March theme: March of Horses 🐎

Teaser

hippopotamus, equestrian, zebra, alfalfa, Azores

Full Text

• Early Proto-Indo-European

  • Proto-Indo-European *h₁eḱ- swift, fast

    • Proto-Indo-European *Heḱu-péth₂r̥ swift-winged?, sharp-winged?, hawk

      • Balto-Slavic

        • Slavic *àstrę̄bъ hawk

          • East Slavic ꙗстрѧбъ jastrębŭ

            • Russian ястреб jastreb hawk
          • South Slavic

            • Serbo-Croatian јастреб / јастријеб / jastreb / jastrijeb hawk
          • West Slavic

            • Czech jestřáb hawk, goshawk
            • Polish jastrząb hawk
      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek ὠκύπτερος ōkúpteros swift-winged

          • Classical Greek ὀξυπτέριον oxuptérion hawk

            • Byzantine Greek ξεφτέριν xiphtérin

              • Greek ξιφτέρι xiphtéri sparrowhawk, quick witted
              • Old Albanian *qiftër

                • Albanian qift kite (predatory bird)
      • Italic *akupeter

        • Latin accipiter hawk, falcon

          • Central Romance

            • Italian astore goshawk
          • Eastern Romance

            • Albanian skifter falcon
          • Western Romance

            • French autour goshawk
            • Portuguese açor goshawk

              • Portuguese Açores Goshawk (Islands), Azores

                • English Azores
            • Spanish azor goshawk
            • Basque aztore falcon
          • English accipiter
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₁oh₁ḱus a *o-∅-us reduplicative adjective form

      • Celtic *ākus

        • Celtic *dīākus lazy without speed

          • Brythonic *diog

            • Breton dieg
            • Cornish diek lazy, idle
            • Middle Welsh diawc

              • Welsh diog lazy
          • Gaulish *diācus

            • Latin Diacus
      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek ὠκυς ōkus fast, swift

          • Classical Greek ὀξύς oxús sharp, pointed, clever, swift

            • French oxygène oxygen Greek technical formation "sharp-forming", for oxygen's role in forming acids

              • English oxygen
              • Translingual O
            • Classical Greek ὀξύμωρος oxúmōros a witty saying that is seemingly paradoxical, oxymoron "clever-foolish"

              • English oxymoron
            • English oxytocic Greek technical formation "swift-birth"

              • English oxytocin
          • Classical Greek ποδωκης podōkēs swift-footed
          • Classical Greek ὠκυροος ōkuroos swift-flowing

            • Classical Greek Ὠκυροη Ōkuroē Swift-Flowing (personal name), river divinity

              • Latin Ocyroe
      • Indo-Iranian *HaHćúš swift

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀆𑀰𑀼 āśú fast, swift

            • Telugu ఆశువు āśuvu fast
        • Iranian

          • Avestan 𐬁𐬯𐬎 āsu fast
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₁oh₁ḱyōs very swift, swifter

        • Indo-Iranian *HáHćyas

          • Indo-Aryan *HáHśyas

            • Sanskrit 𑀆𑀰𑀻𑀬𑀲𑁆 ā́śīyas swifter
          • Iranian *HáHcyah

            • Avestan 𐬁𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 āsiiah faster
        • Italic *ōkōs swift

          • Italic *ōkjōs swifter

            • Latin ōcior swifter
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos horse

    • Anatolian *ʔeḱu-

      • Hittite 𒀲𒆳𒊏𒍑 ANŠE.KUR.RA-us horse only attested as a Sumerogram, but considered to be /ekkus/
      • Luwic

        • Luwian

          • Hieroglyphic Luwian 𔑮𔐔𔗥 (EQUUS)-á-zú- horse
          • Luwian *azzunzi horses

            • Akkadian 𒀲𒍣𒍣 (ANŠE)-zizi horse

              • Sumerian 𒀲𒆳𒊏 (ANŠE)-sisi horse
            • Northwest Semitic *śu(m)śu(m)

              • Aramaic 𐡎𐡅𐡎𐡉𐡀 sūsyā horse

                • Arabic سيسي sīsiyy pony
              • Canaanite

                • Hebrew סוּס sūs horse

                  • Yiddish סוּס sus horse

                    • German Zosse nag
                • Phoenician 𐤎𐤎 ss horse
              • Ugaritic 𐎒𐎒𐎆 ssw horse
              • Egyptian 𓊃𓊃𓅓𓃗 zzm-HORSE horse
        • Lycian 𐊁𐊖𐊂𐊁 esbe horse

          • Lycian 𐊁𐊖𐊂𐊚𐊗 esbẽt horseman, knight
    • Celtic *ekʷos horse

      • Brythonic *eb horse

        • Brythonic *ebọl small/young horse

          • Breton ebeul foal
          • Cornish ebel
          • Middle Welsh ebawl

            • Welsh ebol foal
      • Gaulish epos horse
      • Hispano-Celtic

        • Celtiberian 𐌄𐌒𐌄𐌖𐌍𐌖** Equeunu(bo?) to the Sons on the Horse? dative plural on a votive offering, perhaps to the Divine Horse Twins
        • Gallaecian *Equaisi? ethnic name: Horsemen?

          • Latin Equaesi
      • Primitive Irish *eqas horse

        • Old Irish ech horse

          • Middle Irish ech

            • Irish each horse archaic/poetic
            • Manx agh horse
            • Scottish Gaelic each horse

              • Scottish Gaelic each-mara walrus "horse of the sea"
        • Primitive Irish ᚓᚊᚑᚇᚇᚔ eqoddi personal name: Horse-?

          • Old Irish Eochaid / Echaid

            • Irish Eochaidh

              • Irish Mac Eachaidh patronymic

                • English McGaughey / Caughey
      • Celtic *Ekʷonā Divine name: the She-Horse with *-onos/*-onā, the individualizing suffix

        • Gaulish Epona

          • Latin Epona Gaulish Divinity of Horses
        • Lusitanian ICONA a divine name, attested as the recipient of a sacrifice
    • Germanic *ehwaz horse, the rune ᛖ

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic *aiƕs horse

          • Gothic eyz the letter 𐌴
          • Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 aiƕatundi bramble, thorny bush
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse jór horse, stallion

          • Old West Norse

            • Icelandic jór horse (archaic)
      • West Germanic

        • Old English eoh horse, the rune ᛖ
      • Germanic *ehwaraidō horse riders

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse jóreið horseriding
        • West Germanic *ehwaraidu

          • Old English ēored cavalry
      • English ehwaz the rune ᛖ
    • Hellenic *íkkʷos horse

      • Mycenaean Greek 𐀂𐀦 i-qo horse
      • Classical Greek ἵππος hippos horse

        • Greek ίππος íppos horse
        • Classical Greek Ἱπποκράτης / ἱπποκράτης Hippokrátēs personal name: Horse-Power

          • Greek Ιπποκράτης Ippokrátis
          • Latin Hippocratēs

            • Latin Hippocraticus

              • English Hippocratic

                • English Hippocratic oath
                • English Hippocratic sleeve
              • Latin vinum Hippocraticum

                • Old French ipocras

                  • Middle English ypocras

                    • English hippocras
        • Classical Greek Κράτιππος Krátippos personal name: Power-Horse

          • Latin Cratippus

            • English Cratippus
        • Classical Greek Φιλιππος Philippos personal name: Fond of Horses

          • Latin Philippus

            • Spanish Felipe

              • Spanish Filipinas Phillipines after Philip II of Spain

                • French Philippines

                  • English Philippines
        • Classical Greek ἱπποπόταμος hippopótamos hippopotamus

          • Latin hippopotamus hippopotamus

            • English hippopotamus
          • Arabic فرس نهر faras nahr hippopotamus
          • Danish flodhest hippopotamus
          • German Flusspferd hippopotamus
        • Classical Greek ἱπποδρομος hippodromos track for horse or chariot races

          • English hippodrome
        • Classical Greek τέθριππον téthrippon four-horse chariot, quadriga
    • Italic *ekwos horse

      • Latin equus horse

        • Latin equester pertaining to riding horses, pertaining to cavalry, horseman

          • French équestre equestrian

            • English equestrian
          • Spanish ecuestre equestrian
        • Latin equinus equine

          • French équin

            • English equine
          • Spanish equino
        • Latin equiferus wild horse

          • Western Romance

            • Old Portuguese ezebrario / cebrario / ezebra wild ass

              • Portuguese zebro wild ass

                • Portuguese zebra zebra

                  • Italian zebra zebra

                    • English zebra
              • Old Spanish ezebra wild ass

                • Spanish cebra zebra
      • Venetic 𐌄𐌊𐌖𐌏𐌍 ekvon horse attested as sing. acc.

        • Venetic 𐌄𐌊𐌖𐌏𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌔 ekvopetaris horse-lord?, horse-rider?, equestrian, knight

          • Venetic 𐌄𐌐𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌔 eppetaris variant
    • Indo-Iranian *Háĉwas horse

      • Indo-Aryan *Háśwas horse

        • Mitanni Aryan *ašuwa horse

          • Mitanni Aryan *Prītāśva personal name: Whose horse is dear

            • Hurrian

              • Hittite bi-ri-d-aš-ṷa Hurrian personal name
          • Mitanni Aryan āśvasanni horse-master lit. "horse-elder"?

            • Hurrian

              • Hittite 𒇷 𒀀𒀸𒋗𒍑𒊭𒀭𒉌 a-aš-šu-uš-ša-an-ni master horse trainer
        • Sanskrit अश्वः áśvaḥ horse

          • Hindustani

            • Hindi अश्व aśv horse
          • Sinhala අශ්වය aśvaya horse
          • Telugu అశ్వము aśvamu horse
          • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀰𑁆𑀯𑀓 aśvaka horseman
          • Sanskrit अश्वपतिः áśvapatiḥ lord of horses
      • Iranian *Hásɸah

        • Iranian *HasɸaHastiš horse-feed, alfalfa

          • Western Iranian

            • Northwestern Iranian

              • Medean *aspāstiš alfalfa

                • Aramaic 𐡀𐡎𐡐𐡎𐡕𐡀 ʾaspastā

                  • Classical Syriac ܐܣܦܣܬܐ ʾespestā
                  • Arabic فصفص faṣfaṣ alfalfa

                    • Old Spanish alfalfez from an Arabic form like الْفَصْفَصَة al-faṣfaṣa

                      • Spanish alfalfa

                        • English alfalfa
                        • Tagalog alpalpa
                • Babylonian 𒊍𒉺𒊍𒋾 as-pa-as-ti
                • Hebrew אספסת aspéset alfalfa
                • Persian اسپست aspist alfalfa
          • Iranian *HasɸaHastiyaH

            • Bactrian αϸπιστα aśpista
            • Pashto شپېشته špéšta
            • Western Iranian

              • Old Persian *asāstiyā⁠

                • Elamite 𒍩𒃻𒆜𒋾𒅀 áš-šá-iš-ti-ia
        • Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀 aspa horse
        • Northern Iranian

          • Scythian *áspa

            • Ossetian ефс efs mare
            • Scythian *Aspaurūkɨ personal name: Horse-Light?

              • Alanian *Æspuruk

                • Byzantine Greek Ἀσπαρούχ Asparoúkh
                • Byzantine Greek Ἀσφώρουγος Asphṓrougos
                • Old Armenian Ասպուրակ Aspurak
                • Old Armenian Ասպուրակէս Aspurakēs
            • Scythian *Aspagūrɨ personal name: Horse-?

              • Alanian *Æspagur

                • Old Georgian ასფაგურ Aspagur

                  • Latin Aspacures
        • Pashto آس ās horse
        • Western Iranian *ásɸah

          • Old Persian 𐎠𐎿 asa horse

            • Old Persian 𐎠𐎿𐎲𐎠𐎼 asabāra horseman lit. "horse-borne"

              • Persian سوار sovâr horseman, rider, cavalry

                • Persian اسواران Asvaran mounted police blended word of اسب asb and سوار sovâr
                • Hindi सवार savār rider, horseman

                  • English sowar
              • Arabic أَسْوَار ʾaswār Aswaran
              • Bactrian ασβαρο asbaro
              • English Aswaran
              • Classical Syriac ܐܣܘܪ eswār
          • Northwestern Iranian

            • Kurdish hesp horse

              • Armenian հասբ hasb cavalry, horse
            • Medean *aspah

              • Old Persian 𐎠𐎿𐎱 aspa

                • Middle Persian 𐭠𐭮𐭯 āsp

                  • Persian اسب asb horse

                    • Persian اسواران Asvaran mounted police blended word of اسب asb and سوار sovâr
          • Western Iranian *ásɸah-patiš master of horses

            • Northwestern Iranian

              • Parthian 𐭀𐭎𐭐𐭐𐭕𐭉 ʾsppty

                • Old Armenian ասպետ aspet knight, aspet

                  • Armenian ասպետ aspet knight, aspet
            • Old Persian *asapati

              • Elamite 𒍩𒃻𒁀𒋾𒆜 áš-šá-ba-ti-iš
      • Nuristani *ášpa

        • Kamviri ušpa horse
      • Northeast Caucasian *ʼɨčʷe

        • Avar чу ču horse
      • Northwest Caucasian *č́ʷǝ horse

        • Abkhaz а-ҽы́ ā-čə́ horse
        • Kabardian шы šə horse
    • Tocharian *yä́kwë horse

      • Arshian yuk horse
      • Kushean yakwe horse
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱweh₂ mare

      • Balto-Slavic *éśwāˀ mare

        • Baltic

          • East Baltic

            • Old Lithuanian ašva horse
          • Finnic *ehva cow, heifer

            • Finnish hieho heifer
        • Italic *ekwā mare

          • Latin equa mare

            • Insular Romance

              • Sardinian ebba mare
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian iapă mare
            • Western Romance

              • Spanish yegua mare, heifer
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwiHnos pertaining to horses, possessing horses

      • Indo-Iranian

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit अश्वी aśvī́ cavalier, horse-tamer
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwiHnoh₁ epithet of the Divine Horse Twins, the Two Horse-Possessors, the Two Horse-Like dual

        • Balto-Slavic *éśwīˀna

          • East Baltic

            • Lithuanian Ašvieniai
        • Indo-Iranian

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit अश्विना Aśvínā

Visual

Collected English words

oxygen, O, oxymoron, oxytocic, oxytocin, McGaughey, ehwaz, Hippocratic, Hippocratic oath, Hippocratic sleeve, hippocras, Philippines, hippopotamus, hippodrome, equestrian, equine, zebra, sowar, Aswaran, alfalfa, Cratippus, Azores, accipiter

Footnotes

1. ^

   The root *h₁eḱ-: "swift" in several cases becomes confused with *h₂eḱ-: "sharp, quick?". They may be related, or just easily confusable both phonetically and semantically.

2. ^

   Ὠκυρόη Ōkuróē, also transliterated as Ocyrrhoë, is one of the river goddess daughters of Tethys and Oceanus listed in Hesiod's Theogony. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, Ocyroe is the daughter of the centaur Chiron, and was born by the banks of a swift flowing stream.

3. ^

   I can only remember which consonant is doubled in Philippines (which I would otherwise get wrong every time) by remembering that it has hippo in it. It's phil- as in philosophy (one l) and -ipp- as in hippopotamus (two p s).

4. ^

   𒇷 𒀀𒀸𒋗𒍑𒊭𒀭𒉌 a-aš-šu-uš-ša-an-ni: "master horse trainer" is from the opening of The Kikkuli Text:

   𒌝𒈠 𒆠𒅅𒆪𒇷 𒇷 𒀀𒀸𒋗𒍑𒊭𒀭𒉌 𒊭 𒆳 𒈪𒀉𒋫𒀭𒉌

   UM-MA ¹Ki-ik-ku-li li LÚa-aš-šu-uš-ša-an-ni ŠA KUR URUMi-it-ta-an-ni

   "Thus speaks Kikkuli, master horse trainer of the land of Mitanni"