July theme: Architecture 🏛️

Teaser

hall, cellar, eyelid, color, hell, apocalypse

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- to cover

  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱel-dʰh₁-? place under cover??

    • Proto-Indo-European *ḱeldʰh₁eti?

      • Germanic *haldaną to hold, to keep

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 haldan to hold, to tend
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse halda to hold

            • Danish holde to hold, to keep, to stop
            • Icelandic halda to hold, to have the opinion that
          • Finnic *haldit'ak to hold, to keep, to control

            • Finnish hallita to rule, to govern, to control, to have mastered
        • West Germanic *haldan

          • Old English healdan to keep watch over, to hold, to possess, to keep

            • English hold
          • Frankish *haldan

            • Dutch houden to keep, to preserve, to hold, to like

              • Dutch hou vast hold fast! (imperative)

                • English avast
          • Old High German haltan to hold

            • German halten to hold, to stop, to halt, to keep, to think that

              • French halte halt, stop

                • English halt
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱéleti to be covering, to be hiding primary imperfective

    • Celtic *keleti

      • Brythonic *kelɨd

        • Middle Welsh kelu
      • Old Irish ceilid to hide, to conceal

        • Irish ceil to hide, to conceal
        • Old Irish con-ceil to conceal
    • Germanic *helaną to hide, to conceal

      • West Germanic *helan

        • Old English helan to hide, to conceal

          • Scots hele to cover, to conceal, to hide, to keep a secret
        • Frankish *helan

          • Dutch helen to accept stolen goods, to fence
        • Old High German helan

          • German hehlen to buy and sell stolen goods, to fence

            • German Hehler trafficker in stolen goods, fence
          • Old High German firhelan

            • German verhehlen to conceal

              • German verhohlen concealed, secret, suppressed
    • Italic *kelezi

      • Latin *celere

        • Latin occulere to cover, to hide, to conceal

          • Latin occultāre to conceal, to hide

            • Latin occultus hidden, concealed, secret

              • French occulte occult

                • English occult
              • Italian occulto hidden, concealed, secret, occult
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱl̥yeti ye- imperfective

    • Germanic *huljaną to cover, to veil

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 huljan
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse hylja

          • Danish hylle
          • Icelandic hylja to hide, to cover
      • West Germanic *hulljan

        • Old English hyllan to cover
        • Frankish *hullen

          • Dutch hullen to wrap
        • Old High German *hullen

          • German hüllen to wrap, to drape, to cover
      • Germanic *anþihuljaną to uncover

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 andhuljan to uncover, to reveal
        • West Germanic

          • Old English

            • Middle English unhilen to expose, to to reveal, to remove a covering
          • Frankish

            • Dutch onthullen to reveal, to uncover
          • Old High German

            • German enthüllen to unveil
      • Germanic *huljaz? cover, veil, hood

        • West Germanic

          • Old English hulu

            • English hull
          • Frankish

            • Dutch hul hood
          • Old High German hulla head covering

            • German Hülle wrapping, sheath, husk, shell
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱléyti éy- imperfective

    • Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- reanalysed root

      • Proto-Indo-European *ḱléytreh₂ shelter, covering

        • Celtic *klētrā

          • Brythonic

            • Welsh cledr
          • Old Irish

            • Middle Irish clithar shelter
        • Germanic *hlīþrō

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 hleiþra hut, tent

              • Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 hlēþrastakeins Sukkot, Feast of Tabernacles
        • Italic *kleitrā

          • Umbrian kletram palanquin?, bier? attested in Acc.
          • Italic *kleitrela dimunitive

            • Latin clītellae pack saddle
      • Proto-Indo-European *ḱloywó-s

        • Germanic *hlaiwaz shelter

          • West Germanic *hlaiw

            • Old English hlēo shelter

              • English lee
            • Old Saxon hlēo

              • German Lee lee, leeward side of a ship
              • Dutch lij lee
              • Slavic *xlěvъ

                • East Slavic хлѣвъ xlěvŭ cowshed

                  • Russian хлев xlev stable, stall, cowshed, pigsty
        • Proto-Indo-European *ḱloywóm

          • Germanic *hlaiwą hill, mound, barrow, grave

            • East Germanic

              • Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅 hlaiw tomb, grave

                • Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌰 hlaiwasna grave
            • North Germanic ᚺᛚᚨᛁᚹᚨ hlaiwa tomb, grave
            • West Germanic *hlaiw

              • Old English hlǣw mountain, barrow, cairn, cave
              • Old High German (h)lēo grave mound
      • Proto-Indo-European *ḱlitós covered, sheltered

        • Celtic *klitos covered, sheltered

          • Brythonic *klɨd

            • Welsh clyd cosy, sheltered, snug, warm
        • Proto-Indo-European *ḱlitóm neuter substantive

          • Germanic *hliþą lid, cover

            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse hlið

                • Icelandic hlið gate
            • West Germanic *hlid

              • West Germanic *augāhlid eyelid

                • Old English *ēaghlid

                  • English eyelid
                • Frankish *ogahlid

                  • Dutch ooglid eyelid
                • Old High German *ougenhlit

                  • German Augenlid eyelid
              • Old English hlid lid, cover

                • English lid
              • Frankish *hlid

                • Dutch lid lid, cover
              • Old High German hlit

                • German Lid eyelid
      • Proto-Indo-European *ḱloyós

        • Balto-Slavic

          • Slavic *sьlojь layer

            • East Slavic

              • Russian слой sloj layer, stratum, coat (of paint)
            • South Slavic

              • Serbo-Croatian слој sloj layer, stratum
            • West Slavic

              • Polish złoże
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱelmos

    • Germanic *helmaz

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃 hilms helmet
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse hjalmr helmet

          • Danish hjelm helmet
          • Icelandic hjálmur helmet
      • West Germanic *helm

        • Old English helm

          • English helm
        • Frankish *helm

          • Dutch helm
          • Medieval Latin helmus

            • Old French helme helmet

              • French heaume helmet (historical or heraldy)
              • Old French helmet helmet diminutive

                • French armet armet, full face helmet

                  • English armet
                • English helmet

                  • Japanese ヘルメット herumetto helmet
                  • Korean 헬멧 helmet helmet
                • Italian elmetto helmet
            • Spanish yelmo helmet (historical or heraldy)
            • Italian elmo helmet (historical or heraldy)
      • Germanic *Wiljahelmaz given name: Will-Helm, William

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse Vilhjálmr

            • Icelandic Vilhjálmur
        • West Germanic

          • Frankish

            • Old French Willame

              • Anglo-Norman William

                • English William
                • Irish Uilliam

                  • Irish Liam
              • French Guillaume
          • Old High German

            • German Wilhelm
        • Latin Gulielmus

          • Central Romance

            • Italian Guglielmo
          • Western Romance

            • Spanish Guillermo
      • Slavic *šelmъ helmet

        • East Slavic шеломъ šelomŭ
        • South Slavic

          • Serbo-Croatian шле̏м šlȅm helmet
          • Old Church Slavonic шлѣмъ šlěmŭ helmet

            • Russian шлем šlem helmet, headpiece
        • West Slavic

          • Old Polish szłom helmet
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱel?nō-s

    • Indo-Iranian *ĉalanás

      • Indo-Aryan *śalaṇás

        • Sanskrit 𑀰𑀭𑀡 śaraṇa shelter, refuge, protection

          • Hindustani

            • Hindi शरण śaraṇ shelter, refuge
            • Urdu شرن śaran shelter, refuge
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱeleh₂

    • Germanic *hallō hall

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse hǫll

          • Danish hal
          • Icelandic höll
          • Old Norse Valhǫll

            • New Latin Valhalla

              • English Valhalla
      • West Germanic *hallu

        • Old English heall hall, residence, manor house, court

          • English hall
          • Scots haw manor house, hall
        • Frankish *halla

          • Dutch hal hall, hallway
          • Medieval Latin halla house, dwelling, manor house, court, market hall

            • Old French halle

              • French halle hall, covered market
        • Old High German halla

          • German Halle hall
    • Indo-Iranian *ćalaH

      • Indo-Aryan *śalaH

        • Sanskrit 𑀰𑀸𑀮𑀸 śā́lā house, mansion, hall, shed, workshop

          • Magadhi

            • Assamese শালি xali house, hall
            • Assamese শাল xal factory, machine, apparatus
          • Sauraseni

            • Hindustani

              • Hindi साल sāl house, hall, place
          • Pali sālā

            • Khmer សាលា saalaa hall, school, institution, court (of law)

              • Khmer សាលារៀន saalaariən school
            • Thai ศาลา sǎa-laa pavillion, gazebo, meeting hall
          • Telugu శాల śāla house, edifice, hall, room, place
    • Italic

      • Latin cella small room, hut, granary, pantry, shrine, altar

        • Central Romance

          • Italian cella cell
        • Western Romance

          • Spanish cilla granary, tithe barn
        • Old English cella cell (monastic)

          • English cell
        • Classical Greek κέλλα kélla

          • Koine Greek κελλίον kellíon

            • Greek κελί kelí cell
            • Koine Greek κελλία kellía plural

              • East Slavic келиꙗ kelija

                • Russian келья kelʹja cell (monastic)
        • Basque gela room
        • Irish cill churchyard, church, cell
        • Spanish celda cell

          • Tagalog selda cell
        • Latin *cellarius related to huts, pantries, or granaries

          • Medieval Latin cellarius

            • Italian cellario monk in charge of a monastery's food stores
            • Spanish Cellario
          • Latin cellarium storeroom, larder, cellar, pantry re-substantivized

            • Central Romance

              • Italian cellaio wine shop
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian celar pantry, larder
            • Western Romance

              • Old French celier cellar, storeroom

                • French cellier cellar, storeroom
                • English cellar
              • Spanish cillero granary, vault, cellar, storeroom
            • Albanian qilar
            • Old High German kellari

              • German Keller cellar, basement
            • Greek κελάρι kelári cellar
            • Old Norse kellari

              • Icelandic kjallari cellar, basement
              • Finnish kellari cellar
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱélōs

    • Germanic *hulisō case, covering, shell, pod

      • West Germanic *hulis

        • Frankish *hulis

          • Dutch huls shell
        • Old High German

          • German Hülse pod, case
    • Italic *kelōs outside, outward appearance

      • Old Latin colos

        • Latin color color, pigment, complexion, outward appearance

          • Central Romance

            • Italian colore color
          • Insular Romance

            • Sardinian caori
          • Western Romance

            • Old French

              • French couleur color, suit (cards)

                • Haitian Creole koulè color
                • Danish kulør color, suit (cards), complexion
              • Dutch kleur color, suit (cards)
              • English color
            • Spanish color color, motive, pretext, character, faction, ethnicity
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱelyos covered

    • Proto-Indo-European *ḱelyóm neuter substantive

      • Italic *keljom

        • Latin cilium eyelid later "eyelash"

          • Central Romance

            • Dalmatian čeja eyelash, eyebrow
            • Italian ciglio eyelash, eyebrow, look, edge
          • Insular Romance

            • Sardinian chizu eyelash, eyebrow
          • Western Romance

            • French cil eyelash
            • Spanish ceja eyebrow, rim, edge
          • English cilium
          • Latin supercilium eyebrow, pride, arrogance

            • Central Romance

              • Italian sopracciglio eyebrow

                • Italian cipiglio frown, scowl

                  • Italian piglio look, appearance, bearing
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian sprânceană eyebrow
            • Western Romance

              • French sourcil eyebrow
              • Spanish sobrecejo frown
            • English supercilious
    • Proto-Indo-European *ḱolyeh₂ abstract noun

      • Germanic *haljō underworld, hell

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 halja hell
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse

            • Old Norse Hel

              • English Hel
            • Icelandic hel underworld, death, hell
        • West Germanic *hallju

          • Old English hell

            • English hell
          • Frankish hella

            • Dutch hel hell
          • Old High German hellia

            • German Hölle hell
        • Finnic *koljoi evil spirit or giant

          • Estonian koll bugbear
        • Germanic *haljawītiją hell-punishment

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse helvíti hell

              • Danish helvede hell
              • Icelandic helvíti hell
              • Finnish helvetti hell, damn
          • West Germanic *halljawītī

            • Old English hellewīte hell-punishment, torment, pain
            • Old High German hellawīzi
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱēlō noun

    • Germanic

      • West Germanic

        • Old High German hāla the hiding
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱēls noun

    • Italic *kēls

      • Italic *kelzāzi

        • Latin cēlāre to hide, to cover

          • Latin concēlāre to conceal

            • Western Romance

              • Old French conceler to hide, to conceal

                • English conceal
          • Central Romance

            • Italian celare to conceal
          • Western Romance

            • French celer to hide, to conceal
            • Spanish celar to watch over, to conceal, to be jealous
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱēlmn̥

    • Indo-Iranian *ćármaa

      • Indo-Aryan *śárma

        • Sanskrit 𑀰𑀭𑁆𑀫𑀦𑁆 śarman shelter, safety, house, happy, prosperous

          • Hindi शर्मा śarmā surname: Sharma

            • English Sharma
          • Telugu శర్మ śarma surname: Sharma

            • English Sharma
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱleh₂-

    • Italic *klām

      • Latin clam stealthily, secretly, privately, unknown to
      • Italic *klām-de

        • Latin clandestīnus clandestine, secret, concealed

          • French clandestin

            • English clandestine
          • Italian clandestino illicit, secret, undercover, clandestine, stowaway, illegal immigrant
          • Spanish clandestino clandestine, illegal immigrant
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱēlis

    • Germanic *hēliz concealing, deceitful, treacherous

      • West Germanic

        • Old High German hāli treacherous, slippery
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱolesos

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek κολεός koleós sheath, scabbard, cinerary urn, pericardium

        • Greek κολεός koleós vagina, sheath, scabbard
        • Latin cōleus sack, testicles, scrotum

          • Central Romance

            • Italian coglia scrotum
          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian coaie balls, testicles
          • Western Romance

            • French couille balls, testicles
            • Spanish cojones balls, testilces

              • English cojones
  • Proto-Indo-European ?

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek καλύπτω kalúptō I conceal

        • Classical Greek ἀποκαλύπτω apokalúptō I reveal, I disclose

          • Greek αποκαλύπτω apokalýpto I reveal, I expose, I uncover
          • Classical Greek ἀποκάλυψις apokálupsis revelation, disclosure

            • Latin apocalypsis revelation
            • Koine Greek Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰωάννου The Apocalypse of John, aka The Book of Revelation original language title and first word

              • Greek αποκάλυψη apokálypsi
              • Russian апокалипсис apokalipsis
              • Medieval Latin Apocalypsis Ioannis The Apocalypse of John

                • Medieval Latin apocalypsis The Christian end of days prophesied in the Apocalypse of John

                  • French apocalypse

                    • English apocalypse
                  • Italian apocalisse
                  • Spanish apocalipsis
                  • Old Irish abcolips
                  • Irish apacailipsis
        • Greek καλύπτω kalýpto I cover, I coat, I provide covering fire
        • Classical Greek Καλυψώ Kalupsṓ Calypso, the name of one or more sea nymphs lit. "she conceals"

          • English Calypso

Visual

Collected English words

Valhalla, helmet, armet, Sharma, cilium, clandestine, cojones, cellar, hold, eyelid, helm, avast, color, occult, hell, conceal, halt, Hel, apocalypse, lid, cell, hall, William, Calypso, supercilious, lee, hull