion,
mile,
millennium,
millennial,
milli-,
kilo-,
hathi,
Hastinapur,
host,
chrono-,
Chronos,
gird,
girdle,
yard,
garden,
girth,
Hecatoncheires
Footnotes