January theme: 98, 99, 100! 💯
Introduction
This is the 100th Word Family Friday in 100 weeks, and the last before I take a break for a few weeks to work on infrastructure and pad my buffer. I originally had a different idea, but then I realized I of course had to do "hundred", because it's such an important word in the history of historical linguistics. Indo-European languages have been grouped into "centum languages" and "satem languages" since Peter von Bradke in 1890.
Centum languages merge /ḱ/ with /k/, but keep /kʷ/ distinct. Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, and Italic languages are canonical centum languages. The group is named for the Latin centum: "hundred". (Note c is pronounced /k/ in Classical Latin, even before a front vowel as in centum, despite later palatalization affecting nearly all modern Romance pronunciation).
Satem languages merge /kʷ/ with /k/, but keep /ḱ/ distinct (generally becoming a sibilant: /s/, /ʃ/, or /ɕ/). Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic are canonical satem languages. The group is named for Avestan sata: "hundred" (acc. satem).
The smaller branches, Albanian, Anatolian, Armenian, and Tocharian, do not fit as neatly into either category. Some Anatolian languages preserve all three series separately, though Hittite has a later sound change which mimics centumisation. Tocharian merges all three series (as well as losing the voicing distinction, so no less than 9 PIE phonemes are all collapsed into /k/). Albanian and Armenian are both considered to show incomplete satemisation (though pretty darn complete at least in the case of Armenian).
Teaser
hand,
ten,
decimal,
hundred,
cent,
thousand
Full Text
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Pre-Proto-Indo-European **ḱemt? hand??
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Proto-Indo-European **ḱemtos?
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Germanic *handuz hand
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 handus
- Crimean Gothic handa
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North Germanic
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Old Norse hǫnd
- Danish hånd
- Icelandic hönd
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West Germanic
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Old English hand
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Frankish *hant
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Old High German hant
- German Hand
- Yiddish האַנט hant
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Pre-Proto-Indo-European **de-ḱm̥t? two hands
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Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥ ten
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Proto-Albanian *detsati
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Old Armenian տասն tasn
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Balto-Slavic *dešimtis
- Lithuanian dešimt
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Slavic *desętь
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East Slavic десѧть desętĭ
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South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic десѧть desętĭ
- Serbo-Croatian десет deset
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West Slavic
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Celtic *dekam
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Brythonic *deg
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Old Irish deich
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Germanic *tehun
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East Germanic
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North Germanic
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West Germanic
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Old English tīen
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Frankish *tian
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Old High German zehan
- German zehn
- Yiddish צען tsen
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Old Saxon tehan
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Hellenic *dékə
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Ancient Greek δέκα déka
- Greek δέκα déka
- English deca-
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Indo-Iranian *dáĉa
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Indo-Aryan *dáśa
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Dardic *dáša
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Sanskrit दश dáśa
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Elu
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Magadhi 𑀤𑀰 daśa
- Bengali দশ dôś
- Rohingya doc
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Maharashtri 𑀤𑀳 daha
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Sauraseni 𑀤𑀲 dasa
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Madhya
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Pahari
- Nepali दस dasa
- Punjabi ਦਸ das
- Pali dasa
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Iranian *dáĉa
- Avestan dasā
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Northern Iranian
- Pashto لس las
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Western Iranian
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Northwestern Iranian
- Kurdish deh
- Parthian 𐭣𐭮 ds
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Old Persian *daθa
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Nuristani *dáĉ
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Italic *dekem
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Latin decem
- Sardinian deghe
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Eastern Romance
- Dalmatian dic
- Romanian zece
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Western Romance
- French dix
- Italian dieci
- Spanish diez
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Latin decānus leader of a group of ten people, dean
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Western Romance
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Old French deien
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French doyen dean, doyen
- English dean
- Spanish deán
dean
- Italian decano
dean, doyen
- Spanish degano
ranch administrator
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Latin decimō
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Latin *decumo-mēnsris of/in the tenth month
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Latin decimalis
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Tocharian *śäk
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Proto-Indo-European *(d)ḱm̥tóm hundred
lit. "tenth"?
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Balto-Slavic *śimta-
- Lithuanian šimtas
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Slavic *sъto irregular, **sęto would be expected
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East Slavic
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South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic съто sŭto
- Serbo-Croatian сто̑ stȏ
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West Slavic
- Romanian sută
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Celtic *kantom
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Brythonic *kant
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Old Irish cét
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Dacian
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Germanic *hundą hundred
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East Germanic
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West Germanic
- Old English hund
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Frankish *hund
- Dutch hond
old unit of land area, 100 roeden
- Old High German hund
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Germanic *hundaradą hundred
lit. "hundred-count"
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North Germanic
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Old Norse hundrað
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Danish hundred
- Icelandic hundrað
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West Germanic
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Old English hundred
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English hundred
- Scots hunder
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Frankish *hundert
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Old Saxon hunderod
- Low German hunnert
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Middle High German hundert
- German Hundert
- Yiddish הונדערט hundert
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Hellenic *he-kətón hundred
lit. "one-hundred? the-hundred?"
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Ancient Greek ἑκατόν hekatón
- Greek εκατό ekató
- English hecato-
- Arcadocypriot ἑκοτόν hekotón
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Indo-Iranian *ĉatám
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Indo-Aryan *śatám
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Dardic *šatá
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Sanskrit शत śatá
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Elu
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Magadhi 𑀰𑀢 śata
- Bengali শত śôt
- Rohingya cót
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Maharashtri 𑀲𑀅 saä
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Sauraseni 𑀲𑀤 sada
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Madhya
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Pahari
- Nepali सय saya
- Punjabi ਸੌ sau
- Pali sata
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West Indo-Aryan
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Iranian
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Avestan satəm
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Northern Iranian
- Pashto سل sël
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Western Iranian
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Northwestern Iranian
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Old Persian *θata-
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Finno-Ugric *śata
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Finnic *sata
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Mordvinic
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Permic *śod
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Ugric
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Italic *kentom
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Latin
- Sardinian
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Eastern Romance
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Western Romance
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French cent
- Italian cento
- Spanish ciento
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Latin centuria century, 100 of anything
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French centurie
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Latin centuriō centurion, commander of 100 soldiers
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Latin centēnārius hundredfold, containing hundred
- English centenary
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Arabic قِنْطَار qinṭār hundredweight, 100 riṭl
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Medieval Latin quintale hundredweight, 100 pounds
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French quintal hundredweight, 100 pounds or 100 kilograms
- English quintal
hundredweight, 100 pounds or 100 kilograms
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Latin centipelliō third stomach of a ruminant; psalterium, omasum
lit. "hundred-skin"
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian cimpoi
stomach of a ruminant, bellows, bagpipe
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Western Romance
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French centi-
- English centum
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Tocharian *känte
- Arshian känt
- Kushean kante
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Proto-Indo-European *tuh₂s-ḱm̥tóm?
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Balto-Slavic *tūˀsantis
- Lithuanian tūkstantis
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Slavic *tỳsǫti
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East Slavic
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South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic тꙑсѧщи tysęšti
- Serbo-Croatian тѝсућа tìsuća
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West Slavic
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Finnic *tuhat
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Germanic *þūsundī
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East Germanic
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North Germanic
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Old Norse þúsund
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Danish tusinde
- Icelandic þúsund
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West Germanic
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Old English þūsend
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Frankish *thūsunt
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Old High German thūsunt
- German tausend
- Yiddish טויזנט toyznt
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Old Saxon thūsund
Visual
Collected English words
hand,
ten,
deca-,
doyen,
dean,
decimate,
December,
decimal,
hundred,
hecato-,
satem,
cent,
century,
centurion,
centenary,
quintal,
centi-,
centum,
thousand
Footnotes