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<h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-sand.html#46620">sand</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#56736">sandwich</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#46656">Psammead</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="46598" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">?</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*sam-ndʰ-?</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*psam-mbʰ-?</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*samh₂bʰ-?</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> <span class="note">European substrate?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46599" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Armenian</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*sabʰa-?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46600" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">աւազ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">awaz</span> <span class="meaning">sand, gravel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46601" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ավազ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">avaz</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46602" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*samdaz</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44045" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*kwikwasamdaz</span> <span class="meaning">living sand, quicksand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44046" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44047" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="non-Latn">*kviksandr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44048" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44049" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">kvicksand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44050" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44051" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">kviksandur</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">kviksyndi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44052" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West …</span></summary></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul>

<h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-sand.html#46620">sand</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#56736">sandwich</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#46656">Psammead</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="46598" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">?</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*sam-ndʰ-?</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*psam-mbʰ-?</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*samh₂bʰ-?</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> <span class="note">European substrate?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46599" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Armenian</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*sabʰa-?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46600" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">աւազ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">awaz</span> <span class="meaning">sand, gravel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46601" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ավազ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">avaz</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46602" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*samdaz</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44045" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*kwikwasamdaz</span> <span class="meaning">living sand, quicksand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44046" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44047" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="non-Latn">*kviksandr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44048" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44049" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">kvicksand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44050" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44051" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">kviksandur</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">kviksyndi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44052" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44053" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">cwecesand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44054" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">quyksond</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">qwykkesand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44055" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">quicksand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46603" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*sandaʀ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46604" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">sandr</span> <span class="meaning">sand, sandbank, sandy ground</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46605" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46606" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">sand</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> <li id="46607" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">sand</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46608" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46609" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Faroese</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="fao-Latn">sandur</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> <li id="46610" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">sandur</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46611" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">sandur</span> </li> <li id="46612" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Sander</span> <span class="meaning">sandur</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46613" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dalecarlian</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="Latn">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46614" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Samic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*sāntē</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*sāntōj</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46615" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Northern Sámi</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="sme-Latn">sáttu</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46616" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*samd</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*sand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46617" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">sand</span> <span class="meaning">sand, beach</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46618" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Sandƿic</span> <span class="meaning">Sand-(Habor)-Town</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56734" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56735" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Sandwich</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="2493" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Sandwich Islands</span> </li> <li id="56736" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">sandwich</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56737" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">-wich</span> </li> <li id="56738" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">سَانْدْوِيتْش</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">sandwitš</span> </li> <li id="56739" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">sandwich</span> </li> <li id="56740" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">σάντουιτς</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">sántouits</span> </li> <li id="56741" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">kanauika</span> </li> <li id="56742" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Kana">サンドイッチ</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="jpn-Latn">sandoitchi</span> </li> <li id="56743" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">сандвич</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">sandvič</span> </li> <li id="56744" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">sándwich</span> </li> <li id="56745" class="sinotibetan borrowing"> <span class="language sinotibetan">Tibetan</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan" lang="bod-Tibt">སན་ཊ་ཝིཆི</span> <span class="transliteration sinotibetan" lang="bod-Latn">san ṭa wichi</span> </li> <li id="56746" class="austroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language austroasiatic">Vietnamese</span> <span class="orthography austroasiatic" lang="vie-Latn">xăng-uých</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46619" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">sond</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">sand</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">saunde</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46620" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">sand</span> </li> <li id="46621" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">sand</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">saun</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> <li id="46622" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">zoane</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46623" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*sant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46624" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">sant</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">zant</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46625" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">zand</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46626" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">sant</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="goh-Latn">*samt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46627" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">sant</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">sampt</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">sambt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46628" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Sand</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> <li id="46629" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">זאַמד</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">zamd</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46630" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="osx-Latn">sand</span> <span class="meaning">sand, beach</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46631" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gml-Latn">sant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46632" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">Sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46633" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*drībasand</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*driftisand</span> <span class="meaning">driven-sand, drift-sand, quicksand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46634" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46635" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">drifsant</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">driftzant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46636" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">drijfzand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46637" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46638" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">tripsant</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">trybsand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46639" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Treibsand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand, silt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46640" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46641" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gml-Latn">drifsant</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gml-Latn">dryffsandt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46638" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">tripsant</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">trybsand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46639" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Treibsand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand, silt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46642" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">Driefsand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46643" class="hellenic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄμαθος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ámathos</span> <span class="meaning">sand, sandy ground</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46644" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ἀμαθοῦς</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Amathoûs</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Sandy, Amathus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46645" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Amathus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46646" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">amatho-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="35396" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">amathomancy</span> </li> <li id="46647" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">amathophobia</span> <span class="meaning">fear of dust, fear of sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46648" class="hellenic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄμμος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ámmos</span> <span class="meaning">sand, sandy ground</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46649" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ammo-</span> <span class="meaning">sand (in technical compounds)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46650" class="hellenic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ψάμμος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">psámmos</span> <span class="meaning">sand, desert</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46651" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ψαμαθία</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">psamathía</span> <span class="meaning">beach</span> </li> <li id="46652" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ψαμαθοῦς</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Psamathoûs</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Sandy, Psamathus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46653" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Psamathūs</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46654" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ψαμμοδύτης</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">psammodútēs</span> <span class="meaning">sand-diver, sand-burrower, a kind of fish</span> </li> <li id="46655" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">psammo-</span> </li> <li id="46656" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Psammead</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46657" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*saðol-</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*saβol-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46658" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">sabulō</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">sabulōnem</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">sabulum</span> <span class="meaning">sand, gravel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46659" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46660" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">sablaun</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> <li id="46661" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">sabbia</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46662" class="italic synchronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">sabbione</span> <span class="meaning">coarse sand, sandy soil</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46662" class="italic borrowing possible"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">sabbione</span> <span class="meaning">coarse sand, sandy soil</span> </li> <li id="46663" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46664" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">sable</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">sablon</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">sablun</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46665" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">sable</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">sablon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46666" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">sable</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">sablon</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46667" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">sablón</span> <span class="meaning">thick sand</span> </li> <li id="46668" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">sable</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46669" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">savel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46670" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">zavel</span> <span class="meaning">sandy soil, sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/sand.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/sand.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-sand.html#2493">Sandwich Islands</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#35396">amathomancy</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#44055">quicksand</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#46611">sandur</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#46620">sand</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#46646">amatho-</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#46647">amathophobia</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#46655">psammo-</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#46656">Psammead</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#56735">Sandwich</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#56736">sandwich</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#56737">-wich</a></p> 2026-02-13T00:00:00-08:002026-02-13T00:00:00-08:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2026-02-13:/word-family-hoku.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>I made a map a couple of years back of this family when I went to see <a href="https://hokulea.com/">the Hōkūleʻa</a>. Then recently I was working on an upcoming family for another Austronesian root that I want to link to this one, it was time to make it a full family …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>I made a map a couple of years back of this family when I went to see <a href="https://hokulea.com/">the Hōkūleʻa</a>. Then recently I was working on an upcoming family for another Austronesian root that I want to link to this one, it was time to make it a full family!</p> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/voyage_of_hoku.png"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/voyage_of_hoku_small.png" alt="Map of reflexes of this etymon. The Voyage of Hōkū from Proto-Austronesian *bituqǝn to Hawaiʻian hōkū Austronesian words for 'star'. Made by Word Family Friday in honor of the Hōkūleʻa’s 2023-2027 Moananuiākea Voyage. hokulea.com" style="max-width: 80%;" &lt; span></a></p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-hoku.html#25635">Hōkūleʻa</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="25588" class="austronesian parent"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Austronesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*bituqən</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25589" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Northwest Formosan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25590" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Pazeh</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="uun-Latn">bintun</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25591" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Saisiyat</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="xsy-Latn">bintoe'aen</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25592" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Paiwan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="pwn-Latn">vitjuqan</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25593" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Puyuma</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="pyu-Latn">vituʔen</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25594" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*bituqən</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25595" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Chamorro</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="cha-Latn">putiʼon</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25596" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Sumbawan</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*bintaŋ</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25597" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*bintaŋ</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25598" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">bintang</span> <span class="meaning">star, asterisk, celebrity</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25599" class="austronesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Sumbawan</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*bintaŋ parih</span> <span class="meaning">the Star Rayfish, the Southern Cross (constellation)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25600" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Chamic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25601" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Aceh</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ace-Latn">bintang paròë</span> <span class="meaning">the Southern Cross (constellation)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25602" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25603" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Iban</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="iba-Latn">bintang pari</span> <span class="meaning">the Southern Cross (constellation)</span> </li> <li id="25604" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">bintang pari</span> <span class="meaning">the Southern Cross (constellation)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25605" class="austronesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Sumbawan</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*bintaŋ tujuh</span> <span class="meaning">the Seven Stars, the Pleiades (constellation)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25606" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Chamic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25607" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Aceh</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ace-Latn">bintang tujōh</span> <span class="meaning">the Pleiades (constellation)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25608" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25609" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">bintang tujuh</span> <span class="meaning">the Pleiades (constellation)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25610" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Mokenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25611" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Moken</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="mwt-Latn">bituek</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25612" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Oceanic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*pituqun</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25613" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Admiralty Islands</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25614" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Manus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25615" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Leipon</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="lek-Latn">piti</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25616" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Titan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ttv-Latn">pítuy</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25617" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Micronesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*fituu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25618" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Chuukese</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="chk-Latn">fúú</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25619" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Kiribati</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="gil-Latn">itoi</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25620" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Marshallese</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="mah-Latn">iju</span> <span class="meaning">star, comet, planet</span> </li> <li id="25621" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Woleai</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="woe-Latn">fius</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25622" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Papuan Tip</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25623" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Sinaugoro</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="snc-Latn">visiɣu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25624" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*fetuʔu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25625" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Niuafoʻou</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="num-Latn">fetuʻu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25626" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25627" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25628" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">fetū</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25629" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tokelauan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkl-Latn">fetuu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25630" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tuvaluan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tvl-Latn">fetuu</span> <span class="meaning">star, to shine (as a star)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25631" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25632" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Rapa Nui</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="rap-Latn">hetu'u</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25633" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25634" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">hōkū</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25635" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">Hōkūleʻa</span> <span class="meaning">Joy-Star, Arcturus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25636" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">hetuu</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">fetuu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25637" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25638" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Cook Islands Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="rar-Latn">ʻētū</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25639" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">whetū</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25640" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">fetū</span> <span class="meaning">sea star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25641" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">fetiʻa</span> <span class="meaning">star, medal</span> <span class="note">displaced original <span class="orthography" lang="tah-Latn">fetū</span> because of taboo avoidance</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25642" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Outlier Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25643" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Anuta</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="aud-Latn">petuu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25644" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Takuu</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="nho-Latn">fetuu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25645" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tikopia</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkp-Latn">fetuu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25646" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25647" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">fetuʻu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25648" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Niuēan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="niu-Latn">fetū</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25649" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Southeast Solomonic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25650" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Arosi</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="aia-Latn">hi'u</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25651" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Southern Oceanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25652" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">North Vanuatu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25653" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Mota</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="mtt-Latn">vitu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25654" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Philippine</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*bituʔən</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25655" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Binukid</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="bkd-Latn">bituen</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25656" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Cebuano</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="bkd-Latn">bitùun</span> <span class="meaning">star, a kind of star-shaped fruit</span> </li> <li id="25657" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Central Philippine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25658" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">bitùin</span> <span class="meaning">star, celebrity</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25659" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Ilokano</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ilo-Latn">bituén</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25660" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Manobo</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="mbb-Latn">bituʔen</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="25661" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Sangir</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="sxn-Latn">bituiŋ</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25662" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">South Halmahera–West New Guinea</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25663" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Maʼya</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="slz-Latn">tuén</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="slz-Latn">tuin</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25664" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Timoric</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25665" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Luang</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="lex-Latn">witiona</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25666" class="austronesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Luang</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="lex-Latn">witiora woiti</span> <span class="meaning">the Seven Stars, Ursa Minor (constellation)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="25667" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Tetun</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tdt-Latn">fitun</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="25668" class="austronesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Tetun</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tdt-Latn">fitun suar</span> <span class="meaning">comet</span> </li> <li id="25669" class="austronesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Tetun</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tdt-Latn">fitun loro teen</span> <span class="meaning">Venus as the evening star</span> </li> <li id="25670" class="austronesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Tetun</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tdt-Latn">fitun rai naroma</span> <span class="meaning">Venus as the morning star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/hoku.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/hoku.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-hoku.html#25635">Hōkūleʻa</a></p> 2025-11-07T00:00:00-08:002025-11-07T00:00:00-08:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2025-11-07:/word-family-shepard.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>By Patreon request! This year, N7 day is a Friday, so we've got <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Shepard</span>. I'm Word Family Friday, and this is my favorite Indo-European root on the Citadel.</p> <p>This root appears in many forms in Germanic and Balto-Slavic, but has only marginal/uncertain presence outside those two branches.</p> <p>(Family …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>By Patreon request! This year, N7 day is a Friday, so we've got <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Shepard</span>. I'm Word Family Friday, and this is my favorite Indo-European root on the Citadel.</p> <p>This root appears in many forms in Germanic and Balto-Slavic, but has only marginal/uncertain presence outside those two branches.</p> <p>(Family of <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">sheep</span> not included ... it's a huge mess!)</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-shepard.html#22895">Sheppard</a>, <a href="/word-family-shepard.html#35468">Oxnard</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="22783" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*kerdʰ-</span> <span class="meaning">row, herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22784" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*kerdʰos</span> <span class="note">action/result noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22785" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*kerdas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22786" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22787" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22788" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">kērdan</span> <span class="meaning">time</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22789" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*čẽrdъ</span> <span class="meaning">turn, sequence</span> <span class="note">Slavic first palatalization, not from <span class="transliteration">*ḱ-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22790" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22791" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">черёд</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">čerjod</span> <span class="meaning">turn, course</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22792" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*kordʰos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22793" class="parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Illyric</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22794" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Proto-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*škerdā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22795" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">herdhe</span> <span class="meaning">nest</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="22796" class="albanian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">çuherdhe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22797" class="albanian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">çerdhe</span> <span class="meaning">nest, home, daycare, litter of animals, word family</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22798" class="albanian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">çerdhukël</span> <span class="meaning">lark</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22799" class="parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Illyrian</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="xil-Latn">*skerd-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22800" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Illyrian</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="xil-Latn">*Skerdilaidas?</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Herd-Leader??</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22801" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Σκερδιλαΐδας</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Skerdilaïdas</span> <span class="meaning">an Illyrian personal name</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22802" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22803" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*korð</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22804" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">cordd</span> <span class="meaning">tribe, clan, family</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22805" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">corlan</span> <span class="meaning">pen, enclosure, sheepfold</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22806" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*ćárdʰas</span> <span class="note">as if <span class="transliteration">*ḱordʰos</span>, which the Balto-Slavic contradicts</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="22807" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*śárdʰas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22808" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀰𑀭𑁆𑀥𑀂</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">śardhaḥ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">शर्धः</span> <span class="meaning">multitude, troop</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22809" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22810" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">sarəδa</span> <span class="meaning">kind, type, breed</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22811" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*kordʰus?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22812" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22813" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">κόρθυς</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">kórthus</span> <span class="meaning">heap, pile, sheaf</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22814" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*kr̥dʰós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22815" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*kurdá</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22816" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*kъrdo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22817" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22818" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Macedonian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="mkd-Cyrl">крдо</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="mkd-Latn">krdo</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </li> <li id="22819" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">krdo</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">крдо</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </li> <li id="22820" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">cârd</span> <span class="meaning">herd, flock, swarm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22821" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22822" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">kierda</span> <span class="meaning">boar, hog</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22823" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*kъrdelь</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22824" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22825" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slovak</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="slk-Latn">kŕdeľ</span> <span class="meaning">flock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22826" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">kierdel</span> <span class="meaning">flock of sheep</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22827" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*kerdʰéh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22828" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*kerdāˀ</span> <span class="meaning">row, sequence, herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22829" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*čērdà</span> <span class="meaning">file, herd</span> <span class="note">Slavic first palatalization, not from <span class="transliteration">*ḱ-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22830" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">череда</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">čereda</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22831" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">череда</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">čereda</span> <span class="meaning">train, procession, sequence, time, turn</span> </li> <li id="22832" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">череда</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">čereda</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22833" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">czereda</span> <span class="meaning">crowd, host, pack</span> </li> <li id="22834" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">טשערעדע</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">tsherede</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22835" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22836" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrl">чрѣда</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="chu-Latn">črěda</span> <span class="meaning">flock, herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22837" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">чреда</span> <span class="meaning">sequence, turn</span> </li> <li id="22838" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">cireadă</span> <span class="meaning">herd, flock, drove</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22839" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">csorda</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22840" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">ciurdă</span> <span class="meaning">herd, flock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22841" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">čredo</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">чредо</span> <span class="meaning">flock, herd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22842" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22843" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">třída</span> <span class="meaning">class (most meanings), classroom, avenue</span> </li> <li id="22844" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">trzoda</span> <span class="meaning">herd, crowd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22845" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*herdō</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22846" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22847" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">hairda</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22848" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22849" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">hjǫrð</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22850" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22851" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">hjord</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22852" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22853" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">hjörð</span> <span class="meaning">herd, flock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22854" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*herdu</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22855" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">hierd</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">heord</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22856" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">herde</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">heerd</span> <span class="meaning">herd, flock, swarm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22857" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">herd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22858" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*herda</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22859" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">herde</span> </li> <li id="22860" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">herde</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22861" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">harde</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22862" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">harde</span> <span class="meaning">herd, pack</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22863" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">herta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22864" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">hërt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22865" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Herde</span> <span class="meaning">herd, flock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22866" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*kerdʰh₂yós</span> <span class="meaning">herder</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22867" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22868" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22869" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">skerdžius</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">kerdžius</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="22870" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">skierdź</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd, herdsman (dialectal)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22871" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*hirdijaz</span> <span class="meaning">herder</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22872" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22873" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">hairdeis</span> <span class="meaning">herdsman, pastor</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22874" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22875" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">hirðir</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22876" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22877" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">hyrde</span> <span class="meaning">herder, herdsman, shepherd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22878" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22879" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">hirðir</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22880" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*hirdī</span> <span class="meaning">herdsman, herder</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22881" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">hierde</span> <span class="meaning">herdsman, guardian, keeper</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22882" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">herde</span> <span class="meaning">herdsman, herder, ruler, guide</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22883" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">herd</span> </li> <li id="22884" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">oxeherde</span> <span class="meaning">oxherd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="35466" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">oxherd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22885" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">māþmhierde</span> <span class="meaning">treasurer</span> </li> <li id="22886" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">oxanhierde</span> <span class="meaning">oxherd, oxherder</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22884" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">oxeherde</span> <span class="meaning">oxherd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="35466" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">oxherd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="35467" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Oxnaherde</span> <span class="meaning">occupational surname: Oxherd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="35468" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Oxnard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22887" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*hirdi</span> </li> <li id="22888" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">hirti</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd, herdsman</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22889" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22890" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Hirt</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Hirte</span> <span class="meaning">herdsman, herder, shepherd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22891" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*skāpahirdī</span> <span class="meaning">sheep-herder</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22892" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">sċēaphierde</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22893" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">schepherde</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22894" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">shepherd</span> </li> <li id="22895" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Shepard</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Sheppard</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Shepperd</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Shepherd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="22896" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22897" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Schafhirte</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/shepard.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/shepard.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-shepard.html#22857">herd</a>, <a href="/word-family-shepard.html#22883">herd</a>, <a href="/word-family-shepard.html#22894">shepherd</a>, <a href="/word-family-shepard.html#22895">Sheppard</a>, <a href="/word-family-shepard.html#35466">oxherd</a>, <a href="/word-family-shepard.html#35468">Oxnard</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>Indo-Iranian <span class="transliteration">*ćárdʰas</span> (appearing in Sanskrit <span class="transliteration">śardhaḥ</span> and Avestan <span class="transliteration">sarəδa</span>) requires a PIE <span class="transliteration">*ḱerdʰ-</span>, which cannot be formally reconciled with all the Balto-Slavic forms that show <span class="transliteration">*kerdʰ-</span>.</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p>Lithuanian has variants <span class="orthography" lang="lit-Latn">kerdžius</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="lit-Latn">skerdžius</span>, which looks like s-mobile, but since no other languages shows the <span class="transliteration">s</span>†, I am assuming for now that this is a Lithuanian innovation, perhaps influence from <span class="transliteration">*(s)ker-</span>: "to cut, to seperate". But Lithuanian is famously conservative, and <span class="transliteration">-*dʰ-</span> is an extremely productive root extension, so <span class="transliteration">*kerdʰ-</span> might actually be <span class="transliteration">*(s)kerdʰ-</span> and might be a derivative of <span class="transliteration">*(s)ker-</span>.</p> <p>† Unless Albanian <span class="orthography" lang="sqi-Latn">herdhe</span>: "nest" is related. Albanian <span class="orthography" lang="sqi-Latn">h-</span> usually reflects PIE <span class="transliteration">*sk-</span>. And then since <span class="orthography" lang="sqi-Latn">herdhe</span> implies Proto-Albanian <span class="transliteration">*škerdā</span>, that raises the possibility of a connection in the Illyrian king recorded in Greek as <span class="orthography" lang="">Σκερδιλαΐδας</span> <span class="transliteration">Skerdilaïdas</span>.</p> </li> </ol> 2025-09-26T00:00:00-07:002025-09-26T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2025-09-26:/word-family-millenial.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>In each Hellenic, Indo-Iranian, and Italic the word for "thousand" is derived from Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*ǵʰéslo-</span>—apparently "handful"?—but in different forms.</p> <p>Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χίλιοι</span> <span class="transliteration">khílioi</span> (<span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">kilo-</span>) seems to derive from <span class="transliteration">*ǵʰesliyoy</span>, possibly a plural adjective form?</p> <p>In Indo-Iranian it's prefixed with <span class="transliteration">*sem-</span> as <span class="transliteration">*sm̥-ǵʰéslom</span>, which could be translated as …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>In each Hellenic, Indo-Iranian, and Italic the word for "thousand" is derived from Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*ǵʰéslo-</span>—apparently "handful"?—but in different forms.</p> <p>Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χίλιοι</span> <span class="transliteration">khílioi</span> (<span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">kilo-</span>) seems to derive from <span class="transliteration">*ǵʰesliyoy</span>, possibly a plural adjective form?</p> <p>In Indo-Iranian it's prefixed with <span class="transliteration">*sem-</span> as <span class="transliteration">*sm̥-ǵʰéslom</span>, which could be translated as "one handful", but I think perhaps better rendered here as "a whole handful". This becomes forms like Sanskrit <span class="transliteration">sahásram</span> and Persian <span class="transliteration">hazāra</span>.</p> <p>Italic also uses the <span class="transliteration">*sm̥-</span>, but makes the whole thing feminine-collective as <span class="transliteration">*smih₂-ǵʰéslih₂</span>, whence Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">mille</span> (<span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">milli-</span>).</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43466">surgery</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43506">garter</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43602">milli-</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43609">kilo-</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43598">millennial</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43693">chrono-</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43739">yard</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#30162">Midgard</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="43443" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰes-</span> <span class="meaning">hand, take</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43444" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰésōr</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> <span class="note">primary noun, gen. and abl. <span class="transliteration">*ǵʰsrés</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43445" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="Latn">*ǵésōr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43446" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Hittite</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hit-Xsux">𒆠𒌍𒊬</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="hit-Latn">késːar</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="hit-Latn">ke-eš-šar</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> <li id="43447" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Luwic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43448" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Luwian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43449" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Cuneiform Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlu-Xsux">𒄿𒅖𒊭𒊑𒅖</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xlu-Latn">īssaris</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xlu-Latn">i-iš-ša-ri-iš</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43450" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Lycian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlc-Lyci">𐊆𐊈𐊕𐊁𐊅𐊆</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xlc-Latn">izredi</span> <span class="meaning">by hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43451" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">ձեռն</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">jeṙn</span> <span class="meaning">hand, first, arm, strength, force</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43452" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ձեռք</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">jeṙkʻ</span> <span class="meaning">hand, arm</span> </li> <li id="43453" class="armenian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">*jeṙnuk</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </li> <li id="43454" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">زرنوك</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">zarnūk</span> <span class="meaning">handle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43455" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*kʰéhər</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43456" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χείρ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">kheír</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="37052" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Chiroptera</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic order of bats</span> </li> <li id="43457" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Koine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χέριον</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">khérion</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43458" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">χέρι</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">chéri</span> <span class="meaning">hand, arm, handle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43459" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἑκατόγχειρος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">hekatónkheiros</span> <span class="meaning">hundred-handed</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45314" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἑκατὸν μὲν χεῖρες</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">hekatòn mèn kheîres</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45315" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Hecatoncheires</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43460" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χειρουργός</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">kheirourgós</span> <span class="meaning">craftsman, surgeon</span> <span class="note">"hand-worker"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43461" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">chīrūrgus</span> <span class="meaning">surgeon</span> </li> <li id="43462" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χειρουργία</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">kheirourgíā</span> <span class="meaning">handiwork, handicraft, surgery</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43463" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">chīrūrgia</span> <span class="meaning">surgery</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43464" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43465" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">surgie</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43466" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">surgery</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43467" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*chīrurgiānus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43468" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43469" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">surgien</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43470" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">surgeon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43471" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">cirurgiien</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43472" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">chirurgien</span> </li> <li id="43473" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">chirurgijn</span> </li> <li id="43474" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">chirurgeon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43475" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">chiro-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43476" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*kʰéhr-nikʷs</span> <span class="meaning">hand-wash</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43477" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀐𐀛𐀣</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="gmy-Latn">ke-ni-qa</span> </li> <li id="43478" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χέρνιψ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">khérnips</span> <span class="meaning">water for handwashing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43479" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χέρνιβον</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">khérnibon</span> <span class="meaning">wash basin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43480" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">كرنيب</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">kirnīb</span> <span class="meaning">wash basin, bath, dipper</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43481" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*hezor</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43482" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">hir</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43483" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="Latn">*ṣar</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43484" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xto-Latn">tsar</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> <li id="43485" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">ṣar</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43486" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰēsreh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43487" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*dāsrā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43488" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">dorë</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43489" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰr̥sós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43490" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*garros</span> <span class="meaning">leg, calf</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43491" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*garr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43492" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">gar</span> <span class="meaning">leg</span> </li> <li id="43493" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Cornish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">garr</span> <span class="meaning">leg</span> </li> <li id="43494" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">gar</span> <span class="meaning">leg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43495" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">gairr</span> <span class="meaning">calf</span> </li> <li id="43496" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">*garrā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43497" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*garra</span> <span class="meaning">leg, calf</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43498" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">gare</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43499" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">garet</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43500" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">jarret</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43501" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">jarret</span> <span class="meaning">back of the knee, leg joint of meat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43502" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">gareter</span> <span class="meaning">garter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43503" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">jarretier</span> <span class="meaning">garter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43504" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">jarretière</span> <span class="meaning">garter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43505" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">garter</span> <span class="meaning">garter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43506" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">garter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43507" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰéslom</span> <span class="meaning">numerous, thousand, handful?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43508" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*sm̥-ǵʰéslom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43509" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*saȷ́ʰásram</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43510" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*saźʰásram</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43511" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">सहस्रम्</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">sahásram</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43512" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Prakrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pra-Latn">sahasra</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pra-Latn">śahaśśa</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pra-Latn">sahasira</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pra-Latn">sahassa</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43513" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Prakrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pra-Latn">sāsira</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43514" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Kannada</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="kan-Knda">ಸಾವಿರ</span> <span class="transliteration dravidian" lang="kan-Latn">sāvira</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="43515" class="dravidian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="dravidian"> <span class="language dravidian">Old Tamil</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43516" class="dravidian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language dravidian">Tamil</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tam-Taml">ஆயிரம்</span> <span class="transliteration dravidian" lang="tam-Latn">āyiram</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="43517" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Malayalam</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="mal-Mlym">ആയിരം</span> <span class="transliteration dravidian" lang="mal-Latn">āyiraṁ</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43518" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Elu</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="elu-Latn">*sahasa</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43519" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Dhivehi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="div-Thaa">ހާސް</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="div-Latn">hās</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43520" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43521" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43522" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kashmiri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kas-Aran">ساس</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="kas-Latn">sās</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43523" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">सहस्र</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">sahasra</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="43524" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">సహస్రము</span> <span class="transliteration dravidian" lang="tel-Latn">sahasramu</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43525" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*hajáhram</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43526" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬢𐬭𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">hazaŋra</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="43527" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bactrian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xbc-Grek">υαζαρο</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xbc-Latn">uazaro</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="43528" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">زر</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pus-Latn">zër</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="43529" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*hazáram</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="36667" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*hazára-pátiš</span> <span class="meaning">thousand-commander</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="36668" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="36669" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xme-Latn">*hazārapatiš</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="36670" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">*hazārapatiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="36671" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭧𐭦𐭠𐭫𐭥𐭯𐭲</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">ḥzārāpt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="36672" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">هزاربد</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">hezârbod</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="36673" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀζαραπατεῖς</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">azarapateîs</span> </li> <li id="36674" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀζαβαρίτης</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">azabarítēs</span> </li> <li id="36675" class="hellenic parent calque"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χιλίαρχος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">khilíarkhos</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand, tribune, chiliarch</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="36747" class="germanic calque"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">þūsundifaþs</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand, tribune</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </li> <li id="43606" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">chiliarchus</span> </li> <li id="43607" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Classical Syriac</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="syc-Syrc">ܟܝܠܝܪܟܐ</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="syc-Latn">kilirka</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="36676" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭇𐭆𐭓𐭅𐭐𐭕</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xpr-Latn">hazārpet</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="36677" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">հազարապետ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">hazarapet</span> <span class="meaning">chiliarch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="36678" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">հազարապետ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">hazarapet</span> <span class="meaning">chiliarch</span> </li> <li id="36679" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="kat-Geor">ჰაზარაპეტი</span> <span class="transliteration kartvelian" lang="kat-Latn">hazaraṗeṭi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43530" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43531" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xme-Latn">*hazāram</span> </li> <li id="43532" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">hezar</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="43533" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭀𐭋𐭐𐭉𐭍</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭇𐭆𐭀𐭓</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xpr-Latn">hzār</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xpr-Latn">ālpin</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> <span class="note"><span class="transliteration">ālpin</span> as an Aramaeogram</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43534" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Mani">𐫍𐫉𐫀𐫡</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">hzār</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43535" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">هزار</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">hazâr</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43536" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">هزاردستان</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">hezâr-dastân</span> <span class="meaning">nightingale</span> <span class="note">lit. "thousand songs"</span> </li> <li id="43537" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43538" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">हज़ार</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">hazār</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="43539" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">ہزار</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">hazār</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43540" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">*hadāram</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43541" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Elamite</span> <span class="orthography" lang="elx-Xsux">𒄩𒆪𒊏</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="elx-Latn">ha-da-ra</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43542" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*smih₂-ǵʰéslih₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43543" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*smīɣeslī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43544" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mille</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1825" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mīllennis</span> <span class="meaning">thousand-years</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43595" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mīllennium</span> <span class="meaning">millennium</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43596" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">millennium</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43597" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Kana">ミレニアム</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="jpn-Latn">mireniamu</span> <span class="meaning">millennium</span> </li> <li id="43598" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">millennial</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43599" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">millennio</span> <span class="meaning">millennium</span> </li> <li id="43600" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">milenio</span> <span class="meaning">millennium</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="37222" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mīlle</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mīlle passūs</span> <span class="meaning">a thousand paces, a mile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43578" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43579" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">miglio</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43580" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43581" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mille</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43582" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μίλιον</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">mílion</span> <span class="meaning">Roman mile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43583" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">μίλι</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">míli</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43584" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*mīliju</span> <span class="meaning">a mile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43585" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">mīl</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43586" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">myle</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43587" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42674" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">milestone</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43588" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*mīla</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43589" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">mijl</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43590" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">mīla</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43591" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">mīle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43592" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Meile</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </li> <li id="43593" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">מײַל</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">mayl</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </li> <li id="43594" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">mila</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43545" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43546" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">mel</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="43547" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mille</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43548" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">milione</span> <span class="meaning">million</span> <span class="note">augmentive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43549" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">million</span> <span class="meaning">million</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43550" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">million</span> <span class="meaning">million</span> </li> <li id="43551" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">million</span> </li> <li id="43552" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">-illion</span> <span class="note">back-formed</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43553" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">billion</span> <span class="meaning">billion (long-scale, 10^12)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43554" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">billion</span> <span class="meaning">billion (long-scale, 10^12)</span> </li> <li id="43555" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">billion</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43556" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">trillion</span> <span class="meaning">billion (long-scale, 10^18)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43557" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">trillion</span> <span class="meaning">trillion (long-scale, 10^18)</span> </li> <li id="43558" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">trillion</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43559" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43560" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">njilje</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="43561" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">mie</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="43562" class="albanian borrowing"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">mijë</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43563" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43564" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">mile</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43565" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">mille</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43566" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mille</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43567" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mil</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43568" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Navajo</span> <span class="orthography" lang="nav-Latn">mííl</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43569" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Basque</span> <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">mila</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="43570" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*mil</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43571" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">mil</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="43572" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Cornish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">mil</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="43573" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">mil</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43574" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">míle</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43575" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43576" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">míle</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="43577" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Scottish Gaelic</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gla-Latn">mìle</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43601" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">milli-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43602" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">milli-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43603" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰesliyoy</span> <span class="note">plural adjective form?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43604" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*kʰehliyoi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43605" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χίλιοι</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">khílioi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="36675" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χιλίαρχος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">khilíarkhos</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand, tribune, chiliarch</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="36747" class="germanic calque"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">þūsundifaþs</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand, tribune</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </li> <li id="43606" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">chiliarchus</span> </li> <li id="43607" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Classical Syriac</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="syc-Syrc">ܟܝܠܝܪܟܐ</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="syc-Latn">kilirka</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43608" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">kilo-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43609" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">kilo-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43610" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰóstos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43611" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*ȷ́ʰástas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43612" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*źʰástas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43613" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">हस्तः</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">hástaḥ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀳𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀂</span> <span class="meaning">hand, elephant trunk, cubit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43614" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Elu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43615" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Dhivehi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="div-Thaa">އަތް</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="div-Latn">at̊</span> <span class="meaning">hand, palm, side, direction</span> </li> <li id="43616" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sinhala</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sin-Sinh">අත</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="sin-Latn">ata</span> <span class="meaning">hand, side, direction</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43617" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀳𑀢𑁆𑀣</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pli-Latn">hattha</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43618" class="austroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language austroasiatic">Khmer</span> <span class="orthography austroasiatic" lang="khm-Khmr">ហត្ថ</span> <span class="transliteration austroasiatic" lang="khm-Latn">hat</span> <span class="meaning">hand, arm, elephant trunk, lock of hair, cubit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43619" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43620" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43621" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">हाथ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">hāth</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> <li id="43622" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">ہَاتھ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">hāth</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43623" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43624" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Punjabi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pan-Guru">ਹੱਥ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pan-Latn">hatthă</span> <span class="meaning">hand, forearm, cubit</span> </li> <li id="43625" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kashmiri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kas-Aran">اَتھٕ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="kas-Latn">athụ</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43626" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43627" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Gujarati</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="guj-Gujr">હાથ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="guj-Latn">hāth</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> <li id="43628" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Romani</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rom-Latn">vast</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43629" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">hasta</span> <span class="meaning">cubit</span> </li> <li id="43630" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Malayalam</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="mal-Mlym">ഹസ്തം</span> <span class="transliteration dravidian" lang="mal-Latn">hastaṁ</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> <li id="43631" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">హస్తము</span> <span class="transliteration dravidian" lang="tel-Latn">hastamu</span> <span class="meaning">hand, forearm, elephant trunk, cubit</span> </li> <li id="43632" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">हस्ती</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">hastī́</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀳𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀻</span> <span class="meaning">elephant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="36502" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">hastināpuraḥ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">हस्तिनापुरः</span> <span class="meaning">place name: City of Elephants, Hastinapura</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43650" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43651" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">हस्तिनापुर</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">hastināpur</span> </li> <li id="43652" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Hastinapur</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43633" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Prakrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pra-Brah">𑀳𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pra-Latn">hatthi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43634" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Elu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43635" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Dhivehi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="div-Thaa">އެތް</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="div-Latn">et̊</span> <span class="meaning">elephant, palm flower</span> </li> <li id="43636" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sinhala</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sin-Sinh">ඇත්</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="sin-Latn">æt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43637" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43638" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali-Assamese</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43639" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Assamese</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="asm-Beng">হাতী</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="asm-Latn">hati</span> <span class="meaning">elephant</span> </li> <li id="43640" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">হাতি</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ben-Latn">hati</span> <span class="meaning">elephant, bishop (chess)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43641" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sylheti</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="syl-Sylo">ꠀꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="syl-Latn">atti</span> </li> <li id="43642" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Rohingya</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="rhg-Latn">háñti</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43643" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43644" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43645" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">हाथी</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">hāthī</span> <span class="meaning">elephant, rook (chess)</span> </li> <li id="43646" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">ہاتھی</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">hāthī</span> <span class="meaning">elephant</span> </li> <li id="43647" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">hathi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43648" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43649" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Punjabi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pan-Guru">ਹਾਥੀ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pan-Latn">hāthī</span> <span class="meaning">elephant, rook (chess)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43653" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*jástah</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43654" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬰𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">zasta</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43655" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*dʰástas</span> <span class="note">probably dissimilation, or by association with <span class="transliteration">*dáwš</span>: "arm"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43656" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*dástah</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43657" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bactrian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xbc-Grek">λιστο</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xbc-Latn">listo</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> <li id="43658" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">لاس</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pus-Latn">lâs</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> <li id="43659" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43660" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43661" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">dest</span> <span class="meaning">hand, start</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43662" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎭𐎿𐎫</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">d-s-t</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43663" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭩𐭣𐭤</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">YDE</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> <span class="note">Aramaeogram</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43664" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">دست</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">dast</span> <span class="meaning">hand, arm</span> <span class="note">Aramaeogram</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43665" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43666" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">दस्त</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">dast</span> <span class="meaning">hand, cubit</span> </li> <li id="43667" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">دست</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">dast</span> <span class="meaning">hand, cubit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43668" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Nuristani</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*dásta</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43669" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ashkun</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ask-Latn">dóst</span> </li> <li id="43670" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kamviri</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xvi-Latn">dǘšt</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43671" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*hostos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43672" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">hostus</span> <span class="meaning">yield of an olive tree</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43673" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰostiyos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43674" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*źastijas</span> <span class="meaning">arm?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43675" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pa-źastijas</span> <span class="meaning">under arm?</span> <span class="note">with *pa-: "under"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43676" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43677" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">pažastìs</span> <span class="meaning">armpit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43678" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43679" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43680" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">paže</span> <span class="meaning">arm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43681" class="baltoslavic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">podpaží</span> <span class="meaning">armpit</span> <span class="note">re-preffixed with <span class="orthography" lang="ces-Latn">pod-</span> : "under", probably cognate to the previous *pa- prefix</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43682" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43683" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">hostia</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice, offering, victim, host (consecrated bread)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43684" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43685" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">oiste</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43686" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">host</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43687" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰer-</span> <span class="meaning">to enclose</span> <span class="note">horticulture, court</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43688" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰronos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43689" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*kʰrónos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43690" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χρόνος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">khrónos</span> <span class="meaning">time, a period of time, a lifetime, a delay</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43691" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">χρόνος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">chrónos</span> <span class="meaning">time, year, tense</span> </li> <li id="43692" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Coptic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="cop-Copt">ⲭⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="cop-Latn">khronos</span> <span class="meaning">time, a period of time, a lifetime, age, duration</span> </li> <li id="43693" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">chrono-</span> </li> <li id="43694" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Χρόνος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Khrónos</span> <span class="meaning">personification of time</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43695" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Chronos</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43696" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*gʰerdʰ-</span> <span class="meaning">to enclose, to encircle, enclosure, belt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43697" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*gʰerdʰeti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43698" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gerdaną</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43699" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43700" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">*gairdan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43701" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">bigairdan</span> <span class="meaning">to gird</span> </li> <li id="43702" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌿𐍆𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">ufgairdan</span> <span class="meaning">to gird</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43703" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*gʰr̥dʰyeti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43704" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gurdijaną</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43705" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43706" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">gyrða</span> <span class="meaning">to gird, to girth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43707" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gurdijan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43708" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">gyrdan</span> <span class="meaning">to gird</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43709" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">gurden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43710" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">gird</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43711" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gurdilaz</span> <span class="meaning">girdle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43712" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43713" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">gyrðill</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43714" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">gyrðill</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43715" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gurdil</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43716" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">gyrdel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43717" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">girdle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43718" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*gurdel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43719" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">gordel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43720" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">gurtil</span> <span class="meaning">girtle, girth, band</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43721" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Gürtel</span> <span class="meaning">belt, strip</span> </li> <li id="43722" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">גאַרטל</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">gartl</span> <span class="meaning">belt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43723" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*gʰórdʰos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43724" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gardaz</span> <span class="meaning">enclosure, court, yard, garden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30155" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*midjagardaz</span> <span class="meaning">the middle enclosure, the world, Midgard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30156" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30157" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">midjungards</span> <span class="meaning">the inhabited world, ecumene</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30158" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30159" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">Miðgarðr</span> <span class="meaning">the Earth, Midgard, the inhabited world</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30160" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">Midgård</span> </li> <li id="30161" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">Miðgarður</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30162" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Midgard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30163" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30164" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Middanġeard</span> <span class="meaning">the world, the inhabited world</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="2307" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Middaneard</span> <span class="meaning">the world, the inhabited world</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="13366" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Middle Earth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="39449" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*urtgardaz</span> <span class="meaning">garden, orchard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39450" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39451" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">aurtigards</span> <span class="meaning">orchard, garden</span> </li> <li id="39452" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrl">врътоградъ</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="chu-Latn">vrŭtogradŭ</span> <span class="meaning">herb garden, kitchen garden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="39453" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39454" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="non-Latn">*urtgarðr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39455" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">örtagård</span> <span class="meaning">herb garden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="39456" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*ortgard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39457" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ortġeard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39458" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">orchard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43725" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43726" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">gards</span> <span class="meaning">yard, court, house, household, family</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43727" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">þiudangardi</span> <span class="meaning">kingdom</span> <span class="note">lit. "~household of a people"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43728" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43729" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">garðr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43730" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">gård</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="26632" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">Kierkegaard</span> <span class="meaning">surname: Church-Yard</span> <span class="note">pre-1948 orthography retained in proper nouns</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43731" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">garður</span> </li> <li id="43732" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">garrda</span> </li> <li id="43733" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="wlm-Latn">garð</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43734" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Samic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*kārtē</span> <span class="meaning">fenced enclosure, corral</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43735" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Northern Sámi</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="sme-Latn">gárdi</span> </li> <li id="43736" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">Útgarðar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43737" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43738" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ġeard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43739" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">yard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43740" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*gard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43741" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">gaard</span> </li> <li id="43742" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">gart</span> <span class="meaning">garden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43743" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">gart</span> <span class="meaning">enclosure, plot of land, circle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43744" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gardan-</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gardô</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43745" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gardō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43746" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*gardo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43741" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">gaard</span> </li> <li id="43747" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">gardin</span> <span class="meaning">garden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43748" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">jardin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43749" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">giardino</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43750" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">garden</span> </li> <li id="43751" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">jardín</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43752" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">garto</span> <span class="meaning">garden, paradise</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43753" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43754" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*gʰordʰéh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43755" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gerdō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43756" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43757" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">gairda</span> <span class="meaning">girdle, purse</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43758" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43759" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">gjǫrð</span> <span class="meaning">belt, girdle, saddle girth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43760" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">gjord</span> </li> <li id="43761" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">gjörð</span> </li> <li id="43762" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">gerth</span> <span class="meaning">girth, barrel hoop</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43763" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">girth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43764" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Samic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43765" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Northern Sámi</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="sme-Latn">gierdu</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43766" class="synchronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰer-</span> <span class="meaning">intestines, bowels, gut (as a material)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/millenial.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/millenial.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-millenial.html#13366">Middle Earth</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#30162">Midgard</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#37052">Chiroptera</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#39458">orchard</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#42674">milestone</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43466">surgery</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43470">surgeon</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43474">chirurgeon</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43475">chiro-</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43506">garter</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43551">million</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43555">billion</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43558">trillion</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43587">mile</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43596">millennium</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43598">millennial</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43602">milli-</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43609">kilo-</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43647">hathi</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43652">Hastinapur</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43686">host</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43693">chrono-</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43695">Chronos</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43710">gird</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43717">girdle</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43739">yard</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43750">garden</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#43763">girth</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#45315">Hecatoncheires</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>the Old Medean military title *hazārapatiš: "commander of a thousand" was both borrowed into Greek as <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἀζαραπατεῖς</span> <span class="transliteration">azarapateîs</span>/ἀζαβαρίτης <span class="transliteration">azabarítēs</span> and also calqued as <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χιλίαρχος</span> <span class="transliteration">khilíarkhos</span>. Though the Greeks probably couldn't have known it, their word for a "thousand" that they used in the calque—<span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χίλιοι</span>—is a cognate to the Medean word *hazāram!</p> <p>And then! Gothic calqued the Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χιλίαρχος</span> <span class="transliteration">khilíarkhos</span> as <span class="orthography" lang="got-Goth">𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">þūsundifaþs</span>, with a completely different word for "thousand"… but returning to a cognate of the Medean word for commander: <a href="/word-family-potis.html"><span class="transliteration">faþs</span>/<span class="transliteration">patiš</span></a>!</p> </li> </ol> 2025-08-08T00:00:00-07:002025-08-08T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2025-08-08:/word-family-anthology.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂endʰ-</span>: "to bloom" is represented almost entirely by Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἄνθος</span> <span class="transliteration">ánthos</span>, but there's just enough smattering across other branches to demonstrate that it's not something the Greeks picked up after they split from the rest of IE.</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1764">anthology</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#7637">chrysanthemum</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#49727">Ianthe</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="1732" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂endʰ-</span> <span class="meaning">to bloom</span> <span class="note">Late …</span></summary></details></li></ul>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂endʰ-</span>: "to bloom" is represented almost entirely by Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἄνθος</span> <span class="transliteration">ánthos</span>, but there's just enough smattering across other branches to demonstrate that it's not something the Greeks picked up after they split from the rest of IE.</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1764">anthology</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#7637">chrysanthemum</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#49727">Ianthe</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="1732" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂endʰ-</span> <span class="meaning">to bloom</span> <span class="note">Late Central</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1733" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂endʰti</span> <span class="meaning">blooms</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1734" class="albanian diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">end</span> <span class="meaning">to bloom</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1735" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂éndʰos</span> <span class="meaning">a bloom, a flower</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1736" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">անդ</span> <span class="transliteration">and</span> <span class="meaning">field, field of grain, arable land</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1737" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">հանդ</span> <span class="transliteration">hand</span> <span class="meaning">field, arable land, pasture land</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1738" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ántʰos</span> <span class="meaning">flower, blossom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1739" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄνθος</span> <span class="transliteration">ánthos</span> <span class="meaning">flower, bloom, brilliance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1740" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄθος</span> <span class="transliteration">áthos</span> <span class="meaning">flower, blossom, ornament</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1741" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">άνθος</span> <span class="transliteration">ánthos</span> <span class="meaning">flower, bloom</span> <span class="note">re-classicized</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1742" class="germanic borrowing possible"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Anthony</span> <span class="note">modified from <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Antony</span>/<span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">Antonius</span> by association with Greek <span class="transliteration">anthos</span></span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </li> <li id="1743" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">antho-</span> </li> <li id="1744" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">-anthous</span> </li> <li id="1745" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ianthe</span> <span class="meaning">divine name, personal name: Violet, Violet-Flower</span> </li> <li id="1746" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Εὐανθής</span> <span class="transliteration">Euanthēs</span> <span class="meaning">divine name, personal name: Well-Blooming</span> </li> <li id="1747" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Χρύσανθος</span> <span class="transliteration">Khrusánthos</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Gold-Flower</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="7635" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Chrysanthos</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1748" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄκᾰνθος</span> <span class="transliteration">ákanthos</span> <span class="meaning">acanthus, thorn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="13364" class="parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Acanthus</span> <span class="meaning">a taxonomic genus of prickly herbs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="13365" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Pyracantha</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic genus of the firethorn shrubs</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1749" class="parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Calanthe</span> <span class="meaning">a genus of Christmas orchids</span> <span class="note">as if <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">καλἄνθη</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1750" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">calanthe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1751" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Dianthus</span> <span class="meaning">genus of carnations and pinks</span> <span class="note">as if <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">δῖἄνθος</span></span> </li> <li id="1752" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄνθος</span> <span class="transliteration">ánthos</span> <span class="meaning">a small bird, the yellow wagtail?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1753" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Anthus</span> <span class="meaning">genus of pipits</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1754" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνθίας</span> <span class="transliteration">anthías</span> <span class="meaning">swallowtail sea perch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1755" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Anthias anthias</span> <span class="meaning">species name of the swallowtail sea perch</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1756" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνθηρός</span> <span class="transliteration">anthērós</span> <span class="meaning">flowery, blooming, splendid</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1757" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">anthēra</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1758" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">anthère</span> <span class="meaning">anther</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1759" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anther</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1760" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ἀνθεία</span> <span class="transliteration">Antheia</span> <span class="meaning">divine epithet: Flower-Goddess (of Aphrodite, Hera)</span> </li> <li id="1761" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνθολογία</span> <span class="transliteration">anthologíā</span> <span class="meaning">flower-picking, bouquet, collection of poems</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="1762" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">ανθολογία</span> <span class="transliteration">anthología</span> <span class="meaning">anthology</span> </li> <li id="1763" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">anthologia</span> <span class="meaning">collection of poems, anthology</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="1764" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anthology</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> <li id="1765" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">アンソロジー</span> <span class="transliteration">ansorojī</span> <span class="meaning">anthology</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1766" class="italic parent calque"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">flōrilegium</span> <span class="meaning">anthology (Renaissance)</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="1767" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">florilège</span> <span class="meaning">anthology</span> </li> <li id="1768" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">florilegio</span> <span class="meaning">anthology</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1769" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνθέω</span> <span class="transliteration">anthéō</span> <span class="meaning">to flower, to blossom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1770" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄνθεμον</span> <span class="transliteration">ánthemon</span> <span class="meaning">flower</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1771" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ἀνθεμοῦς</span> <span class="transliteration">Anthemoûs</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Flowerful</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1772" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">Ανθεμούντας</span> <span class="transliteration">Anthemountas</span> </li> <li id="1773" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Anthemūs</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1774" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνθέμιον</span> <span class="transliteration">anthémion</span> <span class="meaning">anthemion, little? flower</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1775" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">ανθέμιο</span> <span class="transliteration">anthémio</span> <span class="meaning">floral pattern, anthemion</span> </li> <li id="1776" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anthemion</span> </li> <li id="1777" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ανθέμιος</span> <span class="transliteration">Anthémios</span> <span class="meaning">Little Flower</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1778" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Anthemius</span> </li> <li id="1779" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">Онѳимє</span> <span class="transliteration">Onthime</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1780" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">Онфим</span> <span class="transliteration">Onfim</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1781" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Onfim</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1782" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χρυσάνθεμον</span> <span class="transliteration">khrusánthemon</span> <span class="meaning">gold-flower, buttercup</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="7636" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">chrȳsanthemum</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="7637" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">chrysanthemum</span> </li> <li id="7638" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Chrysanthemum</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic genus of chrysanthemums</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1783" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hándʰas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1784" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hándʰas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1785" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀥𑀂</span> <span class="transliteration">ándhaḥ</span> <span class="meaning">Soma, herb</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/anthology.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/anthology.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-anthology.html#13364">Acanthus</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#13365">Pyracantha</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1742">Anthony</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1743">antho-</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1744">-anthous</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1749">Calanthe</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1750">calanthe</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1751">Dianthus</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1753">Anthus</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1755">Anthias anthias</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1759">anther</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1764">anthology</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1776">anthemion</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1781">Onfim</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#7637">chrysanthemum</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#7638">Chrysanthemum</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>The name <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Anthony</span> is a hyper-correction of <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">Antony</span> (from Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">Antonius</span>) under the influence of Greek <span class="transliteration">anthos</span> and/or <span class="transliteration">anthros</span>.</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p>Classical Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνθολογία</span> <span class="transliteration">anthologíā</span> literally means "flower-collecting, flower-picking, a bouquet". Meleager of Gadara put together an anthology of poetry which he named <span class="orthography" lang="gr-Grek">Στέφανος</span>, "The Garland" with the analogy of the collected poems/poets as flowers. This was later expanded as the Anthologia Graeca, "the Greek Flower-Collection, or Greek Anthology". Its many centuries of popularity eventually led to the adoption of the word <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνθολογία</span>/<span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">anthologia</span> to mean things like it. Some Romance languages translate this as <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">flōrilegium</span>, <span class="orthography" lang="fra-Latn">florilège</span>, etc.</p> </li> </ol> 2025-05-02T00:00:00-07:002025-05-02T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2025-05-02:/word-family-barrel.html

<h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29473">barrel</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29516">metaphor</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29526">Veronica</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29548">amphora</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29657">offer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#22605">Lucifer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29755">ferret</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29860">wheelbarrow</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29880">tidal bore</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#30057">birthday</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="29397" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰer-</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to carry</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19510" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ed-bʰer-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29954" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ed-bʰerteh₂</span> <span class="meaning">carry toward ness, offering</span> <span class="note">noun of state</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30093" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*adbertā</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice, offering</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30094" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*aberθ</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30095" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">aberth</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30096" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30097" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">idbart</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice, offering</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30098" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">íobairt</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice …</span></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul>

<h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29473">barrel</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29516">metaphor</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29526">Veronica</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29548">amphora</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29657">offer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#22605">Lucifer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29755">ferret</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29860">wheelbarrow</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29880">tidal bore</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#30057">birthday</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="29397" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰer-</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to carry</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19510" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ed-bʰer-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29954" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ed-bʰerteh₂</span> <span class="meaning">carry toward ness, offering</span> <span class="note">noun of state</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30093" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*adbertā</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice, offering</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30094" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*aberθ</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30095" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">aberth</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30096" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30097" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">idbart</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice, offering</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30098" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">íobairt</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice, offering, religious, pious</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30099" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ed-bʰereti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30100" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*atberaną</span> <span class="meaning">to bring to, to bring forward</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30101" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30102" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration">atbairan</span> <span class="meaning">to bring to, to offer, to present</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30103" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30104" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="transliteration">*atbera</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30105" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">atbæra</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30106" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*atberan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30107" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ætberan</span> <span class="meaning">to bring, to carry, to bear away</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30108" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30109" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">adferre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30110" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">affere</span> <span class="meaning">to bring forth, to report, to offer, to deliver, to produce</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30111" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">afferēns</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30112" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">afferent</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30113" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">allātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30114" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">allātīvus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30115" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">allative</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30116" class="diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Phrygian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="xpg-Grek">αββερετ</span> <span class="transliteration">abberet</span> <span class="meaning">brings, carries</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30117" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ed-bʰertōr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30118" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*adβertōr</span> <span class="meaning">offerer, conductor, one who bears toward</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30119" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Umbrian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xum-Ital">𐌀𐌛𐌚𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌖𐌓</span> <span class="transliteration">arfertur</span> <span class="meaning">lead priest, flamen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29398" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰéreti</span> <span class="meaning">bears, carries</span> <span class="note">thematic imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29399" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">բերեմ</span> <span class="transliteration">berem</span> <span class="meaning">to carry, to bring, to bear, to produce</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29400" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">բերել</span> <span class="transliteration">berel</span> <span class="meaning">to bring, to fetch</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29401" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29402" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29403" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">berti</span> <span class="meaning">to strew, to scatter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29404" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bьrati</span> <span class="meaning">to pick up, to take</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29405" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">бьрати</span> <span class="transliteration">bĭrati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29406" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">брать</span> <span class="transliteration">bratʹ</span> <span class="meaning">to take</span> </li> <li id="29407" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">брати</span> <span class="transliteration">braty</span> <span class="meaning">to take, to grab</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29408" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29409" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">бера</span> <span class="transliteration">bera</span> <span class="meaning">to pick, to gather</span> </li> <li id="29410" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">брати</span> <span class="transliteration">brati</span> <span class="meaning">to pick up, to pick</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29411" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29412" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">brát</span> <span class="meaning">to take, to marry</span> </li> <li id="29413" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">brać</span> <span class="meaning">to take</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29414" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bereti</span> <span class="meaning">to carry, to bear, to flow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19566" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*kombereti</span> <span class="meaning">to use</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29427" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*kummėrɨd</span> <span class="meaning">to seize, to take possession, to take away</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29428" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">cymryd</span> <span class="meaning">to take, to accept</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19732" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ɸarebereti</span> <span class="meaning">to use</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29429" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ėrβėrɨd</span> <span class="meaning">to use, to employ, to take</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29430" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">arfer</span> <span class="meaning">to use, to be used to, custom, habit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29431" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">ar·beir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29432" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">do·airbir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29433" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">toirbhir</span> <span class="meaning">to hand over, to deliver, to offer, to dedicate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29415" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bėrɨd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29416" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*diβėrɨd</span> <span class="meaning">to trickle, to drip</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29417" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">diferu</span> <span class="meaning">to drop, to drip</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29418" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ėdβėrɨd</span> <span class="meaning">to reclaim, to recover</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29419" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">adfer</span> <span class="meaning">to reinstate, to restore, to recover</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29420" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">beirid</span> <span class="meaning">to carry, to bring, to bear, to give</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19603" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">as·beir</span> <span class="meaning">to disclose, to say, to speak</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29424" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">abair</span> <span class="meaning">to say, to mean, to refer, to suppose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29421" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">beir</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to win, to bring, to proceed</span> </li> <li id="29422" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">imm·beir</span> <span class="meaning">to carry around, to handle, to play</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29423" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">imir</span> <span class="meaning">to play, to cheat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29425" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">do·beir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29426" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">tabhair</span> <span class="meaning">to give, to bring</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29434" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*beraną</span> <span class="meaning">to carry, to bear</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19570" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*gaberaną</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to give birth, to beget, to bring forth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29499" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29500" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration">gabairan</span> <span class="meaning">to bear (children), to give birth, to beget, to compare</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29501" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*gaberan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29502" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ġeberan</span> <span class="meaning">to bear (children), to give birth, to bring forth, to support, to sustain</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29443" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29503" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">giberan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29504" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">gebären</span> <span class="meaning">to give birth, to bear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29505" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*gaburþiz</span> <span class="meaning">birth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30047" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30048" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">gabaurþs</span> <span class="meaning">birth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30049" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*gaburthi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9135" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*gaburdidag</span> <span class="meaning">birthday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30056" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ġebyrddæġ</span> <span class="meaning">birthday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30057" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">birthday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30058" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">giburtitag</span> <span class="meaning">birthday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30059" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Geburtstag</span> <span class="meaning">birthday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30050" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ġebyrd</span> <span class="meaning">birth, parentage, nature</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30043" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">birth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30051" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*geburd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30052" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">geboorte</span> <span class="meaning">birth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30053" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">giburt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30054" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Geburt</span> <span class="meaning">birth</span> </li> <li id="30055" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">געבורט</span> <span class="transliteration">geburt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29435" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29436" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration">bairan</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to carry, to bring forth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29437" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29438" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">bera</span> <span class="meaning">to carry, to bear</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29439" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">bære</span> <span class="meaning">to carry, to bear</span> </li> <li id="29440" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">bera</span> <span class="meaning">to carry, to bear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29441" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*beran</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29442" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">beran</span> <span class="meaning">to carry, to bear, to wear</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29443" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bear</span> </li> <li id="29444" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">ber</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to carry</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29445" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*beran</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29446" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">beren</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29447" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">beran</span> <span class="meaning">to bear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29448" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bēriz</span> <span class="meaning">bearable, viable, fruitful, of bearing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29449" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29450" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">bærr</span> <span class="meaning">appropriate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29451" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*-bāri</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29452" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">-bǣre</span> <span class="meaning">-bearing, -like, -ly</span> </li> <li id="29453" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*-bāri</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29454" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">-baar</span> <span class="meaning">-able</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29455" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">-bari</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29456" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">-bar</span> <span class="meaning">-able</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29457" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">wunderbar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29458" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*berilaz</span> <span class="meaning">tool for carrying, container, stretcher</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29459" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29460" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bērils</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29461" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29462" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">berill</span> <span class="meaning">vessel, barrel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29463" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*baril</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29464" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*baril</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29465" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*barillus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29466" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29467" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">barile</span> <span class="meaning">barrel, cask</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29468" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">baryła</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29469" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">барило</span> <span class="transliteration">barylo</span> <span class="meaning">small barrel, rundlet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29470" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29471" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">baril</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29472" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">baril</span> </li> <li id="29473" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">barrel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29474" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29475" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">barel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29476" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*barô</span> <span class="meaning">carrier, bearer</span> <span class="note">acc. <span class="transliteration">*baranų</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29477" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*barō</span> <span class="meaning">servant, man</span> <span class="note">acc. <span class="transliteration">*baran</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29478" class="germanic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">beorn</span> <span class="meaning">man, warrior</span> </li> <li id="29479" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">baro</span> <span class="meaning">human, man, freeman</span> </li> <li id="29480" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*barō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29481" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29484" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron, lord, landowner</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29485" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">بارون</span> <span class="transliteration">bārōn</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> <li id="29486" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">барон</span> <span class="transliteration">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29487" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">բարոն</span> <span class="transliteration">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29488" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">պարոն</span> <span class="transliteration">paron</span> <span class="meaning">gentleman, sir</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29489" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron, magnate</span> </li> <li id="29490" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">baron</span> </li> <li id="29491" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29486" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">барон</span> <span class="transliteration">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29487" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">բարոն</span> <span class="transliteration">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29492" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">barone</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> <li id="29493" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">barún</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> <li id="29494" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osp-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29495" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">barón</span> <span class="meaning">baron, magnate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29482" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">barō</span> <span class="meaning">man, mercenary, servant, famous man, vassal, baron</span> <span class="note">acc. <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">barōnem</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29483" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29481" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29484" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron, lord, landowner</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29485" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">بارون</span> <span class="transliteration">bārōn</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> <li id="29486" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">барон</span> <span class="transliteration">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29487" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">բարոն</span> <span class="transliteration">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29488" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">պարոն</span> <span class="transliteration">paron</span> <span class="meaning">gentleman, sir</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29489" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron, magnate</span> </li> <li id="29490" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">baron</span> </li> <li id="29491" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29486" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">барон</span> <span class="transliteration">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29487" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">բարոն</span> <span class="transliteration">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29492" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">barone</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> <li id="29493" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">barún</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> <li id="29494" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osp-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29495" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">barón</span> <span class="meaning">baron, magnate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29496" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osp-Latn">varon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29497" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">varón</span> <span class="meaning">man</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29498" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">báró</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29506" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰérō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29507" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φέρω</span> <span class="transliteration">phérō</span> <span class="meaning">I bring, I bear, I carry</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19628" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μεταφέρω</span> <span class="transliteration">metaphérō</span> <span class="meaning">I carry over, I transfer, I change, I use metaphorically</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29512" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μεταφορά</span> <span class="transliteration">metaphorá</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29513" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">μεταφορά</span> <span class="transliteration">metaforá</span> </li> <li id="29514" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">metaphora</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29515" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">métaphore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29516" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">metaphor</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29508" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">φέρνω</span> <span class="transliteration">férno</span> </li> <li id="29509" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀναφέρω</span> <span class="transliteration">anaphérō</span> <span class="meaning">to carry upwards, to carry back, to report, to restore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29510" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀναφορά</span> <span class="transliteration">anaphorā</span> <span class="meaning">reference to a standard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29511" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anaphora</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29517" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">περιφέρω</span> <span class="transliteration">periphérō</span> <span class="meaning">I carry around, I carry about, I go around</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29518" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">περιφερής</span> <span class="transliteration">peripherḗs</span> <span class="meaning">circular, round</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29519" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">περιφέρεια</span> <span class="transliteration">periphéreia</span> <span class="meaning">periphery, outer bound, circumference, curvature</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29520" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">peripherīa</span> <span class="meaning">circumference, periphery</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29521" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">périphérie</span> <span class="meaning">perimeter, outskirts</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29522" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">periphery</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29523" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Φερενίκη</span> <span class="transliteration">Phereníkē</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Brings-Victory</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29524" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">Φερενίκη</span> <span class="transliteration">Fereníki</span> </li> <li id="29525" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Veronīca</span> <span class="note">late variant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29526" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Veronica</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29527" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Ancient Macedonian</span> <span class="transliteration">*berō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29528" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Ancient Macedonian</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="xmk-Grek">Βερενίκη</span> <span class="transliteration">Bereníkē</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Brings-Victory</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29529" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Βερενίκη</span> <span class="transliteration">Bereníkē</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29530" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Berenīcē</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29531" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Berenice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29532" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">βερονίκιον</span> <span class="transliteration">bereníkion</span> <span class="note">substance from Bereníkē?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29533" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">βερονίκη</span> <span class="transliteration">beroníkē</span> <span class="meaning">resin amber</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29534" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Medieval Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">vernix</span> <span class="meaning">varnish, resin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29535" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">vernis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29536" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">vernis</span> <span class="meaning">varnish, nail polish, veneer</span> </li> <li id="29537" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">varnish</span> </li> <li id="29538" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Firnis</span> <span class="meaning">varnish</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29539" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">vernice</span> <span class="meaning">paint, varnish, veneer, preview</span> </li> <li id="29540" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">barniz</span> <span class="meaning">varnish, gloss</span> </li> <li id="29541" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">vernix</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29542" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰorewos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29543" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φορεύς</span> <span class="transliteration">phoreús</span> <span class="meaning">bearer, carrier</span> </li> <li id="29544" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ampʰípʰorewos</span> <span class="meaning">carried on both sides, two-handed, amphora</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29545" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀀𐀠𐀡𐀩𐀸</span> <span class="transliteration">a-pi-po-re-we</span> <span class="meaning">amphoras</span> </li> <li id="29546" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀμφορεύς</span> <span class="transliteration">amphora</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29547" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">amphora</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29548" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">amphora</span> </li> <li id="29549" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ambrī</span> <span class="meaning">bucket, basket</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29550" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">amber</span> <span class="meaning">bucket</span> </li> <li id="29551" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*embar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29552" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">emmer</span> <span class="meaning">bucket</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29553" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Afrikaans</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="afr-Latn">emmer</span> <span class="meaning">bucket</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29554" class="nigercongo borrowing"> <span class="language nigercongo">Xhosa</span> <span class="orthography nigercongo" lang="xho-Latn">i-emele</span> <span class="meaning">bucket</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29555" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">ember</span> <span class="meaning">bucket</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29556" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">amber</span> <span class="meaning">bucket</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29557" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Eimer</span> <span class="meaning">bucket</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29558" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ampulla</span> <span class="meaning">liturgical flask</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29559" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29560" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">ampolla</span> <span class="meaning">blister, small bottle, ampoule</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29561" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">ampolle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29562" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">ampoule</span> <span class="meaning">light bulb, ampoule, blister</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29563" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ampoule</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29564" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ampullā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29565" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ampella</span> <span class="meaning">flask, bottle, vial</span> </li> <li id="29566" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*ampulla</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29567" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">ampul</span> <span class="meaning">ampule, liturgical flask</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29568" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ampla</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29569" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Ampel</span> <span class="meaning">ceiling lamp, traffic light</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29570" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰárati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29571" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰárati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29572" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑀭𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">bhárati</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to carry, to support</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29573" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29574" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">ভরা</span> <span class="transliteration">bhora</span> <span class="meaning">to fill, to stuff, to pack</span> </li> <li id="29575" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sylheti</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="syl-Sylo">ꠜꠞꠣ</span> <span class="transliteration">bóra</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29576" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="psu-Brah">𑀪𑀭𑀇</span> <span class="transliteration">bharaï</span> <span class="meaning">to fill, to support</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29577" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29578" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">भरना</span> <span class="transliteration">bharnā</span> <span class="meaning">to fill, to load, to pour, to stuff, to complete</span> </li> <li id="29579" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">بَھرْنا</span> <span class="transliteration">bharnā</span> <span class="meaning">to fill, to fulfil</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29580" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29581" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Gujarati</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="guj-Gujr">ભરવું</span> <span class="transliteration">bharvũ</span> <span class="meaning">to fill, to pour, to pay</span> </li> <li id="29582" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Romani</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rom-Latn">pherel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29583" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*bárati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29584" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌</span> <span class="transliteration">baraiti</span> <span class="meaning">bears, carries</span> </li> <li id="29585" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">وړل</span> <span class="transliteration">wṛəl</span> </li> <li id="29586" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29587" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29588" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">birin</span> <span class="meaning">to take away</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29589" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎲𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹</span> <span class="transliteration">brtiy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29590" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭡𐭥𐭫𐭲𐭭</span> <span class="transliteration">burtn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29591" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">بردن</span> <span class="transliteration">bordan</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to carry, to take, to win</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29592" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">بر</span> <span class="transliteration">bar</span> <span class="meaning">carrying, carried, borne</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29593" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">انگشتر</span> <span class="transliteration">angoštar</span> <span class="meaning">ring</span> <span class="note">"finger-borne"</span> </li> <li id="29594" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">دلبر</span> <span class="transliteration">delbar</span> <span class="meaning">beloved, sweetheart</span> <span class="note">"heart-borne"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29595" class="diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Messapian</span> <span class="transliteration">beran</span> <span class="meaning">let them bring</span> <span class="note">attested as 3PS present conjunctive</span> </li> <li id="29596" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29597" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration">pär-</span> </li> <li id="29598" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration">pär-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29599" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ed-bʰereti</span> </li> <li id="29600" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰéronts</span> <span class="meaning">bearing, carrying</span> <span class="note">participle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29601" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰérontih₂</span> <span class="meaning">bearing, pregnant</span> <span class="note">feminine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29602" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29603" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration">preṃtsa</span> <span class="meaning">pregnant, fertile, virile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29604" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰérti</span> <span class="meaning">bears, carries</span> <span class="note">athematic imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29605" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*βerzi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29606" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ferre</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to carry, to bring, to support</span> <span class="note">suppletive with <span class="orthography" lang="">tul-</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="">lāt-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19583" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dēferre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29626" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">deferer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29627" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">déférer</span> <span class="meaning">to submit, to refer to, to remand</span> </li> <li id="29628" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">defer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19591" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">differre</span> <span class="meaning">to carry apart, to spread out, to scatter, to distract, to differ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29629" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">differer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29630" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">différer</span> <span class="meaning">to differ, to defer (postpone)</span> </li> <li id="29631" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">differ</span> </li> <li id="29632" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">defer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29633" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">differēns</span> <span class="meaning">spreading, separating, differing, different</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29634" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">different</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29635" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">différent</span> <span class="meaning">different</span> </li> <li id="29636" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">different</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19604" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">efferre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29637" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">efferēns</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29638" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">efferent</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29639" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ēlātus</span> <span class="meaning">taken out, brought forth, transported, lifted up</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29640" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">elate</span> </li> <li id="29641" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ēlātīvus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29642" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">elative</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19618" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">īnferre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29643" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">infer</span> </li> <li id="29644" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">īnferēns</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29645" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">inference</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29646" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">illātus</span> <span class="meaning">brought in, inserted, interred, offered, introduced</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29647" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">illātīvus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29648" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">illative</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19724" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">prōferre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29670" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">proferer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29671" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">proférer</span> </li> <li id="29672" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">profer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29673" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">prōlātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29674" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">prolate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19727" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">praeferre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29662" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">preferer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29663" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">préférer</span> </li> <li id="29664" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">prefereren</span> <span class="meaning">to prefer</span> </li> <li id="29665" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">prefer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29666" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">paeferēns</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29667" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">preference</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29668" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">praelātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29669" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">prelate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19735" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">referre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29675" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">referer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29676" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">refer</span> </li> <li id="29677" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">referé</span> <span class="meaning">referred (to)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29678" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">referee</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29679" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">relātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29680" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">relate</span> </li> <li id="29681" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">relātīvus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29682" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">relative</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19743" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">trānsferre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29696" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">transfer</span> </li> <li id="29697" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">translātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29698" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">traslàre</span> </li> <li id="29699" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">traslado</span> </li> <li id="29700" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">translater</span> <span class="meaning">to translate</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29701" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">translater</span> <span class="meaning">to translate</span> </li> <li id="29702" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">translate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29607" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29608" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">ferrere</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29609" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auferre</span> <span class="meaning">to take away, to remove, to carry off</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29610" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ablātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29611" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ablate</span> </li> <li id="29612" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ablātīvus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29613" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ablative</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29614" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">circumferre</span> <span class="meaning">to carry around, to move in a circle, to publish, to circulate</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29615" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">circumferentia</span> <span class="meaning">circumference, circle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29616" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">circumference</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29617" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cōnferre</span> <span class="meaning">to bring together, to connect, to compare, to consult, to confer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29618" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">cf.</span> </li> <li id="29619" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">conferer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29620" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">conférer</span> <span class="meaning">to confer</span> </li> <li id="29621" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">confer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29622" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cōnferēns</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29623" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">conference</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29624" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">collātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29625" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">collate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29649" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">offerre</span> <span class="meaning">to bring before, to show, to offer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29650" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29651" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">ofrir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29652" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">offrir</span> <span class="meaning">to offer, to provide</span> </li> <li id="29653" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">offren</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29657" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">offer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29654" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">ofráil</span> <span class="meaning">to offer, offering</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29655" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*offrōn</span> <span class="meaning">to offer, to sacrifice</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29656" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">offrian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29653" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">offren</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29657" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">offer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29658" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">oblātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29659" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">oblate</span> </li> <li id="29660" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">oblātīvus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29661" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">oblative</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29683" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">sufferre</span> <span class="meaning">to place under, to hold up, to support, to endure</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29684" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29685" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">soffrire</span> <span class="meaning">to suffer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29686" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29687" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">suferi</span> <span class="meaning">to suffer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29688" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29689" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">sofrir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29690" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">souffrir</span> </li> <li id="29691" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">suffer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29692" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">sufrir</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29693" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">sublātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29694" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">sublātīvus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29695" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">sublative</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29703" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">fertilis</span> <span class="meaning">productive, fertile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29704" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">fertile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29705" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*-βeros</span> <span class="meaning">-bearing, -carrying</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29706" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">-fer</span> <span class="meaning">-bearing, -carrying, bringing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22604" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Lūcifer</span> <span class="meaning">light bringer, morning star (Venus)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22605" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Lucifer</span> </li> <li id="22606" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">lucifer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22607" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">lucifer</span> <span class="meaning">match</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29707" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cōnifer</span> <span class="meaning">cone-bearing, coniferous</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29708" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">conifer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29709" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰéryeti</span> <span class="note">ye- imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29710" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*berja</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29711" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">bie</span> <span class="meaning">I bring, I deliver</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29712" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰr̥yéti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29713" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*burjaną</span> <span class="meaning">to lift up, to levy, to be fitting</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29714" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29715" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">byrja</span> <span class="meaning">to originate, to begin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29716" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">burde</span> <span class="meaning">ought</span> </li> <li id="29717" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">byrja</span> <span class="meaning">to begin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29718" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*burjan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29719" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">byrian</span> <span class="meaning">to come up, to occur</span> </li> <li id="29720" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*burien</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29721" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">beuren</span> <span class="meaning">to life, to raise, to receive, to happen, to befall</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29722" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">burien</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29723" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*gaburjaną</span> <span class="meaning">to be due, to rise, to emerge, to occur, to happen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29724" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰoréyeti</span> <span class="note">frequentive/causative/iterative</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29725" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰoréyō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29726" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φορέω</span> <span class="transliteration">phoréō</span> <span class="meaning">bear repeatedly, bear constantly, to wear, suffer, extend, be carried away</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29727" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φόρησις</span> <span class="transliteration">phórēsis</span> <span class="meaning">wearing, being borne</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29728" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">phoresis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29729" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">electrophoresis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29730" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰāráyati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29731" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29732" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑀸𑀭𑀬𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">bhāráyati</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29733" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰéristHos</span> <span class="meaning">the carrying one (contrastive), the stronger?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29734" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰéristeros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29735" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φέρτερος</span> <span class="meaning">better, braver</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29736" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰéristos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29737" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φέριστος</span> <span class="meaning">best, bravest</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29738" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰárištʰas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29739" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*bárištah</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29740" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration">bairišta</span> <span class="meaning">most helpful</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29741" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰṓr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29742" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰṓr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29743" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φώρ</span> <span class="transliteration">phṓr</span> <span class="meaning">thief</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29744" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*βōr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29745" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">fur</span> <span class="meaning">thief</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29746" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">furo</span> <span class="meaning">thief</span> <span class="note">variant, oblique stem <span class="orthography" lang="">fūrōn-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29747" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29748" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">fuiron</span> <span class="meaning">ferret, weasel</span> </li> <li id="29749" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">hurón</span> <span class="meaning">ferret</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29750" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*furittum</span> <span class="meaning">little thief, petty thief, ferret</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29751" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29752" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">furetto</span> <span class="meaning">ferret</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29753" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29754" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">furet</span> <span class="meaning">weasel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29755" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ferret</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29756" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">fūrtīvus</span> <span class="meaning">stolen, hidden, furtive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29757" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29758" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">furtivo</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29759" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">furtif</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29760" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">furtive</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29761" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰóros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29762" class="germanic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*barô</span> </li> <li id="29763" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰóros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29764" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">-φόρος</span> <span class="transliteration">-phóros</span> <span class="meaning">-bearing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="11228" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ἑωσφόρος</span> <span class="transliteration">Heōsphóros</span> <span class="meaning">Morning Star, Venus</span> <span class="note">Attic variant <span class="transliteration">héōs</span></span> </li> <li id="29765" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φωσφόρος</span> <span class="transliteration">phōsphóros</span> <span class="meaning">light-bearing, torch-bearing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30275" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">New Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">phōsphorus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30276" class="large borrowing"> <span class="language large">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography large" lang="mul-Latn">P</span> </li> <li id="30277" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">phosphorus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30278" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Φωσφόρος</span> <span class="transliteration">Phōsphóros</span> <span class="meaning">Lightbringer, Venus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22604" class="italic parent calque"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Lūcifer</span> <span class="meaning">light bringer, morning star (Venus)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22605" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Lucifer</span> </li> <li id="22606" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">lucifer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22607" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">lucifer</span> <span class="meaning">match</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29766" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">εὔφορος</span> <span class="transliteration">eúphoros</span> <span class="meaning">well-bearing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29767" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">εὐφορία</span> <span class="transliteration">euphoría</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29768" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">euphoria</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29769" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δύσφορος</span> <span class="transliteration">dúsphoros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29770" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δυσφορία</span> <span class="transliteration">dŭsphoría</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29771" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">dysphoria</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29772" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">-phore</span> </li> <li id="29773" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">-phore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29774" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">sémaphore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29775" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">semaphore</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29776" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰáras</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29777" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰáras</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29778" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration">bhara</span> <span class="meaning">bearing, carrying, supporting, a carrying, a prize, a burden, abundance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29779" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀦𑀺𑀭𑁆𑀪𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration">nirbhara</span> <span class="meaning">full of, deep, vehement, dependent</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29780" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Maharashtri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pmh-Brah">𑀡𑀺𑀩𑁆𑀪𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration">ṇibbhara</span> <span class="meaning">full</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29781" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Marathi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="mar-Deva">निबर</span> <span class="transliteration">nibar</span> <span class="meaning">old, tough</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29782" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">निर्भर</span> <span class="meaning">dependent, reliant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29783" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰorós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29784" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰorós</span> </li> <li id="29785" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰārás</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19741" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*sambʰārás</span> <span class="meaning">storage, warehouse, provisions</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29817" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*sambʰārás</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29818" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀲𑀫𑁆𑀪𑀸𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration">sambhāra</span> <span class="meaning">collection, preparation, wealth, completion, abundance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29819" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Maharashtri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pmh-Brah">𑀲𑀁𑀪𑀸𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration">saṃbhāra</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29820" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Marathi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="mar-Deva">सांबार</span> <span class="transliteration">sāmbār</span> <span class="meaning">sambar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29821" class="dravidian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="dravidian"> <span class="language dravidian">Tamil</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tam-Taml">சாம்பார்</span> <span class="transliteration">cāmpār</span> <span class="meaning">sambar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29822" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">sambar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29823" class="parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mon-Cyrl">самбар</span> <span class="transliteration">sambar</span> <span class="meaning">writing board, billboard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29824" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mon-Cyrl">ангийн самбар</span> <span class="transliteration">angiin sambar</span> <span class="meaning">blackboard</span> <span class="note">lit. "class writing-board"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29825" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*hambāráh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29826" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬵𐬅𐬨𐬠𐬀𐬭</span> <span class="transliteration">hą̇mbar</span> </li> <li id="29827" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29828" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29829" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="transliteration">*ambār</span> <span class="meaning">granary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29830" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ամբար</span> <span class="transliteration">ambar</span> <span class="meaning">granary, barn</span> </li> <li id="29831" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Classical Syriac</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="syc-Syrc">ܐܡܒܪܐ</span> <span class="transliteration">ambra</span> <span class="meaning">granary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29832" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*hambārah</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29833" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭤𐭬𐭡𐭠𐭫</span> <span class="transliteration">hmbār</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29834" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">انبار</span> <span class="transliteration">anbâr</span> <span class="meaning">store, warehouse, granary, depot</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29835" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">عنبر</span> <span class="transliteration">ʿanbar</span> <span class="meaning">storeroom, depot, hangar</span> </li> <li id="29836" class="parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Middle Mongolian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="xng-Mong">ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠷ ᠠ</span> <span class="transliteration">ambar-a</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29837" class="diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mon-Cyrl">амбаар</span> <span class="transliteration">ambaar</span> <span class="meaning">barn, granary, warehouse</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29838" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29839" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">انبار</span> <span class="transliteration">ambār</span> <span class="meaning">pile, hoard, collection</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29840" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">انبار</span> <span class="transliteration">ambar</span> <span class="meaning">storehouse, magazine, granary, hold (cargo space)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29841" class="turkic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">ambar</span> <span class="meaning">barn, granary, hold (cargo space)</span> </li> <li id="29842" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αμπάρι</span> <span class="transliteration">ampári</span> <span class="meaning">hold (cargo space)</span> </li> <li id="29843" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">hombár</span> <span class="meaning">granary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29844" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">hambar</span> <span class="meaning">barn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29845" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">(х)амбар</span> <span class="transliteration">(h)ambar</span> <span class="meaning">barn, granary, silo</span> </li> <li id="29846" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">амбар</span> <span class="transliteration">ambar</span> <span class="meaning">barn, granary, warehouse</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29847" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">الأنبار</span> <span class="transliteration">al-Anbār</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Anbar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29848" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Anbar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29786" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰārás</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29787" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑀸𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration">bhārá</span> <span class="meaning">bearing, carrying, burdened</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29788" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑀭𑀢</span> <span class="transliteration">bharatá</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29789" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑀸𑀭𑀢</span> <span class="transliteration">bhā́rata</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29790" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29791" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">भारत</span> <span class="transliteration">bhārat</span> <span class="meaning">India</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29792" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Bharat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29793" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">بھارَت</span> <span class="transliteration">bhārat</span> <span class="meaning">India, Hindustan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29794" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*bāráh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29795" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬠𐬁𐬭𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration">bāra</span> </li> <li id="29796" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29797" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29798" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration">*barah</span> <span class="meaning">bearer, bearing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29799" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration">*ganzabarah</span> <span class="meaning">treasurer</span> <span class="note">lit. "treasure-bearer"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29800" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*ganzabaraʰ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29801" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29802" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">گنجور</span> <span class="transliteration">ganjur</span> <span class="meaning">treasurer</span> </li> <li id="29803" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">գանձաւոր</span> <span class="transliteration">ganjawor</span> <span class="meaning">treasurer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29804" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">գանձավոր</span> <span class="transliteration">ganjavor</span> <span class="meaning">treasurer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29805" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Akkadian</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="akk-Xsux">𒃶𒍝𒁀𒊒</span> <span class="transliteration">gan-za-ba-ru</span> </li> <li id="29806" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="arc-Armi">𐡂𐡍𐡆𐡁𐡓</span> <span class="transliteration">gnzbr</span> <span class="meaning">treasurer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29807" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Hebrew</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="heb-Hebr">גזבר</span> <span class="transliteration">gizbár</span> <span class="meaning">treasurer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29808" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29809" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Gaspar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29810" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">Jesper</span> </li> <li id="29811" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Gaspar</span> </li> <li id="29812" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Casper</span> </li> <li id="29813" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Jasper</span> </li> <li id="29814" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Gaspard</span> </li> <li id="29815" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">Gáspár</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29816" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Elamite</span> <span class="orthography" lang="elx-Xsux">𒋡𒀭𒍝𒁀𒊏</span> <span class="transliteration">ka₄-an-za-ba-ra</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29849" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰériyos?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29850" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">բերրի</span> <span class="transliteration">berri</span> <span class="meaning">fruitful, fertile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29851" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">բերրի</span> <span class="transliteration">berri</span> <span class="meaning">fruitful, fertile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29852" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bar(w)ijǭ</span> <span class="meaning">bier, stretcher, barrow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29853" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29854" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">barar</span> <span class="meaning">barrow, stretcher, bier</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29855" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">börur</span> <span class="meaning">stretcher, bier</span> </li> <li id="29856" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">bara</span> <span class="meaning">barrow, cart</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29857" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*barwijā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29858" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">bearwe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29859" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">barrow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29860" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">wheelbarrow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29861" class="nigercongo borrowing"> <span class="language nigercongo">Zulu</span> <span class="orthography nigercongo" lang="zul-Latn">ibhala</span> <span class="meaning">wheelbarrow</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29862" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*beria</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29863" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">barot</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29864" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">baroueste</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29865" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">brouette</span> <span class="meaning">barrow, wheelbarrow</span> </li> <li id="29866" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">baroccio</span> <span class="meaning">cart, cartload</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29867" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">bera</span> </li> <li id="29868" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> <span class="transliteration">*buri</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29869" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">bør</span> <span class="meaning">wheelbarrow</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29870" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰériteros</span> <span class="meaning">the bearing one (contrastive)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29871" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">բերիւր</span> <span class="transliteration">beriwr</span> <span class="meaning">fruitful, fertile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29851" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">բերրի</span> <span class="transliteration">berri</span> <span class="meaning">fruitful, fertile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29872" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰēroh₁</span> <span class="meaning">bearer</span> <span class="note">noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29873" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bērō</span> <span class="meaning">bearer, stretcher, bier</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29874" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29875" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">bára</span> <span class="meaning">bearer, stretcher, wave, undertow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29876" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">båre</span> <span class="meaning">stretcher, bier</span> </li> <li id="29877" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">bára</span> <span class="meaning">wave</span> </li> <li id="29878" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29879" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29880" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">tidal bore</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29881" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bāru</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29882" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">bēr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29883" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bier</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29884" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*bāra</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29885" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">baar</span> <span class="meaning">bier, stretcher, litter</span> </li> <li id="29886" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">biere</span> <span class="meaning">bier, casket</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29887" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">bière</span> <span class="meaning">bier, coffin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29888" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">bara</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29889" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Bahre</span> <span class="meaning">bier, litter, stretcher</span> </li> <li id="29890" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">bara</span> <span class="meaning">bier, coffin, litter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29891" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">barella</span> <span class="meaning">stretcher</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29892" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰoréh</span> <span class="meaning">a burden, a bearing</span> <span class="note">action/abstract noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29893" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*barā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29894" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">barrë</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29895" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰoreh₂teh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19613" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">mbratë</span> <span class="meaning">pregnant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29896" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰorā́</span> </li> <li id="29897" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*-bʰoréh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29898" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">-աւոր</span> <span class="transliteration">-(a)wor</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29899" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰérmn̥</span> <span class="meaning">a carrying, a thing which is carried</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29900" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰérmə</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29901" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φέρμα</span> <span class="transliteration">phérma</span> <span class="meaning">what is borne, child, fruit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29902" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰerHmen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29903" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29904" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bèrmę</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29905" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">беремѧ</span> <span class="transliteration">beremę</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29906" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">беремя</span> <span class="transliteration">beremja</span> <span class="meaning">burden, load, weight (archaic)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29907" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29908" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrs">брѣмѧ</span> <span class="transliteration">brěmę</span> <span class="meaning">load, burden</span> </li> <li id="29909" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">бреме</span> <span class="transliteration">breme</span> <span class="meaning">burden, load</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29910" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29911" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">břímě</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29912" class="baltoslavic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">břemeno</span> <span class="meaning">burden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29913" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">brzemię</span> <span class="meaning">burden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29914" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bermenьnъ</span> <span class="meaning">burdened, pregnant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29915" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29916" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">беременный</span> <span class="transliteration">beremennyj</span> <span class="meaning">pregnant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29917" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29918" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">brzemienny</span> <span class="meaning">burdened, pregnant, fraught</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29919" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰárHmā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29920" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰárHmā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29921" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑀭𑀻𑀫𑀦𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration">bhárīman</span> <span class="meaning">supporting, nourishing, nourishment, household, family</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29922" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰértrom</span> <span class="meaning">thing for carrying with</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29923" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*berdrą</span> </li> <li id="29924" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰértron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29925" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰérh₁trom</span> <span class="meaning">thing for carrying with</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29926" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰéretron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29927" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φέρετρον</span> <span class="transliteration">phéretron</span> <span class="meaning">bier, litter, frame</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29928" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">φέρετρο</span> <span class="transliteration">féretro</span> <span class="meaning">coffin, casket</span> </li> <li id="29929" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">feretrum</span> <span class="meaning">funeral litter, bier</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29930" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29931" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">fiertre</span> <span class="meaning">portable reliquary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29932" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">fert</span> <span class="meaning">grave</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29933" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">feretro</span> <span class="meaning">coffin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29934" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φαρέτρα</span> <span class="transliteration">pharétrā</span> <span class="meaning">quiver</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29935" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰárHtram</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29936" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰárHtram</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29937" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑀭𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration">bharítra</span> <span class="meaning">arm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29938" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰernéh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29939" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰernā́</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29940" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φερνή</span> <span class="transliteration">phernḗ</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29941" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰorneh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29942" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*barnā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29943" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">barrë</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29944" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰerteh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29945" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bertā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29946" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration">*berta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29947" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*bertium</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29948" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">berciolum</span> <span class="meaning">cradle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29949" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29950" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">berçuel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29951" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">berceau</span> <span class="meaning">cradle, crib, birthplace</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29952" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">bert</span> <span class="meaning">burden, load, clothing, dead, action, game</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29953" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">beart</span> <span class="meaning">bundle, parcel, clothing</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29954" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ed-bʰerteh₂</span> <span class="meaning">carry toward ness, offering</span> <span class="note">noun of state</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30093" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*adbertā</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice, offering</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30094" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*aberθ</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30095" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">aberth</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30096" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30097" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">idbart</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice, offering</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30098" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">íobairt</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice, offering, religious, pious</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29955" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰerno-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29956" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">բեռն</span> <span class="transliteration">beṙn</span> </li> <li id="29957" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bernas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29958" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29959" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29960" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">bernas</span> <span class="meaning">lad, servant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29961" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29962" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Sudovian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="xsv-Latn">barnaj</span> <span class="meaning">children</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29963" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰernyós</span> <span class="meaning">carrying (adjective)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29964" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰernyom</span> <span class="meaning">thing that carries</span> <span class="note">neuter substantive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29965" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰérnyom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29966" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φέρνιον</span> <span class="transliteration">phérnion</span> <span class="meaning">fish-basket</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29967" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰornom</span> <span class="meaning">carried thing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29968" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*barną</span> <span class="meaning">child</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29969" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29970" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration">barn</span> <span class="meaning">child</span> </li> <li id="29971" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Crimean Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Latn">baar</span> <span class="meaning">child</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29972" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29973" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">barn</span> <span class="meaning">child</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29974" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">barn</span> <span class="meaning">child</span> </li> <li id="29975" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">barn</span> <span class="meaning">child</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29976" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*barn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29977" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">bearn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29978" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">bairn</span> <span class="meaning">child</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29979" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bairn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29980" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">barrn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29981" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*barn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29982" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">baren</span> <span class="meaning">child, hero</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29983" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">barn</span> <span class="meaning">child</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29984" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Samic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pārnē</span> <span class="meaning">child, boy, son</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29985" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Northern Sami</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="sme-Latn">bárdni</span> <span class="meaning">son, boy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29986" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰrom?</span> <span class="meaning">carried thing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19718" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*probʰrom?</span> <span class="meaning">thing carried forward</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29987" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*probrom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29988" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">probrum</span> <span class="meaning">disgrace, shame, insult</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19599" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">opprobrāre</span> <span class="meaning">to reproach, to taunt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29989" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">opprobrium</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29990" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">opprobrium</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29991" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰorideh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29992" class="italic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*βorᶤdā</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29993" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰormos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29994" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*barmaz</span> <span class="meaning">lap, bosom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29995" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29996" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">barms</span> <span class="meaning">bosom</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29997" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29998" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">barmr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29999" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">barm</span> <span class="meaning">bosom</span> </li> <li id="30000" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">baðmur</span> <span class="meaning">bosom</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30001" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*barm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30002" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">bearm</span> <span class="meaning">bosom, lap, possession</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30003" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">barm</span> <span class="meaning">bosom, lap</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30004" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">barmcloth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30005" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">barm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30006" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Barm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30007" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰormos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30008" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φορμός</span> <span class="transliteration">phormós</span> <span class="meaning">basket for carrying corn, sieve, mat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30009" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰr̥is?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30010" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">bir</span> <span class="meaning">son</span> </li> <li id="30011" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*buriz</span> <span class="meaning">son</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30012" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30013" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂</span> <span class="transliteration">baur</span> <span class="meaning">child, son</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30014" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30015" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">burr</span> <span class="meaning">son, poet, Thor</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30016" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">bur</span> <span class="meaning">son</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30017" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*burī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30018" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">byre</span> <span class="meaning">child, son, descendant, youth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30019" class="germanic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*buriz</span> <span class="meaning">elevation, hill</span> </li> <li id="30020" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*buriz</span> <span class="meaning">a favorable wind</span> <span class="note">or from <span class="transliteration">*bʰerH-</span>?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30021" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30022" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">byrr</span> <span class="meaning">a fair wind</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30023" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">bør</span> <span class="meaning">wind, fair wind</span> </li> <li id="30024" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">byr</span> <span class="meaning">tail wind, fair wind</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30025" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finno-Samic</span> <span class="transliteration">*purješ</span> <span class="meaning">sail</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30026" class="uralic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration">*purjëh</span> <span class="meaning">sail</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30027" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">purje</span> <span class="meaning">sail</span> </li> <li id="30028" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30029" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">bùrė</span> <span class="meaning">sail</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30030" class="uralic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Samic</span> <span class="transliteration">*porjës</span> <span class="meaning">sail</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30031" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Northern Sami</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="sme-Latn">borjjas</span> <span class="meaning">sail</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30032" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30033" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">byre</span> <span class="meaning">strong wind, storm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30034" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">bir</span> <span class="meaning">strong or favorable wind, attack, charge, fury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30035" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰertis</span> <span class="meaning">a bearing, an act of carrying</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30036" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*burþiz</span> <span class="meaning">a bearing, pregnancy, birth</span> <span class="note">from zero-grade</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29505" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*gaburþiz</span> <span class="meaning">birth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30047" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30048" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">gabaurþs</span> <span class="meaning">birth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30049" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*gaburthi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9135" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*gaburdidag</span> <span class="meaning">birthday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30056" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ġebyrddæġ</span> <span class="meaning">birthday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30057" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">birthday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30058" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">giburtitag</span> <span class="meaning">birthday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30059" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Geburtstag</span> <span class="meaning">birthday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30050" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ġebyrd</span> <span class="meaning">birth, parentage, nature</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30043" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">birth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30051" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*geburd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30052" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">geboorte</span> <span class="meaning">birth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30053" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">giburt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30054" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Geburt</span> <span class="meaning">birth</span> </li> <li id="30055" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">געבורט</span> <span class="transliteration">geburt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30037" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30038" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">burðr</span> <span class="meaning">carriage, bearing, birth, newborn, offspring</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30039" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">byrd</span> <span class="meaning">descent, birth, heritage</span> </li> <li id="30040" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">burður</span> <span class="meaning">birth, burden, an act of carrying, strength</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30041" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*burþi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30042" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">byrþ</span> <span class="meaning">birth, a bearing, burden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30043" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">birth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30044" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*burt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30045" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">boort</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30046" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">burt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30060" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰr̥tíš</span> <span class="note">from zero-grade</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30061" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30062" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑀾𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="meaning">a bearing, support, maintenance, wages</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30063" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*βortis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30064" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">fors</span> <span class="meaning">luck, chance</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30065" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰértih₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30066" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*burþį̄</span> <span class="meaning">burden</span> <span class="note">from zero-grade</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30067" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*burþī</span> <span class="meaning">burden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30068" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*burthi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30069" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">borde</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30070" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">burdi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30071" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Bürde</span> <span class="meaning">burden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30072" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*burþini</span> <span class="meaning">burden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30073" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">byrþen</span> <span class="meaning">burden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30074" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">burden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30075" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰer-h₁dyeh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30076" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*berˀdjāˀ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30077" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*berďa</span> <span class="meaning">pregnant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30078" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*βorᶤda</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30079" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">forda</span> <span class="meaning">a pregnant cow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30080" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Fordicīdia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30081" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰor-uko-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30082" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*báruka</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30083" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">bark</span> <span class="meaning">belly</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30084" class="parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Messapic</span> <span class="transliteration">*baruka</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30085" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">βάρυκα</span> <span class="transliteration">báruka</span> <span class="meaning">genitals, pin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30086" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰr̥tus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30087" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰr̥tewnos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30088" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*βortūnus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30089" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*βortūnā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30090" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">fortūna</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30091" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">fortune</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30092" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">fortune</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30120" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰer-h₂n(e)ḱ-</span> <span class="note">or <*bʰer-h₁n(e</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30121" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰrenḱ-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30122" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰrn̥ḱeti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30123" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bringaną</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30124" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30125" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration">briggan</span> <span class="meaning">to bring, to lead, to make, to render</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30126" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bringan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30127" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">bringan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30128" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bring</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30129" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*bringan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30130" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">brengen</span> <span class="meaning">to bring, to carry, to supply</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30131" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">bringan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30132" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">bringen</span> <span class="meaning">to bring, to fetch, to guide, to get, to cause</span> </li> <li id="30133" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">ברענגען</span> <span class="transliteration">brengen</span> <span class="meaning">to bring</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30134" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brunketi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19739" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*sembrunketi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30135" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*hembrüngɨd</span> <span class="meaning">to accompany, to escort</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30136" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">hebrwng</span> <span class="meaning">to bring, to lead</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30137" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30138" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration">pränk-</span> <span class="meaning">to stay away, to keep away</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30139" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰrew-</span> <span class="meaning">belly, abdomen, chest</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30140" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰrews-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30141" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰrewstom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30142" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*breustą</span> <span class="meaning">breast, chest</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30143" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*breust</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30144" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">brēost</span> <span class="meaning">breast, chest, heart</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30145" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">breast</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30146" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰrussth₂o</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30147" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brusts</span> <span class="meaning">breast, chest</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30148" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30149" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐍂𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">brusts</span> <span class="meaning">breast, chest</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30150" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brust</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30151" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*brust</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30152" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">borst</span> <span class="meaning">chest, thorax, breast</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="30153" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">brust</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30154" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Brust</span> <span class="meaning">chest, breast</span> </li> <li id="30155" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">ברוסט</span> <span class="transliteration">brust</span> <span class="meaning">breast</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/barrel.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/barrel.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-barrel.html#22605">Lucifer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#22606">lucifer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29443">bear</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29473">barrel</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29490">baron</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29511">anaphora</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29516">metaphor</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29522">periphery</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29526">Veronica</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29531">Berenice</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29537">varnish</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29541">vernix</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29548">amphora</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29563">ampoule</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29611">ablate</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29613">ablative</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29616">circumference</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29618">cf.</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29621">confer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29623">conference</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29625">collate</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29628">defer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29631">differ</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29632">defer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29636">different</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29638">efferent</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29640">elate</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29642">elative</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29643">infer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29645">inference</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29648">illative</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29657">offer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29659">oblate</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29661">oblative</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29665">prefer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29667">preference</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29669">prelate</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29672">profer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29674">prolate</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29676">refer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29678">referee</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29680">relate</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29682">relative</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29691">suffer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29695">sublative</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29696">transfer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29702">translate</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29704">fertile</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29708">conifer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29728">phoresis</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29729">electrophoresis</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29755">ferret</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29760">furtive</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29768">euphoria</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29771">dysphoria</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29772">-phore</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29775">semaphore</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29792">Bharat</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29811">Gaspar</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29812">Casper</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29813">Jasper</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29822">sambar</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29848">Anbar</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29859">barrow</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29860">wheelbarrow</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29879">bore</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29880">tidal bore</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29883">bier</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29979">bairn</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#29990">opprobrium</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#30003">barm</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#30004">barmcloth</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#30043">birth</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#30057">birthday</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#30074">burden</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#30092">fortune</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#30112">afferent</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#30115">allative</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#30128">bring</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#30145">breast</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#30276">P</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#30277">phosphorus</a></p> 2025-03-21T00:00:00-07:002025-03-21T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2025-03-21:/word-family-potis.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*pótis</span>: "head of household, master, husband"—which I have a tendency to anglicize as a homophone of POTUS—is the origin of words like "despot", "non compos mentis", and "nepotism".</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-potis.html#8924">Poseidon</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9089">power</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9097">possible</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9097">possible</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#5099">hospitality</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#10005">possess</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9245">nephew</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9236">nepotism</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9252">Neptune</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="8917" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*pótis</span> <span class="meaning">husband, master of household …</span></summary></details></li></ul>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*pótis</span>: "head of household, master, husband"—which I have a tendency to anglicize as a homophone of POTUS—is the origin of words like "despot", "non compos mentis", and "nepotism".</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-potis.html#8924">Poseidon</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9089">power</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9097">possible</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9097">possible</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#5099">hospitality</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#10005">possess</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9245">nephew</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9236">nepotism</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9252">Neptune</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="8917" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*pótis</span> <span class="meaning">husband, master of household, self?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8918" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*pati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8919" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">pata</span> <span class="meaning">had</span> <span class="note">suppletive aorist, optative, and admirative forms of <span class="orthography" lang="sqi-Latn">kam</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8920" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pótis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5491" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*Poti Gdaone</span> <span class="meaning">Divine name: Husband of the Earth?</span> <span class="note">vocative</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="8922" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀡𐀮𐀆𐀺𐀚</span> <span class="transliteration">po-se-da-wo-ne</span> <span class="meaning">Divine name: Poseidon</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="8923" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ποσειδῶν</span> <span class="transliteration">Poseidôn</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="8924" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Poseidon</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8921" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πόσις</span> <span class="transliteration">pósis</span> <span class="meaning">husband</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8925" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*pátiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8926" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*pátiṣ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8927" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀧𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">pati</span> <span class="meaning">husband, lord, master, owner, sovereign</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8928" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8929" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Assamese</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="asm-Beng">পৈ</span> <span class="transliteration">poi</span> <span class="meaning">husband</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8930" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8931" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Nepali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="npi-Deva">पोइ</span> <span class="transliteration">poi</span> <span class="meaning">husband</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8932" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">पति</span> <span class="transliteration">pati</span> <span class="meaning">husband, master, lord</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8933" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">करोड़पति</span> <span class="transliteration">karoṛpati</span> <span class="meaning">person worth more than 10 million (crore) rupees, millionaire</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8934" class="austronesian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Kawi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8935" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Javanese</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="jav-Java">ꦥꦠꦶꦃ</span> <span class="transliteration">patih</span> <span class="meaning">vizier, queen (chess)</span> </li> <li id="8936" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">patih</span> <span class="meaning">mister, vizier, prime minister</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8937" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀧𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">pati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8938" class="austroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language austroasiatic">Khmer</span> <span class="orthography austroasiatic" lang="khm-Khmr">ប្ដី</span> <span class="transliteration">pdəy</span> <span class="meaning">husband</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8939" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀥𑀺𑀧𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">adhipati</span> <span class="meaning">ruler, commander, king</span> <span class="note">lit. "over-lord"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8940" class="austronesian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Kawi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8941" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Javanese</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="jav-Java">ꦲꦢꦶꦥꦠꦶ</span> <span class="transliteration">adipati</span> <span class="meaning">king, regent, sovereign</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8942" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀅𑀥𑀺𑀧𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">adhipati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8943" class="austroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language austroasiatic">Khmer</span> <span class="orthography austroasiatic" lang="khm-Khmr">អធិបតី</span> <span class="transliteration">ʼaʼthipaʼdəy</span> <span class="meaning">chief, chairman, president</span> </li> <li id="8944" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Thai</span> <span class="orthography" lang="tha-Thai">อธิบดี</span> <span class="transliteration">à-típ-bɔɔ-dii</span> <span class="meaning">overlord, king of kings, suzerain, supervisor, chief executive, chief justice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8945" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*pátiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8946" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌</span> <span class="transliteration">paiti</span> <span class="meaning">husband, lord, master</span> </li> <li id="8947" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*patiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8948" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8949" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration">*patiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8950" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Elamite</span> <span class="orthography" lang="elx-Xsux">𒁁𒋾𒆜</span> <span class="transliteration">bat-ti-iš</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8951" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭐𐭕𐭉</span> <span class="transliteration">pty</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8952" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">պետ</span> <span class="transliteration">pet</span> <span class="meaning">chief, commander</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8953" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">պետ</span> <span class="transliteration">pet</span> <span class="meaning">chief, commander</span> </li> <li id="8954" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Old Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="oge-Geor">პეტობა</span> <span class="transliteration">ṗeṭoba</span> <span class="meaning">lordship, supremacy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8955" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8956" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*padi-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8957" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">pādišāh</span> </li> <li id="8958" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">-𐭯𐭲𐭩</span> <span class="transliteration">-pty</span> <span class="meaning">-lord, -master</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8959" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">ـبد</span> <span class="transliteration">-bod</span> <span class="meaning">-lord, -master</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8960" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dasa-patiš</span> <span class="meaning">ten-commander</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8961" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration">*δasapatiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8962" class="calque"> <span class="language">Elamite</span> <span class="orthography" lang="elx-Xsux">𒆪𒐼𒁁𒋾𒆜</span> <span class="transliteration">da-šá-bat-ti-iš</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8963" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*daθapatiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8964" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Elamite</span> <span class="orthography" lang="elx-Xsux">𒆪𒊓𒁁𒋾𒆜</span> <span class="transliteration">da-sa-bat-ti-iš</span> </li> <li id="8965" class="hellenic calque"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δεκάρχος</span> <span class="transliteration">dekárkhos</span> </li> <li id="8966" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*pašcadaθapatiš</span> <span class="meaning">deputy ten-commander</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8967" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Elamite</span> <span class="transliteration">bašzadasabattišbe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8968" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*sata-patiš</span> <span class="meaning">hundred-commander</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8969" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*θata-patiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8970" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Elamite</span> <span class="orthography" lang="elx-Xsux">𒊓𒀜𒆪𒁁𒋾𒆜</span> <span class="transliteration">sa-ad-da-bat-ti-iš</span> </li> <li id="8971" class="hellenic calque"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἑκατόνταρχος</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a hundred, centurion</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8972" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*hazára-pátiš</span> <span class="meaning">thousand-commander</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8973" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8974" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration">*hazārapatiš</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="8975" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*hazārapatiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8976" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭧𐭦𐭠𐭫𐭥𐭯𐭲</span> <span class="transliteration">ḥzʾlʿpt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8977" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">هزاربد</span> <span class="transliteration">hezârbod</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8978" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀζαραπατεῖς</span> <span class="transliteration">azarapateîs</span> </li> <li id="8979" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀζαβαρίτης</span> <span class="transliteration">azabarítēs</span> </li> <li id="8980" class="hellenic parent calque"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χιλίαρχος</span> <span class="transliteration">khilíarkhos</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand, tribune, chiliarch</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9068" class="germanic calque"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">þūsundifaþs</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand, tribune</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> <li id="10929" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">chiliarchus</span> </li> <li id="10930" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Classical Syriac</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="syc-Syrc">ܟܝܠܝܪܟܐ</span> <span class="transliteration">kilirka</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8981" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭇𐭆𐭓𐭅𐭐𐭕</span> <span class="transliteration">hazārpet</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8982" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">հազարապետ</span> <span class="transliteration">hazarapet</span> <span class="meaning">chiliarch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8983" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">հազարապետ</span> <span class="transliteration">hazarapet</span> <span class="meaning">chiliarch</span> </li> <li id="8984" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="kat-Geor">ჰაზარაპეტი</span> <span class="transliteration">hazaraṗeṭi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8985" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*fšu-pátiš</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd, sheep-commander</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8986" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8987" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">շպետ</span> <span class="transliteration">špet</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8988" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="kat-Geor">შპეტი</span> <span class="transliteration">šṗeṭi</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8989" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*magu-pátiš</span> <span class="meaning">head magus, high priest</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8990" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8991" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration">*magu-patiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8992" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8993" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭬𐭢𐭥𐭯𐭲</span> <span class="transliteration">mgwpt</span> <span class="meaning">Zoroastrian priest, mobad</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8994" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">موبد</span> <span class="transliteration">mobad</span> <span class="meaning">mobad</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8995" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mobad</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8996" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*špada-patiš</span> <span class="meaning">general, army-commander</span> <span class="note">add more descendants and borrowings</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8997" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8998" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration">*aspāδapatiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8999" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">ասպարապետ</span> <span class="transliteration">asparapet</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9000" class="armenian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">սպարապետ</span> <span class="transliteration">sparapet</span> </li> <li id="9001" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">sparapet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9002" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭎𐭐𐭀𐭃𐭐𐭕𐭉</span> <span class="transliteration">spʾdpty</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9000" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">սպարապետ</span> <span class="transliteration">sparapet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9003" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9004" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧𐭯𐭲</span> <span class="transliteration">spʾḥpt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9005" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">سپهبد</span> <span class="transliteration">sepahbod</span> </li> <li id="9006" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">اسپهبد</span> <span class="transliteration">espahbod</span> </li> <li id="9007" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">սպայապետ</span> <span class="transliteration">spayapet</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9008" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Old Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="oge-Geor">სპაჲპეტი</span> <span class="transliteration">sṗayṗeṭi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9009" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">spahbed</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9010" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*pótnih₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9011" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*patī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9012" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9013" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9014" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">pati</span> <span class="meaning">wife, oneself, myself, herself</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9015" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pótnia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9016" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊</span> <span class="transliteration">po-ti-ni-ja</span> <span class="meaning">lady, divine name/epithet: Lady</span> </li> <li id="9017" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πότνια</span> <span class="transliteration">pótnia</span> <span class="meaning">mistress, lady</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9018" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*pátniH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9019" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9020" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀧𑀢𑁆𑀦𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">pátnī</span> <span class="meaning">wife, mistress, lady</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9021" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">পত্নী</span> <span class="transliteration">potni</span> <span class="meaning">wife</span> </li> <li id="9022" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">पत्नी</span> <span class="transliteration">patnī</span> <span class="meaning">wife</span> </li> <li id="9023" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">పత్ని</span> <span class="transliteration">patni</span> <span class="meaning">wife</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9024" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*sapátniH</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9025" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*sapátniH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9026" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀲𑀧𑀢𑁆𑀦𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">sapátnī</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9027" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Maharashtri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pmh-Brah">𑀲𑀯𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">savattī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9028" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Marathi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="mar-Deva">सवत</span> <span class="transliteration">savat</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9029" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀲𑀧𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">sapattī</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </li> <li id="9030" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="psu-Brah">𑀲𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">saüttī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9031" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Madhya Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9032" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">सौत</span> <span class="transliteration">saut</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9033" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">सौतेला</span> <span class="transliteration">sautelā</span> <span class="meaning">from a different wife, step-, half-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9034" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*hapáθniH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9035" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬵𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬚𐬥𐬍</span> <span class="transliteration">hapaθnī</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife, concubine</span> </li> <li id="9036" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9037" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ossetian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="oss-Cyrl">бин</span> <span class="transliteration">bin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9038" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">بن</span> <span class="transliteration">ben</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </li> <li id="9039" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9040" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9041" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">ھەوێ</span> <span class="transliteration">hewê</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </li> <li id="9042" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭀𐭁𐭅𐭂</span> <span class="transliteration">ābūg</span> </li> <li id="9043" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">آموسنی</span> <span class="transliteration">āmwisnī</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9044" class="armenian parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">ամուսին</span> <span class="transliteration">amusin</span> <span class="meaning">consort, spouse, married</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9045" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ամուսին</span> <span class="transliteration">amusin</span> <span class="meaning">husband, spouse</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9046" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9047" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭤𐭡𐭥𐭪</span> <span class="transliteration">hbok</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9048" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">هوو</span> <span class="transliteration">havu</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9049" class="parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Northwest Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*potis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5054" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Northwest Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*gʰóstipotis</span> <span class="meaning">guest-master, host</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5055" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5056" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*gospodь</span> <span class="meaning">lord, liege</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5057" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">господь</span> <span class="transliteration">gospodĭ</span> <span class="meaning">lord, master</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5058" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">Госпо́дь</span> <span class="transliteration">Gospódʹ</span> <span class="meaning">Lord, God</span> </li> <li id="5059" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">осподи́н</span> <span class="transliteration">gospodín</span> <span class="meaning">gentleman, Mr., master</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5060" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5061" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrs">господь</span> <span class="transliteration">gospodĭ</span> <span class="meaning">lord, master</span> </li> <li id="5062" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">Го̏спод</span> <span class="transliteration">Gȍspod</span> <span class="meaning">Lord, God, Jesus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5063" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*hostipotis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5064" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">hospes</span> <span class="meaning">host, guest, visitor, stranger</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5065" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5066" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ospite</span> <span class="meaning">host, guest</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5067" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5068" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">oaspete</span> <span class="meaning">guest</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5069" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5070" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">oste</span> <span class="meaning">innkeeper, landlord, host</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5071" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">hôte</span> <span class="meaning">host, guest, innkeeper</span> </li> <li id="5072" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">host</span> <span class="note">someone giving hospitality</span> </li> <li id="5073" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">oste</span> <span class="meaning">innkeeper</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5074" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">huésped</span> <span class="meaning">guest, lodger</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5075" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">hospitālis</span> <span class="meaning">hospitable, generous, pertaining to hospitality or hosts</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5076" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">hospitāle</span> <span class="meaning">guesthouse, guestroom, hospital</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5077" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5078" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ospedale</span> <span class="meaning">hospital</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5079" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5080" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">ostel</span> <span class="meaning">shelter, place to stay</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5081" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">hôtel</span> <span class="meaning">mansion, townhouse, hotel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5082" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">hotel</span> </li> <li id="5083" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">hotel</span> <span class="meaning">hotel</span> </li> <li id="5084" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">hotel</span> <span class="meaning">hotel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5085" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">hostel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5086" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Occitan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="pro-Latn">ostal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5087" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Occitan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="oci-Latn">ostal</span> <span class="meaning">house</span> </li> <li id="5088" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">hostal</span> <span class="meaning">hostel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5089" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">hospital</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5090" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">hôpital</span> </li> <li id="5091" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">hospital</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5092" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ospitale</span> <span class="meaning">hospitable, friendly, welcome</span> </li> <li id="5093" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">hospital</span> <span class="meaning">hospital</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5094" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">hospitalitas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5095" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5096" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ospitalità</span> <span class="meaning">hospitality</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5097" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5098" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">hospitalité</span> <span class="meaning">hospitality</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5099" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">hospitality</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5100" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">hospitalidad</span> <span class="meaning">hospitality</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5101" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">hospitium</span> <span class="meaning">hospitality, friendship, lodgings, poor-house</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5102" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5103" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ospizio</span> <span class="meaning">nursing home, hospice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5104" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5105" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">ospăț</span> <span class="meaning">feast, banquet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5106" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5107" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">hospice</span> <span class="meaning">hospice</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5108" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">hospice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5109" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Koine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὁσπίτιον</span> <span class="transliteration">hospítion</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5110" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">σπίτιν</span> <span class="transliteration">spítin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5111" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">σπίτι</span> <span class="transliteration">spíti</span> <span class="meaning">house, home</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5112" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">ysbyty</span> <span class="meaning">hospital</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9050" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*patis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9051" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9052" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9053" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">pàts</span> <span class="meaning">husband, oneself, myself, himself</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9054" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pati-bḗˀgāˀ</span> <span class="meaning">husband-fleeing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9055" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*potьběga</span> <span class="meaning">divorced woman</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9056" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9057" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">подпега</span> <span class="transliteration">podpega</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9058" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9059" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrs">подъбѣга</span> <span class="transliteration">podŭběga</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9060" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9061" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">podběha</span> <span class="meaning">concubine</span> </li> <li id="9062" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">poćbiega</span> <span class="meaning">tramp, vagabond</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9063" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*fadiz</span> <span class="meaning">master, commander, lord, husband</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9064" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9065" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="transliteration">*faþs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9066" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌸𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">brūþfaþs</span> <span class="meaning">bridegroom</span> </li> <li id="9067" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">hundafaþs</span> <span class="meaning">centurion</span> </li> <li id="9068" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">þūsundifaþs</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand, tribune</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9069" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9070" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="transliteration">*fǫðr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9071" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">Alfǫðr</span> <span class="meaning">divine epithet: Mighty Lord or Lord of All (of Odin)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9072" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*potis</span> <span class="meaning">master, in control of, able</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9073" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">potis</span> <span class="meaning">able, possible</span> </li> <li id="9074" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pot-essi</span> <span class="meaning">to be master of, to be able</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9075" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Oscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osc-Ital">𐌐𐌖𐌕𐌉𐌉𐌀𐌃</span> <span class="transliteration">putiiad</span> <span class="meaning">may he be able to</span> <span class="note">attested in 3sg subjunctive, equivalent to Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">possit</span></span> </li> <li id="9076" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">potesse</span> <span class="meaning">to be able, can, may</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9077" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">potere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9078" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9079" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">potar</span> <span class="meaning">can, to be able</span> </li> <li id="9080" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">potere</span> <span class="meaning">can, may, to be able, to be possible</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9081" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9082" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">a putea</span> <span class="meaning">to be able, can, may, to be possible</span> </li> <li id="9083" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">putere</span> <span class="meaning">ability, power, strength, means</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9084" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9085" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">podi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9086" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9087" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">pooir</span> <span class="meaning">can, to be able</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9088" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">pouvoir</span> <span class="meaning">can, to be able, may</span> </li> <li id="9089" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">power</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9090" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">pŵer</span> <span class="meaning">power</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9091" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">poder</span> <span class="meaning">to be able, can</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9092" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">posse</span> <span class="meaning">ability, power, force</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9093" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">posse comitatus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9094" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">posse</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9095" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pot-iðlis</span> <span class="meaning">masterable</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9096" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">possibilis</span> <span class="meaning">possible</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9097" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">possible</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9098" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*potistāts</span> <span class="meaning">mastery</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9099" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">potestas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9100" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9101" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">potestà</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9102" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">podestà</span> </li> <li id="9103" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">Podestà</span> <span class="meaning">occupational surname: Mayor</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9104" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Podesta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9105" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*poti-sedezi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="10000" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">possidere</span> <span class="meaning">to have, to own, to possess, to occupy, to control</span> <span class="note">literally "able to sit (on</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="10001" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="10002" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">possedere</span> <span class="meaning">to possess, to own, to master</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="10003" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="10004" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">posseoir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="10005" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">possess</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="10006" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">poseer</span> <span class="meaning">to possess, to own</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="10007" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">posséder</span> <span class="meaning">to own, to possess</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9106" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*potēnts</span> <span class="meaning">able, masterful</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9107" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">potens</span> <span class="meaning">able, powerful, potent</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9108" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">potent</span> </li> <li id="9109" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">potentatus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9110" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">potentate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9111" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Oscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osc-Ital">𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌝𐌀𐌍𐌔</span> <span class="transliteration">pútíans</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9112" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*kompotis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9113" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">compos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9114" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">non compos mentis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9115" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*wiḱpótis</span> <span class="meaning">head of household, lord, chief</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12708" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dzwāpt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12709" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">zot</span> <span class="meaning">master, boss, lord, sir, Mr.</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12710" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*wiśpatis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12711" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12712" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">viēšpats</span> <span class="meaning">lord</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12713" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*wićpátiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12714" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*wiśpátiṣ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12715" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀯𑀺𑀰𑁆𑀧𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">viśpáti</span> <span class="meaning">chief, headman</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12716" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*wicpátih</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12717" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌</span> <span class="transliteration">vīspaiti</span> <span class="meaning">chief, master</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12718" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12719" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration">wikpots</span> <span class="meaning">chief, master</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12720" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*wiḱpótnih</span> <span class="meaning">mistress of the settlement, lady</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12721" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dzwāptnjā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12722" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">zonjë</span> <span class="meaning">lady, Mrs.</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12723" class="albanian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">zonjë e mirë</span> <span class="meaning">smallpox</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12724" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12725" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12726" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12727" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">viēšpati</span> <span class="meaning">lady, mistress, queen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12728" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12729" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">waispattin</span> <span class="meaning">mistress of household</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12730" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*wićpátniH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12731" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*wiśpátniH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12732" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀯𑀺𑀰𑁆𑀧𑀢𑁆𑀦𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">viśpátnī</span> <span class="meaning">mistress of household, lady</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9116" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*déms pótis</span> <span class="meaning">master of the house</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9117" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*déspotis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9118" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δεσπότης</span> <span class="transliteration">despotes</span> <span class="meaning">house-master, slave-owner</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9119" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">δεσπότης</span> <span class="transliteration">despótis</span> <span class="meaning">despot, tyrant, lord, bishop, master</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9120" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Medieval Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">despota</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9121" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">despote</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9122" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">despot</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9123" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀδέσποτος</span> <span class="transliteration">adéspotos</span> <span class="meaning">without master or owner, authorless, ungovernable</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9124" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αδέσποτος</span> <span class="transliteration">adéspotos</span> <span class="meaning">ownerless, stray (animal), undirected, stray (projectile)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9125" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dámspatiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9126" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*dámspatiṣ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9127" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀤𑀫𑁆𑀧𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">dámpati</span> <span class="meaning">master of the house</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9128" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀤𑀫𑁆𑀧𑀢𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">dampatī</span> <span class="meaning">husband and wife</span> <span class="note">dual</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9129" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">दंपति</span> <span class="transliteration">dampati</span> <span class="meaning">husband and wife, married couple</span> </li> <li id="9130" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Kawi</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="kaw-Kawi">𑼣𑼪𑽁𑼦𑼡𑼷</span> <span class="transliteration">dampatī</span> <span class="meaning">husband and wife, a couple, a pair</span> </li> <li id="9131" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">దంపతులు</span> <span class="transliteration">dampatulu</span> <span class="meaning">husband and wife</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9132" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dámspatiṣ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9133" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬛𐬇𐬧𐬔⸱𐬞𐬀𐬙𐬋𐬌𐬴</span> <span class="transliteration">də̄ṇg.patōiṣ̌</span> <span class="meaning">master of the house</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9134" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*déms potnih₂</span> <span class="meaning">mistress of the house</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9135" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*déspoňňa</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9136" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δέσποινα</span> <span class="transliteration">déspoina</span> <span class="meaning">lady, mistress, queen, princess</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9137" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">δέσποινα</span> <span class="transliteration">déspoina</span> <span class="meaning">Miss (style of address), hostess, lady</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9138" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">δεσποινίς</span> <span class="transliteration">desponís</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9139" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">δις</span> <span class="transliteration">dis</span> <span class="meaning">Miss, Ms. (abbreviation)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9140" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Δέσποινα</span> <span class="transliteration">Déspoina</span> <span class="meaning">divine epithet, daughter of Demeter and Poseidon</span> </li> <li id="9141" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">Δέσποινα</span> <span class="transliteration">Déspoina</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Lady, divine epithet: Our Lady (of Mary)</span> </li> <li id="9142" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Despoina</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9143" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dmáHnas pátniH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9144" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dmaHnapaθniH</span> <span class="meaning">mistress of the house</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9145" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬛𐬆𐬨𐬄𐬥𐬋⸱𐬞𐬀𐬚𐬥𐬍</span> <span class="transliteration">dəmąnō.paθnī</span> </li> <li id="9146" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9147" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sogdian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sog-Mani">𐫔𐫂𐫀𐫖𐫁𐫀𐫗</span> <span class="transliteration">δβʾmbʾn</span> <span class="meaning">lady, queen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9148" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">مېرمنه</span> <span class="transliteration">mermëna</span> <span class="meaning">lady, woman, wife</span> </li> <li id="9149" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*manapaθni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9150" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9151" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭁𐭀𐭌𐭁𐭉𐭔𐭍</span> <span class="transliteration">bāmbīšn</span> <span class="meaning">lady, queen</span> <span class="note">more often written as an aramaeogram: <span class="orthography" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭌𐭋𐭊𐭕𐭄</span> <span class="transliteration">mlkth</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9152" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">բամբիշ(ն)</span> <span class="transliteration">bambiš(n)</span> <span class="meaning">lady, queen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9153" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">բամբիշ</span> <span class="transliteration">bambiš</span> <span class="meaning">lady, queen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9154" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*mānapašnī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9155" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭡𐭠𐭬𐭡𐭱𐭭</span> <span class="transliteration">bāmbšn</span> <span class="meaning">queen</span> <span class="note">more often written as an aramaeogram: <span class="orthography" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭲𐭠</span> <span class="transliteration">mlkta</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9156" class="sinotibetan sintic borrowing"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Middle Chinese</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="ltc-Hant">防步率</span> <span class="transliteration">buaŋ bɔh ʂwih</span> <span class="meaning">Sasanian royal wife or concubine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9157" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*(h₂)népōt(iyo)s</span> <span class="meaning">grandson, descendant</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9158" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*nepō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9159" class="albanian diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">nip</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, grandson</span> </li> <li id="9160" class="albanian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*nepōtś(i)ā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9161" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">mbesë</span> <span class="meaning">niece, grandaughter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9162" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*hənepťios?</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9163" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνεψιός</span> <span class="transliteration">anepsiós</span> <span class="meaning">(first) cousin</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9166" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">ανιψιός</span> <span class="transliteration">anipsiós</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </li> <li id="9167" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνεψιν</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, niece</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9168" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">ανίψι</span> <span class="transliteration">anípsi</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, niece</span> </li> <li id="9169" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Pontic Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="pnt-Grek">ανέψι</span> <span class="transliteration">anépši</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9170" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Laz</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="lzz-Geor">ანიმსე</span> <span class="transliteration">animse</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, niece</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9164" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nepťios?</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9165" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*he-nepťios?</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9163" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνεψιός</span> <span class="transliteration">anepsiós</span> <span class="meaning">(first) cousin</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9166" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">ανιψιός</span> <span class="transliteration">anipsiós</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </li> <li id="9167" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνεψιν</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, niece</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9168" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">ανίψι</span> <span class="transliteration">anípsi</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, niece</span> </li> <li id="9169" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Pontic Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="pnt-Grek">ανέψι</span> <span class="transliteration">anépši</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9170" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Laz</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="lzz-Geor">ანიმსე</span> <span class="transliteration">animse</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, niece</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9171" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*(H)nápāts</span> <span class="meaning">grandson, descendant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9172" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9173" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀦𑀧𑀸𑀢𑁆</span> <span class="meaning">descendant, grandson, son</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9174" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9175" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kalasha</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kls-Latn">nawáw</span> <span class="meaning">grandchild</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9176" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">nápāth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9177" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬁𐬝</span> <span class="transliteration">napāt̰</span> </li> <li id="9178" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9179" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9180" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">nevî</span> <span class="meaning">grandchild</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9181" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎴𐎱𐎠</span> <span class="transliteration">n-p-a</span> <span class="meaning">grandson</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9182" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭭𐭡</span> <span class="transliteration">nb</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9183" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">نوه</span> <span class="transliteration">nave</span> <span class="meaning">grandchild</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9184" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*(H)nápātkás</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9185" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Nuristani</span> <span class="transliteration">*napāká</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9186" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ashkun</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ask">nëvë</span> <span class="meaning">grandson</span> </li> <li id="9187" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kamviri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xvi">navo</span> <span class="meaning">grandson</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9188" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*HápaHam nápāts</span> <span class="meaning">divine name: descendant of waters</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9189" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hapā́m nápāts</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9190" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Vedic Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah-vaidika">𑀅𑀧𑀸𑀁 𑀦𑀧𑀸𑀢𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration">apā́ṃ nápāt</span> <span class="meaning">Apam Napat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9191" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hapā́m napāts</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9192" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬀𐬞𐬄𐬨 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬁𐬙</span> <span class="transliteration">apąm napāt</span> <span class="meaning">Apam Napat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9193" class="parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Northwest Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">népōt(iyo)s</span> <span class="meaning">grandson, nephew</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9194" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nepātjas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9195" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9196" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9197" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="olt-Latn">nepuotis</span> <span class="meaning">grandchild</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9198" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nëpada</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9199" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Estonian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="ekk-Latn">nõbu</span> <span class="meaning">cousin</span> </li> <li id="9200" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">nepaa</span> <span class="meaning">cousin (archaic)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9201" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ne(p)tьjь</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9202" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9203" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">нетии</span> <span class="transliteration">netyy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9204" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9205" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">нећак</span> <span class="transliteration">nećak</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9206" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9207" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">nieć</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9208" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*neɸūts</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9209" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nei</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9210" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">nai</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9211" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">neigarwch</span> <span class="meaning">nepotism</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9212" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Primitive Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="pgl-Ogam">ᚅᚔᚑᚈᚈᚐ</span> <span class="transliteration">niotta</span> <span class="meaning">(sororal) nephew's</span> <span class="note">attested in genitive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9213" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">nia</span> <span class="meaning">(sororal) nephew</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9214" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">nia</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9215" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*kom-neɸūts</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9216" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*köβ̃n</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9217" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">caifn</span> <span class="meaning">distant cousin (archaic)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9218" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nefōd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9219" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nefô</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, grandson</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9220" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9221" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">nefi</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, kinsman</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9222" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nefō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9223" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">nefa</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, grandson, stepson</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9224" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">neve</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9225" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*nevo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9226" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">neef</span> <span class="meaning">cousin, nephew</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9227" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">nevo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9228" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Neffe</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9229" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nepōts</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9230" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">nepos</span> <span class="meaning">grandson, nephew, descendant</span> <span class="note">oblique <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">nepot-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9231" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9232" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">nepaut</span> <span class="meaning">grandson, nephew</span> </li> <li id="9233" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">nipote</span> <span class="meaning">grandchild, nephew or niece</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9234" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">nepotismo</span> <span class="meaning">nepotism</span> <span class="note">originally, the phenomenon of popes appointing their nephews as cardinals</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9235" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">népotisme</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9236" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">nepotism</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9237" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9238" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">nepot</span> <span class="meaning">grandson, nephew, descendant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9239" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9240" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">nabodi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9241" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9242" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">nevod</span> <span class="note">early Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9243" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">neveu</span> <span class="note">late Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9244" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">neveu</span> </li> <li id="9245" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">nephew</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9246" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Nechtan nepos Uerb</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9247" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*neptōnos</span> <span class="note">or <span class="transliteration">*neptūnos</span> if not from <span class="transliteration">*nepōts</span></span> <sup id="footnote-link-4-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9159" class="albanian borrowing possible"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">nip</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, grandson</span> </li> <li id="9248" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Neptunus</span> <span class="meaning">divine name: Neptune</span> <sup id="footnote-link-4-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9249" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9250" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">netun</span> <span class="meaning">marine monster</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9251" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">lutin</span> <span class="meaning">imp, pixie</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9252" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Neptune</span> <sup id="footnote-link-4-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9253" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*néptih₂</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9254" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*náptiH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9255" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*naptíH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9256" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀦𑀧𑁆𑀢𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">naptī́</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9257" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Prakrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pra-Brah">𑀡𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">ṇattī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9258" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Maharashtri</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9259" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Marathi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="mar-Deva">नात</span> <span class="transliteration">nāt</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9260" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*náptiH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9261" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬍</span> <span class="transliteration">naptī</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9262" class="parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Northwest Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*neptis</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter, niece</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9263" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nextī</span> <span class="meaning">niece</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9264" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nėθ</span> <span class="meaning">niece</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9265" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">nith</span> <span class="meaning">niece</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9266" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">necht</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9267" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">neacht</span> <span class="meaning">niece</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9268" class="celtic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Pictish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="xpi">ᚅᚓᚆᚆᚈᚑᚅᚅ</span> <span class="transliteration">nehhtonn</span> <span class="meaning">personal name</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9269" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">Nechtan</span> <span class="meaning">divine name</span> </li> <li id="9270" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="transliteration">*Nechtan aue Uerb</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9246" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Nechtan nepos Uerb</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9271" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*niftiz</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter, niece</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9272" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9273" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">nipt</span> <span class="meaning">kinsowman, sister, daughter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9274" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">nift</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9275" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nifti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9276" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">nift</span> <span class="meaning">niece, granddaughter, stepdaughter</span> </li> <li id="9277" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*nifta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9278" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">nicht</span> <span class="meaning">niece, cousin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9279" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">nifta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9280" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Nifte</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </li> <li id="9281" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">niftila</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9282" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Niftel</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9283" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*neptis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9284" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">neptis</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9285" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Late Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">neptia</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter, niece</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9286" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9287" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">niece</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9288" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">nièce</span> </li> <li id="9289" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">niece</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9290" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Late Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">nepta</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter, niece</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9291" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9292" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">niapta</span> <span class="meaning">niece</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9293" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9294" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">netta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9295" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9296" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">nieta</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9297" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">nieto</span> <span class="meaning">grandson</span> </li> <li id="9298" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">bisnieta</span> <span class="meaning">great-grandaughter (twice-granddaughter)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/potis.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/potis.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-potis.html#9009">spahbed</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#5091">hospital</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#5108">hospice</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#8995">mobad</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9289">niece</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#5085">hostel</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#5082">hotel</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9001">sparapet</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9110">potentate</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9252">Neptune</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9122">despot</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9224">neve</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9104">Podesta</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#5072">host</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9108">potent</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9097">possible</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#5099">hospitality</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#10005">possess</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9094">posse</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9142">Despoina</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#8924">Poseidon</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9245">nephew</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9236">nepotism</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9089">power</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>I believe that <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">Ποσειδῶν</span> <span class="transliteration">Poseidôn</span> is fairly firmly <span class="transliteration">*Poti Gdaone</span>: "Husband of the Earth", with the <a href="/word-family-human.html">divine name for the Earth <span class="transliteration">*Gda(n)</span> instead of the normal <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χθών</span> <span class="transliteration">khthṓn</span> from <span class="transliteration">*dʰǵʰōm</span></a> (possibly from inter-dialect or Paleo-Balkan borrowing?). This is most directly supported by the Mycenaean pair of words: <span class="orthography" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀁𐀚𐀯𐀆𐀃𐀚</span> <span class="transliteration">e-ne-si-da-o-ne</span>: "Shaker of the Earth" (Classical <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἐννοσίγαιος</span> <span class="transliteration">ennosígaios</span> or <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἐνοσίχθων</span> <span class="transliteration">enosíkhthōn</span>, epithets of Poseidon) vs. <span class="orthography" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀡𐀮𐀆𐀺𐀚</span> <span class="transliteration">po-se-da-wo-ne</span>, apparently <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">Ποσειδῶν</span> <span class="transliteration">Poseidôn</span>.</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p>The Old Medean military title <span class="transliteration">*hazārapatiš</span>: "commander of a thousand" was both borrowed into Greek as <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἀζαραπατεῖς</span> <span class="transliteration">azarapateîs</span>/ <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἀζαβαρίτης</span> <span class="transliteration">azabarítēs</span> and also calqued as <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χιλίαρχος</span> <span class="transliteration">khilíarkhos</span>. Though the Greeks probably couldn't have known it, their word for a thousand—<span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χίλιοι</span>—is related to the Medean word <span class="transliteration">*hazāram</span>! Both are from PIE <span class="transliteration">*ǵʰéslom</span>: "numerous, thousand".</p> <p>Then! Gothic calqued the Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χιλίαρχος</span> <span class="transliteration">khilíarkhos</span> as <span class="orthography" lang="got-Goth">𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">þūsundifaþs</span>, with a completely different word for thousand… but returning to a cognate of the Medean word for commander: <span class="transliteration">faþs</span>/<span class="transliteration">patiš</span>!</p> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/khiliarch.png"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/khiliarch.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 30%;"></a></p> </li> <li id="footnote-3"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-3-a">^</a></span><p>In Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*(h₂)népōts</span>, the laryngeal is reconstructed on the basis of Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνεψιός</span> <span class="transliteration">anepsiós</span>: "(first) cousin". The alternative is that the Greek is <span class="transliteration">*sm̥-neptiyos</span>: "co-grandson" and there isn't a laryngeal (though that would be expected to be <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">*ἁνεψιός</span> <span class="transliteration">*hanepsiós</span> instead).</p> <p>If there is not in fact a laryngeal, <span class="transliteration">*(h₂)népōts</span> might be <span class="transliteration">*né-pōts</span>: "not the master of the household", i.e. "dependent, young unmarried relative, just some kid who lives here".)</p> </li> <li id="footnote-4"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-4-a">^</a></span><p>Neptune could be from <span class="transliteration">*n̥bʰtós</span>: "misty, damp"—or it has been suggested that Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">Neptunus</span> may be from <span class="transliteration">*(h₂)népōts</span>: "grandson, descendant", which is supported by parallel to the Indo-Iranian divinity Apam Napat: "Grandson of Waters". In Zoroastrianism, Apam Napat is sometimes part of a ruling triad with Ahura Mazda and Mithra, which has parallels to the triad of Zeus/Poseidon/Hades (and the Vedic Trimurti Bahma/Vishnu/Shiva).</p> <p>The Norse kenning for fire <span class="orthography" lang="non-Latn">sǣvar niþr</span> : "grandson of the sea" is suggested to continue the same theme (Apam Napat is also associated with fire emerging from water). The Homeric Greek epithet for seals is also brought to mind: <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">νέποδες καλῆς Ἁλοσύδνης</span>: "descendants of the beautiful Sea-Daughter".</p> <p>If all three of these possible connections hold, then <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Neptune</span> is distantly related to <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Poseidon</span>!</p> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/poseidon_neptune.png"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/poseidon_neptune.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 30%;"></a></p> </li> </ol> 2024-12-27T00:00:00-08:002024-12-27T00:00:00-08:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2024-12-27:/word-family-mercury.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Latin Mercury is fairly mysterious. Mercury as a god of commerce seems obviously related to <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">merx</span>: "merchandise, commodity", and in Faliscan and possibly Oscan votive tablets, a cognate to <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">merx</span> (or rather its dative <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">mercii</span> as expected in context) appears as a divine name: <span class="transliteration">Mercui</span>, <span class="transliteration">Mirikui</span>. But in Latin …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Latin Mercury is fairly mysterious. Mercury as a god of commerce seems obviously related to <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">merx</span>: "merchandise, commodity", and in Faliscan and possibly Oscan votive tablets, a cognate to <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">merx</span> (or rather its dative <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">mercii</span> as expected in context) appears as a divine name: <span class="transliteration">Mercui</span>, <span class="transliteration">Mirikui</span>. But in Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">merx</span> does not appear as a divine name, instead there is <span class="orthography" lang="">Mercurius</span>. But it must be related. Probably.</p> <p>Italic <span class="transliteration">*merks</span> itself is also hard to trace. Various attempts have been made to connect it to an Indo-European etymology, some of which I explore here: to <span class="transliteration">*(s)mer-</span>: "to assign, to allot" (which may or may not be related to <a href="/word-family-mort.html"><span class="transliteration">*mer-</span>: "to die"</a> and/or <span class="transliteration">*(s)mer-</span>: "to think about, to care for, to remember"); and to <span class="transliteration">*merǵ-</span>: "to divide, boundary, border". <span class="transliteration">*merks</span>'s declension is consistent with a feminine mobile-accented root noun formed from any of those roots, plus or minus a reasonable amount of paradigm leveling.</p> <p>But an Etruscan borrowing is probably most likely, if something of a dead end; <span class="transliteration">*merks</span> is entirely consistent with Etruscan phonology and with the -s nominative found in other divine names.</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4083">mercy</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4100">commerce</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4130">market</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4154">Mercury</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4209">emeritus</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4288">Mercia</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4302">marquee</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4313">margin</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4328">mark</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="4229" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*merkʷ-</span> <span class="meaning">to take, to hold</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4230" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4231" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration">märk-</span> <span class="meaning">to take away</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4232" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*merkʷti??</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4233" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*merptō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4234" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μάρπτω</span> <span class="transliteration">márptō</span> <span class="meaning">I take hold of, I grasp, I seize, I overtake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4235" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*merkʷs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4068" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*merks</span> <span class="note">dative <span class="transliteration">*merkei</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4069" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Faliscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xfa-Ital">𐌌𐌄𐌓𐌂𐌖𐌉</span> <span class="transliteration">Mercui</span> <span class="meaning">a divine name</span> <span class="note">dative</span> </li> <li id="4070" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Oscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osc-Ital">𐌌𐌉𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌖𐌉</span> <span class="transliteration">Mirikui</span> <span class="meaning">probably a divine name</span> <span class="note">dative</span> </li> <li id="4071" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Mercurius</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4154" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercury</span> </li> <li id="4155" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*Merxür</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday, Mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4156" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Mercher</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday, Mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4157" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">dydd Mercher</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4158" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dies Mercurii</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4159" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4160" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercoledì</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4161" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4162" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">Njercuri</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> <li id="4163" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">miercuri</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4164" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4165" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">mélcuris</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4166" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4167" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mercredi</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> <li id="4168" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">miércoles</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4972" class="germanic parent calque"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*wōdanas dag</span> <span class="meaning">Odin's Day, Wednesday</span> <span class="note">calque of Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">dies Mercurii</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4959" class="germanic parent calque"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">óðinsdagr</span> <span class="meaning">Odin's Day, Wednesday</span> <span class="note">calque of West Germanic <span class="transliteration">*Wōdanas dag</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4960" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">onsdag</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4973" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">wōdnesdæġ</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4974" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Wodnesdai</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4975" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="transliteration">*wēdnesdæġ</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4976" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Wednesdei</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4977" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4978" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">Wenerei</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4979" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*wuodenesdag</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4980" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">woensdag</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4968" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">Woen</span> <span class="note">partially back-formed from <span class="orthography" lang="nld-Latn">woensdag</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4169" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercurius</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4170" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4171" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">mercwri</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4172" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mercure</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4173" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*mercuriāgo</span> <span class="meaning">annual mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4174" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4175" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">melcoratge</span> <span class="meaning">annual mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4072" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">merx</span> <span class="meaning">merchandise, commodity</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4073" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4074" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">merce</span> <span class="meaning">goods, products</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4075" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Basque</span> <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">merke</span> <span class="meaning">cheap</span> </li> <li id="4076" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">merces</span> <span class="meaning">wages, reward, income, penalty, rent</span> <span class="note">oblique stem <span class="orthography" lang="">merced-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4077" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4078" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercede</span> <span class="meaning">compensation, merit, pity, mercy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4079" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4080" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">merchede</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4081" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4082" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">merci</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4083" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4084" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">merced</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4085" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Merced</span> </li> <li id="4086" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">María de las Mercedes</span> <span class="meaning">Mary of the Mercies</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4087" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Mercedes</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4088" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Mercédès</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4089" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercedes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4089" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercedes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4090" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">vuestra merced</span> <span class="meaning">honorific: your mercy, your grace</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4091" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">usted</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4092" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercenarius</span> <span class="meaning">hired, mercenary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4093" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercenary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4094" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">commercium</span> <span class="meaning">trade, commerce, exchange</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4095" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4096" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">commercio</span> <span class="meaning">commerce, trade, market</span> </li> <li id="4097" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sicilian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="scn-Latn">cummerciu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4098" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Maltese</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="mlt-Latn">kummerċ</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4099" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">commerce</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4100" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">commerce</span> </li> <li id="4101" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">comerț</span> <span class="meaning">commerce, trade</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4102" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">κομμέρκιον</span> <span class="transliteration">kommérkion</span> <span class="meaning">trade, traffic, commerce, customs, revenue</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4103" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">كمرك</span> <span class="transliteration">gümrük</span> <span class="meaning">custom house, customs, tariff</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4104" class="turkic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">gümrük</span> <span class="meaning">custom house, duty, tariff</span> </li> <li id="4105" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">جمرك</span> <span class="transliteration">jumruk</span> <span class="meaning">customs</span> </li> <li id="4106" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">گمرک</span> <span class="transliteration">gomrok</span> <span class="meaning">customs</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4107" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">comercio</span> <span class="meaning">trade, shop</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4108" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercari</span> <span class="meaning">to trade, to sell</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4109" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4110" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mercar</span> <span class="meaning">to buy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4111" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercans</span> <span class="note">oblique stem <span class="orthography" lang="">mercant-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4112" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4113" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercante</span> <span class="meaning">merchant, dealer, trader</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4114" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4115" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mercante</span> <span class="meaning">merchant</span> </li> <li id="4116" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4117" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marchand</span> <span class="meaning">vendor, merchant</span> </li> <li id="4118" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">merchant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4119" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercatus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4120" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4121" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercato</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4122" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4123" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">mercadu</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4124" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4125" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mercado</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4126" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Late Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">marcatus</span> <span class="note">late variant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4127" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4128" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marchié(t)</span> <span class="meaning">market, marketplace</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4129" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marché</span> </li> <li id="4130" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">market</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4131" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">मार्केट</span> <span class="transliteration">mārkeṭ</span> <span class="meaning">market, mall</span> </li> <li id="4132" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">マーケット</span> <span class="transliteration">māketto</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> <li id="4133" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">marqueta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4134" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*markat</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4135" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*markat</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4136" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">markt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4137" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mart</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4138" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4139" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Markt</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> <li id="4140" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">jarmarkat</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> <span class="note">lit. "year-market"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4141" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Jahrmarkt</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4142" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">jarmark</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </li> <li id="4143" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">jarmark</span> <span class="meaning">fair, bazaar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4144" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">ярмарка</span> <span class="transliteration">jarmarka</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4145" class="turkic borrowing"> <span class="language turkic">Kazakh</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="kaz-Cyrl">жәрмеңке</span> <span class="transliteration">järmeñke</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4146" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">ярмарок</span> <span class="transliteration">jarmarok</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4147" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">iarmaroc</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4148" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">markaðr</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4149" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">marked</span> <span class="meaning">market, fair, emporium</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4150" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">markaður</span> <span class="meaning">market, marketplace, fair</span> </li> <li id="4151" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">margadh</span> <span class="meaning">market, bargain, argreement</span> </li> <li id="4152" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">marchnad</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4153" class="etruscan parent"> <details open> <summary class="etruscan"> <span class="language etruscan">Etruscan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4068" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*merks</span> <span class="note">dative <span class="transliteration">*merkei</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4069" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Faliscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xfa-Ital">𐌌𐌄𐌓𐌂𐌖𐌉</span> <span class="transliteration">Mercui</span> <span class="meaning">a divine name</span> <span class="note">dative</span> </li> <li id="4070" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Oscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osc-Ital">𐌌𐌉𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌖𐌉</span> <span class="transliteration">Mirikui</span> <span class="meaning">probably a divine name</span> <span class="note">dative</span> </li> <li id="4071" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Mercurius</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4154" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercury</span> </li> <li id="4155" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*Merxür</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday, Mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4156" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Mercher</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday, Mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4157" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">dydd Mercher</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4158" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dies Mercurii</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4159" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4160" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercoledì</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4161" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4162" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">Njercuri</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> <li id="4163" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">miercuri</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4164" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4165" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">mélcuris</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4166" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4167" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mercredi</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> <li id="4168" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">miércoles</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4972" class="germanic parent calque"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*wōdanas dag</span> <span class="meaning">Odin's Day, Wednesday</span> <span class="note">calque of Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">dies Mercurii</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4959" class="germanic parent calque"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">óðinsdagr</span> <span class="meaning">Odin's Day, Wednesday</span> <span class="note">calque of West Germanic <span class="transliteration">*Wōdanas dag</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4960" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">onsdag</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4973" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">wōdnesdæġ</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4974" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Wodnesdai</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4975" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="transliteration">*wēdnesdæġ</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4976" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Wednesdei</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4977" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4978" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">Wenerei</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4979" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*wuodenesdag</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4980" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">woensdag</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4968" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">Woen</span> <span class="note">partially back-formed from <span class="orthography" lang="nld-Latn">woensdag</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4169" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercurius</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4170" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4171" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">mercwri</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4172" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mercure</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4173" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*mercuriāgo</span> <span class="meaning">annual mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4174" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4175" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">melcoratge</span> <span class="meaning">annual mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4072" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">merx</span> <span class="meaning">merchandise, commodity</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4073" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4074" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">merce</span> <span class="meaning">goods, products</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4075" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Basque</span> <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">merke</span> <span class="meaning">cheap</span> </li> <li id="4076" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">merces</span> <span class="meaning">wages, reward, income, penalty, rent</span> <span class="note">oblique stem <span class="orthography" lang="">merced-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4077" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4078" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercede</span> <span class="meaning">compensation, merit, pity, mercy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4079" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4080" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">merchede</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4081" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4082" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">merci</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4083" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4084" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">merced</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4085" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Merced</span> </li> <li id="4086" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">María de las Mercedes</span> <span class="meaning">Mary of the Mercies</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4087" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Mercedes</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4088" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Mercédès</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4089" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercedes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4089" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercedes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4090" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">vuestra merced</span> <span class="meaning">honorific: your mercy, your grace</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4091" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">usted</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4092" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercenarius</span> <span class="meaning">hired, mercenary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4093" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercenary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4094" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">commercium</span> <span class="meaning">trade, commerce, exchange</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4095" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4096" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">commercio</span> <span class="meaning">commerce, trade, market</span> </li> <li id="4097" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sicilian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="scn-Latn">cummerciu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4098" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Maltese</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="mlt-Latn">kummerċ</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4099" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">commerce</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4100" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">commerce</span> </li> <li id="4101" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">comerț</span> <span class="meaning">commerce, trade</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4102" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">κομμέρκιον</span> <span class="transliteration">kommérkion</span> <span class="meaning">trade, traffic, commerce, customs, revenue</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4103" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">كمرك</span> <span class="transliteration">gümrük</span> <span class="meaning">custom house, customs, tariff</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4104" class="turkic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">gümrük</span> <span class="meaning">custom house, duty, tariff</span> </li> <li id="4105" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">جمرك</span> <span class="transliteration">jumruk</span> <span class="meaning">customs</span> </li> <li id="4106" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">گمرک</span> <span class="transliteration">gomrok</span> <span class="meaning">customs</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4107" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">comercio</span> <span class="meaning">trade, shop</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4108" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercari</span> <span class="meaning">to trade, to sell</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4109" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4110" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mercar</span> <span class="meaning">to buy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4111" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercans</span> <span class="note">oblique stem <span class="orthography" lang="">mercant-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4112" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4113" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercante</span> <span class="meaning">merchant, dealer, trader</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4114" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4115" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mercante</span> <span class="meaning">merchant</span> </li> <li id="4116" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4117" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marchand</span> <span class="meaning">vendor, merchant</span> </li> <li id="4118" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">merchant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4119" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercatus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4120" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4121" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercato</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4122" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4123" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">mercadu</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4124" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4125" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mercado</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4126" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Late Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">marcatus</span> <span class="note">late variant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4127" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4128" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marchié(t)</span> <span class="meaning">market, marketplace</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4129" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marché</span> </li> <li id="4130" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">market</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4131" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">मार्केट</span> <span class="transliteration">mārkeṭ</span> <span class="meaning">market, mall</span> </li> <li id="4132" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">マーケット</span> <span class="transliteration">māketto</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> <li id="4133" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">marqueta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4134" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*markat</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4135" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*markat</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4136" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">markt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4137" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mart</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4138" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4139" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Markt</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> <li id="4140" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">jarmarkat</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> <span class="note">lit. "year-market"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4141" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Jahrmarkt</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4142" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">jarmark</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </li> <li id="4143" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">jarmark</span> <span class="meaning">fair, bazaar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4144" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">ярмарка</span> <span class="transliteration">jarmarka</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4145" class="turkic borrowing"> <span class="language turkic">Kazakh</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="kaz-Cyrl">жәрмеңке</span> <span class="transliteration">järmeñke</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4146" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">ярмарок</span> <span class="transliteration">jarmarok</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4147" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">iarmaroc</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4148" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">markaðr</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4149" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">marked</span> <span class="meaning">market, fair, emporium</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4150" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">markaður</span> <span class="meaning">market, marketplace, fair</span> </li> <li id="4151" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">margadh</span> <span class="meaning">market, bargain, argreement</span> </li> <li id="4152" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">marchnad</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4071" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Mercurius</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4154" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercury</span> </li> <li id="4155" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*Merxür</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday, Mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4156" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Mercher</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday, Mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4157" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">dydd Mercher</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4158" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dies Mercurii</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4159" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4160" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercoledì</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4161" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4162" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">Njercuri</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> <li id="4163" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">miercuri</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4164" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4165" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">mélcuris</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4166" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4167" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mercredi</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> <li id="4168" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">miércoles</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4972" class="germanic parent calque"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*wōdanas dag</span> <span class="meaning">Odin's Day, Wednesday</span> <span class="note">calque of Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">dies Mercurii</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4959" class="germanic parent calque"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">óðinsdagr</span> <span class="meaning">Odin's Day, Wednesday</span> <span class="note">calque of West Germanic <span class="transliteration">*Wōdanas dag</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4960" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">onsdag</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4973" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">wōdnesdæġ</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4974" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Wodnesdai</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4975" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="transliteration">*wēdnesdæġ</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4976" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Wednesdei</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4977" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4978" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">Wenerei</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4979" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*wuodenesdag</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4980" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">woensdag</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4968" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">Woen</span> <span class="note">partially back-formed from <span class="orthography" lang="nld-Latn">woensdag</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4169" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercurius</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4170" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4171" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">mercwri</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4172" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mercure</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4173" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*mercuriāgo</span> <span class="meaning">annual mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4174" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4175" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">melcoratge</span> <span class="meaning">annual mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4236" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*merǵ-</span> <span class="meaning">to divide, boundary, border</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4237" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*mérǵs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4068" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*merks</span> <span class="note">dative <span class="transliteration">*merkei</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4069" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Faliscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xfa-Ital">𐌌𐌄𐌓𐌂𐌖𐌉</span> <span class="transliteration">Mercui</span> <span class="meaning">a divine name</span> <span class="note">dative</span> </li> <li id="4070" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Oscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osc-Ital">𐌌𐌉𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌖𐌉</span> <span class="transliteration">Mirikui</span> <span class="meaning">probably a divine name</span> <span class="note">dative</span> </li> <li id="4071" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Mercurius</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4154" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercury</span> </li> <li id="4155" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*Merxür</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday, Mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4156" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Mercher</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday, Mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4157" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">dydd Mercher</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4158" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dies Mercurii</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4159" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4160" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercoledì</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4161" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4162" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">Njercuri</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> <li id="4163" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">miercuri</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4164" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4165" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">mélcuris</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4166" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4167" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mercredi</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> <li id="4168" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">miércoles</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4972" class="germanic parent calque"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*wōdanas dag</span> <span class="meaning">Odin's Day, Wednesday</span> <span class="note">calque of Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">dies Mercurii</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4959" class="germanic parent calque"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">óðinsdagr</span> <span class="meaning">Odin's Day, Wednesday</span> <span class="note">calque of West Germanic <span class="transliteration">*Wōdanas dag</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4960" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">onsdag</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4973" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">wōdnesdæġ</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4974" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Wodnesdai</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4975" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="transliteration">*wēdnesdæġ</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4976" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Wednesdei</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4977" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4978" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">Wenerei</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4979" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*wuodenesdag</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4980" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">woensdag</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4968" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">Woen</span> <span class="note">partially back-formed from <span class="orthography" lang="nld-Latn">woensdag</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4169" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercurius</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4170" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4171" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">mercwri</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4172" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mercure</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4173" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*mercuriāgo</span> <span class="meaning">annual mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4174" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4175" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">melcoratge</span> <span class="meaning">annual mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4072" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">merx</span> <span class="meaning">merchandise, commodity</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4073" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4074" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">merce</span> <span class="meaning">goods, products</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4075" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Basque</span> <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">merke</span> <span class="meaning">cheap</span> </li> <li id="4076" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">merces</span> <span class="meaning">wages, reward, income, penalty, rent</span> <span class="note">oblique stem <span class="orthography" lang="">merced-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4077" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4078" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercede</span> <span class="meaning">compensation, merit, pity, mercy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4079" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4080" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">merchede</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4081" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4082" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">merci</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4083" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4084" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">merced</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4085" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Merced</span> </li> <li id="4086" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">María de las Mercedes</span> <span class="meaning">Mary of the Mercies</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4087" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Mercedes</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4088" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Mercédès</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4089" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercedes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4089" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercedes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4090" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">vuestra merced</span> <span class="meaning">honorific: your mercy, your grace</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4091" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">usted</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4092" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercenarius</span> <span class="meaning">hired, mercenary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4093" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercenary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4094" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">commercium</span> <span class="meaning">trade, commerce, exchange</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4095" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4096" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">commercio</span> <span class="meaning">commerce, trade, market</span> </li> <li id="4097" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sicilian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="scn-Latn">cummerciu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4098" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Maltese</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="mlt-Latn">kummerċ</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4099" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">commerce</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4100" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">commerce</span> </li> <li id="4101" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">comerț</span> <span class="meaning">commerce, trade</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4102" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">κομμέρκιον</span> <span class="transliteration">kommérkion</span> <span class="meaning">trade, traffic, commerce, customs, revenue</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4103" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">كمرك</span> <span class="transliteration">gümrük</span> <span class="meaning">custom house, customs, tariff</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4104" class="turkic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">gümrük</span> <span class="meaning">custom house, duty, tariff</span> </li> <li id="4105" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">جمرك</span> <span class="transliteration">jumruk</span> <span class="meaning">customs</span> </li> <li id="4106" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">گمرک</span> <span class="transliteration">gomrok</span> <span class="meaning">customs</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4107" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">comercio</span> <span class="meaning">trade, shop</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4108" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercari</span> <span class="meaning">to trade, to sell</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4109" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4110" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mercar</span> <span class="meaning">to buy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4111" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercans</span> <span class="note">oblique stem <span class="orthography" lang="">mercant-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4112" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4113" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercante</span> <span class="meaning">merchant, dealer, trader</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4114" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4115" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mercante</span> <span class="meaning">merchant</span> </li> <li id="4116" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4117" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marchand</span> <span class="meaning">vendor, merchant</span> </li> <li id="4118" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">merchant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4119" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercatus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4120" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4121" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercato</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4122" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4123" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">mercadu</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4124" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4125" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mercado</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4126" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Late Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">marcatus</span> <span class="note">late variant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4127" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4128" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marchié(t)</span> <span class="meaning">market, marketplace</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4129" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marché</span> </li> <li id="4130" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">market</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4131" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">मार्केट</span> <span class="transliteration">mārkeṭ</span> <span class="meaning">market, mall</span> </li> <li id="4132" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">マーケット</span> <span class="transliteration">māketto</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> <li id="4133" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">marqueta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4134" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*markat</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4135" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*markat</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4136" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">markt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4137" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mart</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4138" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4139" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Markt</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> <li id="4140" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">jarmarkat</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> <span class="note">lit. "year-market"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4141" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Jahrmarkt</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4142" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">jarmark</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </li> <li id="4143" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">jarmark</span> <span class="meaning">fair, bazaar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4144" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">ярмарка</span> <span class="transliteration">jarmarka</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4145" class="turkic borrowing"> <span class="language turkic">Kazakh</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="kaz-Cyrl">жәрмеңке</span> <span class="transliteration">järmeñke</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4146" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">ярмарок</span> <span class="transliteration">jarmarok</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4147" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">iarmaroc</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4148" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">markaðr</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4149" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">marked</span> <span class="meaning">market, fair, emporium</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4150" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">markaður</span> <span class="meaning">market, marketplace, fair</span> </li> <li id="4151" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">margadh</span> <span class="meaning">market, bargain, argreement</span> </li> <li id="4152" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">marchnad</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4238" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*mórǵs</span> <span class="meaning">frontier, border</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4239" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*mrogis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4240" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*broɣ</span> <span class="meaning">country, region, territory</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4241" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">bro</span> <span class="meaning">region, country, nieghborhood, border, limit, boundary</span> </li> <li id="4242" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*kömroɣ</span> <span class="meaning">compatriot</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4243" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Cumbric</span> <span class="transliteration">*Cumbri</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4244" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Cumbria</span> </li> <li id="4245" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Cumberland</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4246" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Cymry</span> </li> <li id="4247" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Cymro</span> </li> <li id="4248" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Medieval Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Cambria</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4249" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Cambria</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4250" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Cambrian</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4251" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration">*brogis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4252" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration">*Allobrogis</span> <span class="meaning">Foreginers, Exiles</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4253" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ἀλλόβριγες</span> <span class="transliteration">Allobriges</span> </li> <li id="4254" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Allobroges</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4255" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration">*brogilos</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4256" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4257" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">breuil</span> <span class="meaning">copse, grove</span> </li> <li id="4258" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Brühl</span> <span class="meaning">meadow</span> </li> <li id="4259" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">brolo</span> <span class="meaning">vegetable garden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4260" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">mruig</span> <span class="meaning">march, borderland, country, territory</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4261" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">brugh</span> <span class="meaning">district, mansion, castle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4262" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*marȷ́iš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4263" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*marȷjiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4264" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration">marəza</span> <span class="meaning">frontier</span> </li> <li id="4265" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4266" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4267" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭬𐭫𐭢</span> <span class="transliteration">marz⁠</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4268" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">مرز</span> <span class="transliteration">marz</span> <span class="meaning">border, frontier, region</span> </li> <li id="4269" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">մարզ</span> <span class="transliteration">marz</span> <span class="meaning">region</span> </li> <li id="4270" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭬𐭫𐭢𐭯𐭠𐭭</span> <span class="transliteration">marzban⁠</span> <span class="meaning">border guard, marzban</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4271" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">مرزبان</span> <span class="transliteration">marzbân</span> <span class="meaning">border guard, marzban</span> </li> <li id="4272" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">مرزبان</span> <span class="transliteration">marzubān</span> </li> <li id="4273" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">մարզպան</span> <span class="transliteration">marzpan</span> </li> <li id="4274" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">marzban</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4275" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">morǵeh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4276" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*markō</span> <span class="meaning">border, boundary, region, area</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4277" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4278" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰</span> <span class="transliteration">marka</span> <span class="meaning">border, region, coast</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4279" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*marku</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4280" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">mǫrk</span> <span class="meaning">borderland, woodland, forest</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4281" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">mark</span> <span class="meaning">field</span> </li> <li id="4282" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">mörk</span> <span class="meaning">woodland, forest, borderland</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4283" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmq-Runr">ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛗᚨᚱᚲᛁᛉ</span> <span class="transliteration">aljamarkiʀ</span> <span class="meaning">foreigner</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4284" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4285" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">mearc</span> <span class="meaning">boundary, limit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4286" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mark</span> </li> <li id="4287" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Mierċe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4288" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4289" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*marku</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4290" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">mark</span> <span class="meaning">march, border region</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4291" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">markgraaf</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4292" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">margrave</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4293" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marche</span> <span class="meaning">boundary, border region</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4294" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marche</span> </li> <li id="4295" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">march</span> </li> <li id="4296" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marchis</span> <span class="meaning">marquis, border-lord</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4297" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marquis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4298" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">marquis</span> </li> <li id="4299" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">marquess</span> </li> <li id="4300" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marquise</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4301" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">marquise</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4302" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">marquee</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4298" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">marquis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4303" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marchion</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4304" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marchionissa</span> <span class="meaning">marchioness, wife of a border-lord</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4305" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">marchioness</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4306" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*markōmann(ô)</span> </li> <li id="4307" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">margo</span> <span class="note">accusative <span class="orthography" lang="">marginem</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4308" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4309" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">margine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4310" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4311" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4312" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marge</span> <span class="meaning">margin, border</span> </li> <li id="4313" class="germanic borrowing possible"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">margin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4314" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osp-Latn">marzen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4315" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">marcen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4313" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">margin</span> </li> <li id="4316" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osp-Latn">marjen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4317" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">margen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4318" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">margines</span> <span class="meaning">margin</span> <span class="note">from the Latin plural</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4319" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">маргіне́с</span> <span class="transliteration">marhinés</span> <span class="meaning">margin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4320" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">morǵóm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4321" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*marką</span> <span class="meaning">mark, sign, stamp</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4322" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4323" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">mǫrk</span> <span class="meaning">mark (unit of weight or value)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4324" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">mark</span> <span class="meaning">mark (unit of weight or value)</span> </li> <li id="4325" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">mörk</span> <span class="meaning">mark (unit of weight)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4326" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4327" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">mearc</span> <span class="meaning">mark, sign, character</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4328" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mark</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4329" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4330" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">​​merk</span> <span class="meaning">mark, logo, brand</span> </li> <li id="4331" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marc</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4332" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marc</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4333" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*markōną</span> <span class="meaning">to mark, to notice</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4334" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4335" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">marka</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4336" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">marka</span> <span class="meaning">to mark, to notice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4337" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*markōn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4338" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">mearcian</span> <span class="meaning">to mark</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4339" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mark</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4340" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*markōn</span> <span class="meaning">to mark out, to press a footprint into</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4341" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marchier</span> <span class="meaning">to walk, to travel by foot</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4342" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marcher</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4343" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marc</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4344" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">march</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4345" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">markon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4346" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*markijaną</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4347" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4348" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">merkja</span> <span class="meaning">to mark, to notice</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4349" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">merkja</span> <span class="meaning">to mark, to label, to mean, to notice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4350" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*markijan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4351" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*merken</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4352" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">merken</span> <span class="meaning">to mark, to notice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4353" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">merken</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4354" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">merken</span> <span class="meaning">to notice, to realize, to memorize</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4176" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*mer-</span> <span class="meaning">to assign, to allot</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="4177" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*merti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4178" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*maren-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4179" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">marr</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4180" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4181" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Hittite</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hit-Xsux">𒈥𒀝𒍣</span> <span class="transliteration">mar-ak-zi</span> <span class="meaning">to cut up, to divide, to separate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4182" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*méryeti</span> <span class="note">ye imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4183" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*méřřomai</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4184" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μείρομαι</span> <span class="meaning">I receive my portion</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4185" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*mréh₁yeti</span> <span class="note">iterative, causative, or intensive verb</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4186" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*merēzi</span> <span class="meaning">to deserve</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4187" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Faliscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xfa-Ital">mereto</span> <span class="meaning">derserved</span> </li> <li id="4188" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">merere</span> <span class="meaning">to deserve, to merit, to earn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4189" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">meritum</span> <span class="meaning">merit, service, value</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4190" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4191" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">merite</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4192" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mérite</span> <span class="meaning">merit</span> </li> <li id="4193" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">merit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4194" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">merenda</span> <span class="meaning">light evening meal, afternoon lunch</span> <span class="note">"that which should be earned"?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4195" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4196" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">marianda</span> <span class="meaning">light meal, snack</span> </li> <li id="4197" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">merenda</span> <span class="meaning">snack, tea, picnic, break</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4198" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4199" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">merinde</span> <span class="meaning">food, especially packed for work or travelling</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4200" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4201" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marende</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4202" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Bourguignon</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frp-Latn">mairande</span> <span class="meaning">food</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4203" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Romansh</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marenda</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4204" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Marend</span> <span class="meaning">afternoon snack</span> <span class="note">dialectal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4205" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">merienda</span> <span class="meaning">afternoon snack, tea</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4206" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">meryenda</span> <span class="meaning">snack</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4207" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">emerere</span> <span class="meaning">to earn, to gain by service, to serve one's time</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4208" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">emeritus</span> <span class="meaning">having been earned, having served, having served one's time</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4209" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">emeritus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4210" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*méros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4211" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*méros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4212" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μέρος</span> <span class="transliteration">méros</span> <span class="meaning">part, component, region, (one's) turn, destiny</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4213" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*móros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4214" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*móros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4215" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μόρος</span> <span class="transliteration">móros</span> <span class="meaning">fate, doom, death, corpse</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4216" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*mórih₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4217" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*móřřa</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4218" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μοῖρα</span> <span class="transliteration">moîra</span> <span class="meaning">part, portion, degree, destiny</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4219" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Μοῖραι</span> <span class="transliteration">Moîrai</span> <span class="meaning">the Fates</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4220" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Moirae</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4221" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">mr̥stós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4222" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*marstos</span> <span class="meaning">fate, untimely death</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4223" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4224" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="wlm-Latn">marth</span> <span class="meaning">sorrow, disgrace</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4225" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4226" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">mairt</span> <span class="meaning">violent death, massacre</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4227" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*merk-</span> <span class="note">root extension</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4228" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*mérks</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4068" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*merks</span> <span class="note">dative <span class="transliteration">*merkei</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4069" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Faliscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xfa-Ital">𐌌𐌄𐌓𐌂𐌖𐌉</span> <span class="transliteration">Mercui</span> <span class="meaning">a divine name</span> <span class="note">dative</span> </li> <li id="4070" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Oscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osc-Ital">𐌌𐌉𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌖𐌉</span> <span class="transliteration">Mirikui</span> <span class="meaning">probably a divine name</span> <span class="note">dative</span> </li> <li id="4071" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Mercurius</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4154" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercury</span> </li> <li id="4155" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*Merxür</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday, Mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4156" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Mercher</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday, Mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4157" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">dydd Mercher</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4158" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dies Mercurii</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4159" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4160" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercoledì</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4161" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4162" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">Njercuri</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> <li id="4163" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">miercuri</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4164" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4165" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">mélcuris</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4166" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4167" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mercredi</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> <li id="4168" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">miércoles</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4972" class="germanic parent calque"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*wōdanas dag</span> <span class="meaning">Odin's Day, Wednesday</span> <span class="note">calque of Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">dies Mercurii</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4959" class="germanic parent calque"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">óðinsdagr</span> <span class="meaning">Odin's Day, Wednesday</span> <span class="note">calque of West Germanic <span class="transliteration">*Wōdanas dag</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4960" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">onsdag</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4973" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">wōdnesdæġ</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4974" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Wodnesdai</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4975" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="transliteration">*wēdnesdæġ</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4976" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Wednesdei</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4977" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4978" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">Wenerei</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4979" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*wuodenesdag</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4980" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">woensdag</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4968" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">Woen</span> <span class="note">partially back-formed from <span class="orthography" lang="nld-Latn">woensdag</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4169" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercurius</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4170" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4171" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">mercwri</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4172" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mercure</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4173" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*mercuriāgo</span> <span class="meaning">annual mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4174" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4175" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">melcoratge</span> <span class="meaning">annual mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4072" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">merx</span> <span class="meaning">merchandise, commodity</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4073" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4074" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">merce</span> <span class="meaning">goods, products</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4075" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Basque</span> <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">merke</span> <span class="meaning">cheap</span> </li> <li id="4076" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">merces</span> <span class="meaning">wages, reward, income, penalty, rent</span> <span class="note">oblique stem <span class="orthography" lang="">merced-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4077" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4078" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercede</span> <span class="meaning">compensation, merit, pity, mercy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4079" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4080" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">merchede</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4081" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4082" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">merci</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4083" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4084" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">merced</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4085" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Merced</span> </li> <li id="4086" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">María de las Mercedes</span> <span class="meaning">Mary of the Mercies</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4087" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Mercedes</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4088" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Mercédès</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4089" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercedes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4089" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercedes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4090" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">vuestra merced</span> <span class="meaning">honorific: your mercy, your grace</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4091" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">usted</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4092" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercenarius</span> <span class="meaning">hired, mercenary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4093" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercenary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4094" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">commercium</span> <span class="meaning">trade, commerce, exchange</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4095" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4096" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">commercio</span> <span class="meaning">commerce, trade, market</span> </li> <li id="4097" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sicilian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="scn-Latn">cummerciu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4098" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Maltese</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="mlt-Latn">kummerċ</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4099" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">commerce</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4100" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">commerce</span> </li> <li id="4101" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">comerț</span> <span class="meaning">commerce, trade</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4102" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">κομμέρκιον</span> <span class="transliteration">kommérkion</span> <span class="meaning">trade, traffic, commerce, customs, revenue</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4103" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">كمرك</span> <span class="transliteration">gümrük</span> <span class="meaning">custom house, customs, tariff</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4104" class="turkic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">gümrük</span> <span class="meaning">custom house, duty, tariff</span> </li> <li id="4105" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">جمرك</span> <span class="transliteration">jumruk</span> <span class="meaning">customs</span> </li> <li id="4106" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">گمرک</span> <span class="transliteration">gomrok</span> <span class="meaning">customs</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4107" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">comercio</span> <span class="meaning">trade, shop</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4108" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercari</span> <span class="meaning">to trade, to sell</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4109" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4110" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mercar</span> <span class="meaning">to buy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4111" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercans</span> <span class="note">oblique stem <span class="orthography" lang="">mercant-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4112" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4113" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercante</span> <span class="meaning">merchant, dealer, trader</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4114" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4115" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mercante</span> <span class="meaning">merchant</span> </li> <li id="4116" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4117" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marchand</span> <span class="meaning">vendor, merchant</span> </li> <li id="4118" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">merchant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4119" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercatus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4120" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4121" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercato</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4122" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4123" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">mercadu</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4124" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4125" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mercado</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4126" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Late Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">marcatus</span> <span class="note">late variant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4127" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4128" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marchié(t)</span> <span class="meaning">market, marketplace</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4129" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marché</span> </li> <li id="4130" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">market</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4131" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">मार्केट</span> <span class="transliteration">mārkeṭ</span> <span class="meaning">market, mall</span> </li> <li id="4132" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">マーケット</span> <span class="transliteration">māketto</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> <li id="4133" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">marqueta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4134" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*markat</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4135" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*markat</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4136" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">markt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4137" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mart</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4138" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4139" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Markt</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> <li id="4140" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">jarmarkat</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> <span class="note">lit. "year-market"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4141" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Jahrmarkt</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4142" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">jarmark</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </li> <li id="4143" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">jarmark</span> <span class="meaning">fair, bazaar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4144" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">ярмарка</span> <span class="transliteration">jarmarka</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4145" class="turkic borrowing"> <span class="language turkic">Kazakh</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="kaz-Cyrl">жәрмеңке</span> <span class="transliteration">järmeñke</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4146" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">ярмарок</span> <span class="transliteration">jarmarok</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4147" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">iarmaroc</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4148" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">markaðr</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4149" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">marked</span> <span class="meaning">market, fair, emporium</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4150" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">markaður</span> <span class="meaning">market, marketplace, fair</span> </li> <li id="4151" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">margadh</span> <span class="meaning">market, bargain, argreement</span> </li> <li id="4152" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">marchnad</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/mercury.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/mercury.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4977">Wednesday</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4328">mark</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4170">mercury</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4193">merit</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4274">marzban</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4089">Mercedes</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4093">mercenary</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4083">mercy</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4339">mark</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4085">Merced</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4100">commerce</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4344">march</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4130">market</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4299">marquess</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4301">marquise</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4250">Cambrian</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4305">marchioness</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4137">mart</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4249">Cambria</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4220">Moirae</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4244">Cumbria</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4245">Cumberland</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4118">merchant</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4286">mark</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4154">Mercury</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4209">emeritus</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4288">Mercia</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4292">margrave</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4302">marquee</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4295">march</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4313">margin</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#4298">marquis</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*mer-</span>: "to assign, to allot" is sometimes reconstructed as <span class="transliteration">*(s)mer-</span>, based on the Greek perfective <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἔμμορε</span> <span class="transliteration">émmore</span> from a reconstructed reduplicative <span class="transliteration">*se-smór-e</span>. If so, it may be the same as <span class="transliteration">*(s)mer-</span>: "to think about, to care for, to remember" (whence also reduplicated <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">memoria</span>), where there is more evidence for the s-mobile. Indo-Iranian has a well attested <span class="transliteration">*smárati</span> verb, but some descendants are clearly "to remember, to think of" and others more blur the boundary into meanings like "to count, to account for".</p> <p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*mer-</span>: "to assign, to allot" (and/or <span class="transliteration">*(s)mer-</span>) may be related to <span class="transliteration">*mer-</span>: "to die" and/or some of its descendants may be semantically mixed with or properly belong to <span class="transliteration">*mer-</span>: "to die", e.g. Classical Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">μόρος</span> <span class="transliteration">móros</span>: "fate, doom, death, corpse" and Celtic <span class="transliteration">*marstos</span>: "fate, untimely death".</p> </li> </ol> 2024-09-13T00:00:00-07:002024-09-13T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2024-09-13:/word-family-eye.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>One neat discovery in this family is that English has words from three different compoundings of <span class="transliteration">*h₃ekʷ-</span> with <span class="transliteration">*h₂énti</span>: "opposite, near, in front" three different times: compounded in Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂énti-h₃kʷós</span> goes through Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">antiquus</span> to give <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">antique</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">antic</span>; compounded again in Late Latin as <span class="transliteration">*anteocularis</span> it goes through …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>One neat discovery in this family is that English has words from three different compoundings of <span class="transliteration">*h₃ekʷ-</span> with <span class="transliteration">*h₂énti</span>: "opposite, near, in front" three different times: compounded in Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂énti-h₃kʷós</span> goes through Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">antiquus</span> to give <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">antique</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">antic</span>; compounded again in Late Latin as <span class="transliteration">*anteocularis</span> it goes through Old French <span class="orthography" lang="fro-Latn">antoillier</span> to give <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">antler</span>; and finally compounded in scientific English of Greek roots as <span class="orthography" lang="">anti-optic</span>.</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-eye.html#172">eye</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#174">daisy</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#169">window</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#283">antique</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#337">antler</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#330">binocular</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#295">person</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="143" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₃ekʷ-</span> <span class="meaning">to see, eye, to eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="144" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₃ókʷs</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="145" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*aks</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="146" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="147" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">akìs</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="148" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="149" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">ackis</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="150" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ȍko</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="151" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="152" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">о́ко</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="153" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="154" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrs">око</span> <span class="transliteration">oko</span> <span class="meaning">eye, sight</span> </li> <li id="155" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">око</span> <span class="transliteration">oko</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="156" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="157" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">oko</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="158" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">oko</span> <span class="meaning">eye, sight</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="159" class="parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*agz?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="160" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*augô</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> <span class="note">modified by association with <span class="transliteration">*ausô</span>: "ear" from <span class="transliteration">*h₂ṓws</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="161" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="162" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉</span> <span class="transliteration">augō</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="163" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Crimean Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Latn">oeghene</span> <span class="meaning">eyes</span> <span class="note">only attested in plural</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="164" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="165" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">auga</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="166" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">øje</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="167" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">auga</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="168" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">vindauga</span> <span class="meaning">window</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="169" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">window</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="170" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*augā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="171" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēage</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="172" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">eye</span> </li> <li id="173" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">dæġes ēage</span> <span class="meaning">daisy</span> <span class="note">lit. "day's eye"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="174" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">daisy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="175" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*oga</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="176" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">oog</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="177" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ouga</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="178" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Auge</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="179" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">אויג</span> <span class="transliteration">oyg</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="180" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*augjaz</span> <span class="meaning">eyed, having eyes (of a certain type)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="181" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="182" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Proto-Norse</span> <span class="transliteration">augiʀ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="183" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Proto-Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Runr">ᚷᛚᛇᚨᚢᚷᛁᛉ</span> <span class="transliteration">glïaugiʀ</span> <span class="meaning">gleaming? eyed</span> </li> <li id="184" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">eygr</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="185" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*augijaną</span> <span class="meaning">to show, to cause to see</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="186" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="187" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration">augjan</span> <span class="meaning">to show</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="188" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="189" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">eygja</span> <span class="meaning">to eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="190" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">eygja</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="191" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="192" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">īewan</span> <span class="meaning">to show, to appear</span> </li> <li id="193" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> <span class="transliteration">ōgian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="194" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">ögen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="195" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">ögelen</span> <span class="note">frequentive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="196" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ogle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="197" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ókʷs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="27" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*áitʰō-ókʷs</span> <span class="note">"eye-burning"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αἶθοψ</span> <span class="transliteration">aîthops</span> <span class="meaning">gleaming, sparkling, blazing</span> </li> <li id="29" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀀𐀂𐀴𐀍𐀦</span> <span class="transliteration">a-i-ti-jo-qo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Αἰθίοψ</span> <span class="transliteration">Aithíops</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Αἰθιοπία</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="32" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Aethiopia</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Ethiopia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="34" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">ʻAikiopa</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="35" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Amharic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="amh-Ethi">ኢትዮጵያ</span> <span class="transliteration">ʾityop̣p̣ya</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="198" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὄψ</span> <span class="transliteration">óps</span> <span class="meaning">eye, face</span> </li> <li id="199" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὤψ</span> <span class="transliteration">ṓps</span> <span class="meaning">eye, face</span> </li> <li id="200" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὀφθαλμός</span> <span class="transliteration">ophthalmós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="201" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">οφθαλμός</span> <span class="transliteration">ofthalmós</span> <span class="meaning">eye, bud</span> </li> <li id="202" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ophthalmo-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="203" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hákš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="204" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hákṣ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="205" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*anHákṣ</span> <span class="note">"without eye"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="206" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Vedic Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah-vaidika">𑀅𑀦𑀓𑁆𑀱𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration">anákṣ</span> <span class="meaning">blind</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="207" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> <span class="transliteration">*ëk</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="208" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration">ak</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="209" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration">ek</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="210" class="tocharian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> <span class="transliteration">*tärrek</span> <span class="meaning">blind</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="211" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration">trak</span> <span class="meaning">blind</span> </li> <li id="212" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration">tärrek</span> <span class="meaning">blind</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="213" class="tocharian parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> <span class="transliteration">*tāpāki-</span> <span class="meaning">mirror</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="214" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration">tāpaki</span> <span class="meaning">mirror</span> </li> <li id="215" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration">tapākye</span> <span class="meaning">mirror</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="216" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₃ókʷih₁</span> <span class="meaning">eyes (dual)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="217" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*asī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="218" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">sy</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="219" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">աչք</span> <span class="transliteration">ačʻkʻ</span> <span class="meaning">eyes, sight</span> </li> <li id="220" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">óťťe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="221" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὄσσε</span> <span class="transliteration">ósse</span> <span class="meaning">eyes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="222" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*HáčiH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="223" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hákši</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="224" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hákṣi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="225" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">ákṣi</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="226" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Elu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="227" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Dhivehi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="div-Thaa">ލޮަ</span> <span class="transliteration">loa</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="228" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sinhala</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sin-Sinh">ඇස</span> <span class="transliteration">æsa</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="229" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="230" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">আঁখ</span> <span class="transliteration">ãkh</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="231" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="psu-Brah">𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">akkhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="232" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Madhya Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="233" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">आँख</span> <span class="transliteration">ā̃kh</span> <span class="meaning">eye, sight</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="234" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="235" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kashmiri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kas-Aran">أچھ</span> <span class="transliteration">ạch</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="236" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Punjabi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pan-Guru">ਅੱਖ</span> <span class="transliteration">akkh</span> <span class="meaning">eye, sight</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="237" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="238" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Romani</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rom-Latn">jakh</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="239" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">அக்கு</span> <span class="transliteration">akku</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="240" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Há(x)ši</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="241" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬀𐬱𐬌</span> <span class="transliteration">aši</span> <span class="meaning">eyes</span> </li> <li id="242" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="243" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="244" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">اش</span> <span class="transliteration">aš</span> <span class="meaning">-eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="245" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Nuristani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="246" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ashkun</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ask">aćĩ́</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="247" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kamviri</span> <span class="transliteration">ačé</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="248" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₁én-h₃ókʷih₁</span> <span class="meaning">in the (two) eyes, seen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="249" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="250" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration">yneś</span> <span class="meaning">obvious, real</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="251" class="tocharian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration">yneśaññe</span> <span class="meaning">the present, the current time</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="252" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₃ekʷō(n)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="253" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">ակն</span> <span class="transliteration">akn</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="254" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ակն</span> <span class="transliteration">akn</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="255" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*-h₃kʷos</span> <span class="note">combining form</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="256" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₁éni-h₃kʷos</span> <span class="meaning">face</span> <span class="note">lit. "in-eye"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="257" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*enīkʷom</span> <span class="meaning">face</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="258" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*eneb</span> <span class="meaning">face</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="259" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Old Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="owl-Latn">enep</span> <span class="meaning">surface, page</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="260" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Primitive Irish</span> <span class="transliteration">*ineqa-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="261" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Primitive Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="pgl-Ogam">ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ</span> <span class="transliteration">ineqaglas</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Green/Blue/Grey-Face</span> </li> <li id="262" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">enech</span> <span class="meaning">face, front, honor</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="263" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">oineach</span> <span class="meaning">honor, honorary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="264" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*eɸi-enīkʷom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="265" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*eieneb</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="266" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">wyneb</span> <span class="meaning">face</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="267" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*enōkʷā́</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="268" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἐνωπή</span> <span class="transliteration">enōpḗ</span> <span class="meaning">face</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="269" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*HániHkas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="270" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="271" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀦𑀻𑀓</span> <span class="transliteration">ánīka</span> <span class="meaning">face, appearance, front</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="272" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂énti-h₃kʷos</span> <span class="meaning">in front of the eye, before the eye, across from the eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="273" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="274" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="275" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀓</span> <span class="transliteration">antiká</span> <span class="meaning">near, close by, across from</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="276" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*antīkʷos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="277" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">antīquus</span> <span class="meaning">former, earlier, old</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="278" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="279" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">antico</span> <span class="meaning">old, ancient</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="280" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">antic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="281" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">antic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="282" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">antique</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="283" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">antique</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="284" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*préti-h₃kʷos</span> <span class="meaning">in front of the eye, towards the eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="285" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="286" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Archaic Ionic Greek</span> <span class="transliteration">*protiōpon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="287" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πρόσωπον</span> <span class="transliteration">prósōpon</span> </li> <li id="288" class="etruscan parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="etruscan"> <span class="language etruscan">Etruscan</span> <span class="orthography etruscan" lang="ett-Ital">𐌘𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌖</span> <span class="transliteration">φersu</span> <span class="meaning">mask, masked actor</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="289" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">persona</span> <span class="meaning">mask, character, role, personality, grammatical person</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="290" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="291" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">persona</span> <span class="meaning">person, someone, anyone</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="292" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="293" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">persone</span> <span class="meaning">person, individual, rector of a parish, someone</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="294" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">personne</span> <span class="meaning">person, grammatical person, no one, anyone</span> </li> <li id="295" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">person</span> </li> <li id="296" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">parson</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="297" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">persona</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="298" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">ペルソナ</span> <span class="transliteration">perusona</span> <span class="meaning">persona</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="299" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">personalis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="300" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">personal</span> </li> <li id="301" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">personnel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="302" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">personnel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="303" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="304" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="305" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀢𑀻𑀓</span> <span class="transliteration">prátīka</span> <span class="meaning">surface, form, appearance, image</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="306" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="307" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration">pratsāko</span> <span class="meaning">chest, breast</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="308" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₃ekʷelos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="309" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*okʷelos</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="310" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">oculus</span> <span class="meaning">eye, sight</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="311" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">oclus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="312" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="313" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">uaclo</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="314" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">occhio</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="315" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="316" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">oclju</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="317" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">ochi</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="318" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="319" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">ogru</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="320" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="321" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">ull</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="322" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">œil</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="323" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">trompe-l’œil</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="324" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">trompe l’oeil</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="325" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">ojo</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="326" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">oculus</span> </li> <li id="327" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ocularis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="328" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">oculaire</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="329" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">binoculaire</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="330" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">binocular</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="331" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">inoculare</span> <span class="meaning">to graft (an eye or bud) of one tree into another, to implant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="332" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">inoculate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="333" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*anteocularis</span> <span class="meaning">in front of the eyes</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="334" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="335" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">antoillier</span> <span class="meaning">antler, horn</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="336" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">andouiller</span> <span class="meaning">tine of an antler</span> </li> <li id="337" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">antler</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="338" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₃kʷtós</span> <span class="meaning">seen, visible</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="339" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="340" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὀπτός</span> <span class="transliteration">optós</span> <span class="meaning">seen, visible</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="341" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὀπτικός</span> <span class="transliteration">optikós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="342" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">opticus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="343" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">optic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="344" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anti-optic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="345" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₃ékʷtis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="346" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὄψις</span> <span class="transliteration">ópsis</span> <span class="meaning">view, sight, countenance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="347" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">όψη</span> <span class="transliteration">ópsi</span> <span class="meaning">appearance, aspect</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="348" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">σύνοψις</span> <span class="transliteration">súnopsis</span> <span class="meaning">seeing all together, general view, synopsis, estimate</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="349" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">synopsis</span> <span class="meaning">list, synopsis, overview</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="350" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">synopsis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="351" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*?-h₃ókʷo-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="352" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> <span class="transliteration">*sṓgʷos</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="353" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Hittite</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hit-Xsux">𒃲𒄭𒀀𒅖</span> <span class="transliteration">šakawiš</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="354" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Luwic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="355" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Cuneiform Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlu-Xsux">𒁕𒀀𒌋𒄿𒅖</span> <span class="transliteration">tāwīš⁠</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="356" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hlu-Hluw">𔑰‎𔗬</span> <span class="transliteration">ta-wa-</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="357" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Lycian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlc-Lyci">𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊁</span> <span class="transliteration">tewe</span> <span class="meaning">eyes</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="358" class="anatolian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Lycian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlc-Lyci">𐊑𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊚</span> <span class="transliteration">ñtewẽ</span> <span class="meaning">facing, opposite, towards</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/eye.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/eye.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-eye.html#332">inoculate</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#202">ophthalmo-</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#283">antique</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#337">antler</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#297">persona</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#330">binocular</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#172">eye</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#295">person</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#343">optic</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#296">parson</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#174">daisy</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#344">anti-optic</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#324">trompe l’oeil</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#169">window</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#300">personal</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#302">personnel</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#350">synopsis</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#196">ogle</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#280">antic</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#326">oculus</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#33">Ethiopia</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>In Tocharian <span class="transliteration">*tärrek</span>: "blind, blind person", the second element is <span class="transliteration">ek</span>: "eye", while the the first element is probably cognate to "stare". Compare West Germanic <span class="transliteration">*stareblind</span>: "completely blind", which gives Dutch <span class="orthography" lang="nld-Latn">staarblind</span>, Old English <span class="orthography" lang="ang-Latn">stæreblind</span>, and German <span class="orthography" lang="">Star</span>-deu-Latn: "cataract (eye disease)".</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p>Latin <span class="transliteration">*anteocularis</span>: "in front of the eyes"—Old French <span class="orthography" lang="fro-Latn">antoillier</span>: "antler, horn", English <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">antler</span>—effectively re-creates Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂énti-h₃kʷos</span>: "in front of the eye"—whence Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">antiquus</span>, <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">antique</span>.</p> </li> </ol> 2024-04-12T00:00:00-07:002024-04-12T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2024-04-12:/word-family-elm.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p><span class="transliteration">*h₁elmos</span>: "wych elm (Ulmus glabra)" shows up with identical meaning in all four of the Late Northwest branches, plus an Albanian with a slightly different meaning. It probably represents a LNW borrowing from an Eastern European substrate language, with Albanian borrowing the term separately from either the same or …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p><span class="transliteration">*h₁elmos</span>: "wych elm (Ulmus glabra)" shows up with identical meaning in all four of the Late Northwest branches, plus an Albanian with a slightly different meaning. It probably represents a LNW borrowing from an Eastern European substrate language, with Albanian borrowing the term separately from either the same or a closely related source.</p> <p>Since the Albanian has the form of a diminutive, Pre-Albanian could have had <span class="transliteration">*ulma</span> meaning "elm" and formed <span class="transliteration">*ulmzā</span> to mean a different tree, later the original word meaning "elm".</p> <p>I met a baby Elowen last week. After initially wondering if it was another example of <a href="/word-family-fiona.html"><span class="orthography" lang="">-wen</span></a>, I found that it was actually the singulative suffix <span class="orthography" lang="cor-Latn">-en</span> on <span class="orthography" lang="cor-Latn">elow</span>: "elms", like Welsh <span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">llwyfen</span>: "elm", <span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">llwyf</span>: "elms".</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-elm.html#90">limousine</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#112">elm</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#101">Alamo</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="46" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Eastern European substrate?</span> <span class="transliteration">*VlmV?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47" class="albanian parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*ulma</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="48" class="albanian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*ulmzā</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">ulzë</span> <span class="meaning">Tartar maple</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="50" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Northwest Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₁elmos</span> <span class="meaning">wych elm (Ulmus glabra)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="51" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*elemas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*jьlьmъ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="53" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">илемъ</span> <span class="transliteration">ilemŭ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="54" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">ильм</span> <span class="transliteration">ilʹm</span> <span class="meaning">elm, wych elm (Ulmus glabra)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="55" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slovene</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="slv-Cyrl">​​lìm</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">jilm</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="59" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*limos</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> <span class="note">from zero-grade <span class="transliteration">*h₁l̥mós</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="60" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*lluɨβ̃</span> <span class="meaning">elms</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="61" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Cornish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">elow</span> <span class="meaning">elms</span> </li> <li id="62" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">llwyf</span> <span class="meaning">elms</span> </li> <li id="63" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="64" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">(Forest of) Lyme</span> <span class="note">but not the River Lyme</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="65" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Audlem</span> </li> <li id="66" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Burslem</span> </li> <li id="67" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Lyme Park</span> </li> <li id="68" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Newcastle-under-Lyme</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="69" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*lluɨβ̃en</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> <span class="note">derived singulative</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="70" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Cornish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">elowen</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="71" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Cornish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">Elowen</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="72" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Elowen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="73" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">llwyfen</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="74" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">lem</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="75" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">lemán</span> <span class="note">originally a diminutive, but later just a noun-forming suffix</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="76" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">leamhán</span> <span class="meaning">elm tree</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="77" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration">*lemos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="78" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration">*Lēmouīcēs</span> <span class="meaning">ethnonym: Elm Vanquishers?</span> <span class="note">possibly referring to elm bows or spears</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="79" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Lemovices</span> <span class="meaning">a Gaulish tribe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="80" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">civitas Lemovicum</span> <span class="meaning">city of the Lemovices</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="81" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="82" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">Llemotges</span> </li> <li id="83" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Limoges</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="84" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Limoges</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="85" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Occitan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="oci-Latn">Limòtges</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="86" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">lemovicinus</span> <span class="meaning">of or related to the Lemovices</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="87" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="88" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">limousin(e)</span> <span class="meaning">of Limoges</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="89" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">limousin</span> <span class="note">cattle breed</span> </li> <li id="90" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">limousine</span> <span class="note">vehicle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="91" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">limo</span> </li> <li id="92" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">リムジン</span> <span class="transliteration">rimujin</span> <span class="meaning">limousine (vehicle)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="93" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">limousinage</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="94" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gallaecian</span> <span class="transliteration">*lemo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="95" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Asturian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ast-Latn">llamera</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="96" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*elmaz</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="97" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="98" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Vandalic</span> <span class="transliteration">*alms</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="99" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">álamo</span> <span class="meaning">white poplar, cottonwood</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="100" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Álamo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="101" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Alamo</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="102" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">alameda</span> <span class="meaning">poplar grove, street lined with trees</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="103" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Alameda</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="104" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Alameda</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="105" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="106" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">almr</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="107" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">álmur</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> <li id="108" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">elmi</span> <span class="meaning">elms</span> <span class="note">collective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="109" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="110" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="111" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="112" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="113" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="114" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">olm</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="115" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">elmo</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="116" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ulmaz?</span> <span class="note">from zero-grade <span class="transliteration">*h₁l̥mós</span>?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="117" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="118" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ulm</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="131" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Ulme</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="119" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*elmos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="120" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*olmus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="121" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ulmus</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="118" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ulm</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="131" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Ulme</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="122" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="123" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">olmo</span> <span class="meaning">elm, field elm (Ulmus minor)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="124" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">olmaria</span> <span class="meaning">meadowsweet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="125" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="126" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">ulm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="127" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="128" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">olme</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="129" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">orme</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="130" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">olmo</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="132" class="large borrowing"> <span class="language large">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography large" lang="mul-Latn">Ulmus</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic genus of elm trees</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="133" class="kartvelian borrowing possible"> <span class="language kartvelian">Laz</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="lzz-Geor">მულა</span> <span class="transliteration">mula</span> <span class="meaning">wych elm (Ulmus glabra)</span> <span class="note">metathesis of the substrate?</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/elm.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/elm.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-elm.html#72">Elowen</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#89">limousin</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#104">Alameda</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#91">limo</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#132">Ulmus</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#64">(Forest of) Lyme</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#90">limousine</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#65">Audlem</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#66">Burslem</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#67">Lyme Park</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#68">Newcastle-under-Lyme</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#112">elm</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#84">Limoges</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#101">Alamo</a></p> 2024-03-15T00:00:00-07:002024-03-15T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2024-03-15:/word-family-kai.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>A quick Austronesian word family inspired by my friend Kai's birthday: Malayo-Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*tasik</span>: "sea, coastal water, saltwater, tide" -> Hawaiʻian <span class="orthography" lang="haw-Latn">kai</span>: "sea, saltwater, coast, tide".</p> <p>The Oceanic compound <span class="transliteration">*taqu-tasi</span>: "expert sailor" (lit. "sea-able, sea-knowing") is such a cool word, I included Austronesian <span class="transliteration">*tsaqu</span>: "to know how, to be able", too …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>A quick Austronesian word family inspired by my friend Kai's birthday: Malayo-Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*tasik</span>: "sea, coastal water, saltwater, tide" -> Hawaiʻian <span class="orthography" lang="haw-Latn">kai</span>: "sea, saltwater, coast, tide".</p> <p>The Oceanic compound <span class="transliteration">*taqu-tasi</span>: "expert sailor" (lit. "sea-able, sea-knowing") is such a cool word, I included Austronesian <span class="transliteration">*tsaqu</span>: "to know how, to be able", too!</p> <p>Edited to add: In Moana 2 (Nov 2024), when Moana is addressed as <span class="orthography" lang="smo-Latn">tautai</span>: "master wayfinder", that is this compound.</p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="28844" class="austronesian parent"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*tasik</span> <span class="meaning">sea, coastal water, saltwater, tide</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28845" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Bornean</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28846" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Barito</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28847" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malagasy</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="mlg-Latn">taiky</span> <span class="meaning">sea</span> <span class="note">dialectic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28848" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Chamorro</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="cha-Latn">tasi</span> <span class="meaning">sea</span> </li> <li id="28849" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Kawi</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="kaw-Kawi">𑼡𑼱𑼶𑼒𑽁</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="kaw-Latn">tasik</span> <span class="meaning">sea, ocean</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28850" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Javanese</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="jav-Java">ꦠꦱꦶꦏ꧀</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="jav-Latn">tasik</span> <span class="meaning">sea, ocean</span> <span class="note">literary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28851" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Sumbawan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28852" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Bali</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ban-Latn">tasik</span> <span class="meaning">salt</span> </li> <li id="28853" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*tasik</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28854" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Iban</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="iba-Latn">tasik</span> <span class="meaning">sea</span> </li> <li id="28855" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">tasik</span> <span class="meaning">lake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28856" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Philippine</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*tasik</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28857" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Cebuano</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="bkd-Latn">tasik</span> <span class="meaning">brine</span> </li> <li id="28858" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">tasik</span> <span class="meaning">saltwater, brine, brining</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28859" class="parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Berau Gulf</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28860" class="diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Mor</span> <span class="orthography" lang="moq-Latn">ati</span> </li> <li id="28861" class="diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language">Kokoda</span> <span class="orthography" lang="xod-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">water</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28862" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Timoric</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28863" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Tetun</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tdt-Latn">tasi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28864" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Oceanic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*tasi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28865" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Admiralty Islands</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28866" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Loniu</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="los-Latn">tas</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28867" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Fijian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="fij-Latn">taci</span> </li> <li id="28868" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Fijian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="fij-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">coast, seashore</span> </li> <li id="28869" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Micronesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28870" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Kiribati</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="gil-Latn">tari</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28871" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*tai</span> <span class="meaning">sea, saltwater, tide</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28872" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Niuafoʻou</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="num-Latn">tai</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="num-Latn">tahi</span> <span class="meaning">sea, sea water, lagoon</span> </li> <li id="28873" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*tai</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28874" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*tai</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28875" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">tide, sea</span> </li> <li id="28876" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tokelauan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkl-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">sea, tide</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28877" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*tai</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28878" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Rapa Nui</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="rap-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">sea</span> </li> <li id="28879" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*tai</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28880" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">kai</span> <span class="meaning">sea, saltwater, coast, tide</span> </li> <li id="28881" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">sea, salt water, seaward</span> </li> <li id="28882" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*paka-tai</span> <span class="meaning">salt</span> <span class="note">lit. "dried salt water"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28883" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">paʻakai</span> <span class="meaning">salt</span> </li> <li id="28884" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">pakatai</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">paʻatai</span> <span class="meaning">salt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28885" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28886" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">sea</span> </li> <li id="28887" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">sea</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28888" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*kiri-a-tai</span> <span class="meaning">surface of the sea, horizon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28889" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28890" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">ʻilikai</span> <span class="meaning">surface of the sea, horizon, horizontal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28891" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28892" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">ʻiriātai</span> <span class="meaning">surface of the sea, horizon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28893" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*tafa-tai</span> <span class="meaning">seaside, coast, shore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28894" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28895" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tuvaluan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tvl-Latn">tafatai</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tvl-Latn">tafaatai</span> <span class="meaning">seashore</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28896" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*tahatai</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28897" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Rapa Nui</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="rap-Latn">tahatai</span> <span class="meaning">beach, shore</span> </li> <li id="28898" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28899" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">kahakai</span> <span class="meaning">beach, shore</span> </li> <li id="28900" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">taha tai</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">tahatai</span> <span class="meaning">seaside, beach</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28901" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28902" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">tahatai</span> <span class="meaning">shore</span> </li> <li id="28903" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">tahatai</span> <span class="meaning">seaside</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28904" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*pale-tai</span> <span class="meaning">foredeck, splashboards</span> <span class="note">lit. "sea-guard"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28905" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*pale</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28906" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">pale</span> <span class="meaning">bow of a canoe</span> </li> <li id="28907" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tuvaluan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tvl-Latn">pale-galu</span> <span class="meaning">foredeck, splashboards</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28908" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*pale-tai</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28909" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28910" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">pale kai</span> <span class="meaning">railing on a ship, breakwater</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28911" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28912" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">pare-tai</span> <span class="meaning">splashboards</span> </li> <li id="28913" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">paretai</span> <span class="meaning">a refuge at sea, to take refuge at sea</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28914" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Outlier Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28915" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Anuta</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="aud-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">water over a reef</span> </li> <li id="28916" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Takuu</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="nho-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">sea, tide, sea water</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28917" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28918" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">tahi</span> <span class="meaning">sea, ocean, beach, tide</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28919" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*tai-tai</span> <span class="meaning">salty, brackish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28920" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28921" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28922" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tuvaluan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tvl-Latn">taitaia</span> <span class="meaning">salty, to smell of salt water, to be covered in salt water</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28923" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28924" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28925" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">taitai</span> <span class="meaning">salty, brackish, bitter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28926" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28927" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">mātaitai</span> <span class="meaning">salty, brackish</span> </li> <li id="28928" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">taitai</span> <span class="meaning">salty, brackish, bitter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28929" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28930" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">taitai</span> <span class="meaning">brackish</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28931" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*ŋaa-tai</span> <span class="meaning">seawards, at the sea, coast</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28932" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28933" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*ŋaa-tai</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28934" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">gaatai</span> <span class="meaning">towards the sea</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28935" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Outlier Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28936" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Anuta</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="aud-Latn">gatai</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="aud-Latn">gaatai</span> <span class="meaning">towards the sea</span> </li> <li id="28937" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Takuu</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="nho-Latn">naatai</span> <span class="meaning">flotsam</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28938" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Southeast Solomonic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28939" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Bughotu</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="bgt-Latn">tahi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28940" class="austronesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Oceanic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*taqu-tasi</span> <span class="meaning">sea-farer, expert sailor</span> <span class="note">lit. "sea-able, sea-knowing"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28941" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28942" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28943" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">toutai</span> <span class="meaning">fisherman</span> <span class="note">irregular vowel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28944" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28945" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28946" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">master fisherman, captain</span> </li> <li id="28947" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tokelauan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkl-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">master fisherman, captain, to steer, to direct</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28948" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28949" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28950" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">a fishing technique</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28951" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Outlier Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28952" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Anuta</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="aud-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">sea expert</span> </li> <li id="28953" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Takuu</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="nho-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">fishing leader, shark-fishing equipment</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28954" class="austronesian parent"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Austronesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*tsaqu</span> <span class="meaning">to know how, to be able</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28955" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Paiwan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="pwn-Latn">tsaqu</span> <span class="meaning">to know, to be able</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28956" class="austronesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Paiwan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="pwn-Latn">ki-tsaqu-an</span> <span class="meaning">to practice, to learn a skill</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28957" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*taqu</span> <span class="meaning">to know how, to be able</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28958" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Kawi</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="kaw-Kawi">𑼡𑼲𑼸</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="kaw-Latn">tahu</span> <span class="meaning">skilled, practiced, trained</span> </li> <li id="28959" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Sumbawan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28960" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Bali</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ban-Latn">tahu</span> </li> <li id="28961" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Chamic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*thɔw</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28962" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Aceh</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ace-Latn">thée</span> </li> <li id="28963" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Tsat</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="huq-Latn">tiawʔ³²</span> <span class="meaning">to know</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28964" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*tahu</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*tahuʔ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28965" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Iban</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="iba-Latn">tau</span> <span class="meaning">able, can, should</span> </li> <li id="28966" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">tahu</span> <span class="meaning">to know</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28967" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Philippine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28968" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Binukid</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="bkd-Latn">tatau</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28969" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Oceanic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*taqu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28970" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28971" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28972" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">tau</span> <span class="meaning">accustomed skill</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28973" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28974" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28975" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">tau</span> <span class="meaning">a familiar or habitual action</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28976" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28977" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Rapa Nui</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="rap-Latn">tau</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="rap-Latn">tautau</span> <span class="meaning">Beautiful, elegant, handsome, precious</span> </li> <li id="28978" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28979" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">tau</span> <span class="meaning">to be able, suitable</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28980" class="austronesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*ka-taqu</span> <span class="meaning">ability, skill, knowledge</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28981" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Philippine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28982" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Binukid</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="bkd-Latn">ka-tatau</span> <span class="meaning">ability, skill; wisdom, knowledge</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28983" class="austronesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*ka-taqu-an</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29006" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Kawi</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="kaw-Kawi">𑼒𑼡𑼁𑼮𑼁</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="kaw-Latn">katahwan</span> <span class="meaning">skilled, used to, familiar with</span> </li> <li id="29007" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Sumbawan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29008" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29009" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">pêngêtahuan</span> <span class="meaning">knowledge, intelligence</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28984" class="austronesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Austronesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*ma-Caqu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28985" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Paiwan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="pwn-Latn">ma-tsaqu</span> <span class="meaning">capable, skilled</span> </li> <li id="28986" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28940" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Oceanic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*taqu-tasi</span> <span class="meaning">sea-farer, expert sailor</span> <span class="note">lit. "sea-able, sea-knowing"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28941" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28942" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28943" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">toutai</span> <span class="meaning">fisherman</span> <span class="note">irregular vowel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28944" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28945" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28946" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">master fisherman, captain</span> </li> <li id="28947" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tokelauan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkl-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">master fisherman, captain, to steer, to direct</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28948" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28949" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28950" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">a fishing technique</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28951" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Outlier Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28952" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Anuta</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="aud-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">sea expert</span> </li> <li id="28953" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Takuu</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="nho-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">fishing leader, shark-fishing equipment</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28987" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Philippine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28988" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Binukid</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="bkd-Latn">ma-tatau</span> <span class="meaning">clever, wise, skilled</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28989" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Oceanic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*maa-taqu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28990" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Fijian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="fij-Latn">matasau</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="fij-Latn">masau</span> <span class="meaning">title of respect, master</span> </li> <li id="28991" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*maataqu</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*mataqu</span> <span class="meaning">to know, to understand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28992" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28993" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28994" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tokelauan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkl-Latn">mātau</span> <span class="meaning">knowledge, understanding</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28995" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28996" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28997" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">mākaukau</span> <span class="meaning">ready, able, competent, skilled</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28998" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28999" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> </li> <li id="29000" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">mātau</span> <span class="meaning">to know, to understand, knowledge</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29001" class="austronesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Austronesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*tsaqu-an</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29002" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Paiwan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="pwn-Latn">tsaqu-an</span> <span class="meaning">skill</span> </li> <li id="29003" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*taqu-an</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28983" class="austronesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*ka-taqu-an</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29006" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Kawi</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="kaw-Kawi">𑼒𑼡𑼁𑼮𑼁</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="kaw-Latn">katahwan</span> <span class="meaning">skilled, used to, familiar with</span> </li> <li id="29007" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Sumbawan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29008" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29009" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">pêngêtahuan</span> <span class="meaning">knowledge, intelligence</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29004" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Sumbawan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29005" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Bali</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ban-Latn">tawang</span> <span class="meaning">to see, to perceive, to know</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/kai.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/kai.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> 2024-03-08T00:00:00-08:002024-03-08T00:00:00-08:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2024-03-08:/word-family-peacock.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>I was very excited to realize <span class="transliteration">tawus</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">peacock</span> were related!</p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="Turkic_1" class="turkic parent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Turkic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tiakï</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Tungusic_2" class="tungusic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="tungusic"> <span class="language tungusic">Tungusic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tiaku</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Manchu_3" class="tungusic descent"> <span class="language tungusic">Manchu</span> <span class="orthography tungusic" lang="mnc-Mong">ᠴᠣᡴᠣ</span> <span class="transliteration">coko</span> <span class="meaning">chicken</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Turkic_4" class="turkic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Turkic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tiakïgu</span> <span class="meaning">hen, fowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Oghur_5" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Oghur</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Chuvash_6" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Chuvash</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="chv-Cyrl">чӑх</span> <span class="transliteration">čăh</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> <li id="Hungarian_7" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">tyúk</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="CommonTurkic_8" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Common Turkic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Oghuz_9" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Oghuz</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastOghuz_10" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">East Oghuz</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Turkmen_11" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Turkmen</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tuk">towuk</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestOghuz_12" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">West Oghuz</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Azerbaijani_13" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Azerbaijani</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="aze-Latn">toyuq</span> <span class="meaning">hen, chicken …</span></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>I was very excited to realize <span class="transliteration">tawus</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">peacock</span> were related!</p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="Turkic_1" class="turkic parent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Turkic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tiakï</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Tungusic_2" class="tungusic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="tungusic"> <span class="language tungusic">Tungusic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tiaku</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Manchu_3" class="tungusic descent"> <span class="language tungusic">Manchu</span> <span class="orthography tungusic" lang="mnc-Mong">ᠴᠣᡴᠣ</span> <span class="transliteration">coko</span> <span class="meaning">chicken</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Turkic_4" class="turkic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Turkic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tiakïgu</span> <span class="meaning">hen, fowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Oghur_5" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Oghur</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Chuvash_6" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Chuvash</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="chv-Cyrl">чӑх</span> <span class="transliteration">čăh</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> <li id="Hungarian_7" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">tyúk</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="CommonTurkic_8" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Common Turkic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Oghuz_9" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Oghuz</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastOghuz_10" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">East Oghuz</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Turkmen_11" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Turkmen</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tuk">towuk</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestOghuz_12" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">West Oghuz</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Azerbaijani_13" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Azerbaijani</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="aze-Latn">toyuq</span> <span class="meaning">hen, chicken</span> </li> <li id="OttomanTurkish_14" class="turkic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">طاوق</span> <span class="transliteration">tavuk</span> <span class="meaning">hen, fowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Turkish_15" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">tavuk</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Karluk_16" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Karluk</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Uyghur_17" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Uyghur</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="uig-Arab">توخۇ</span> <span class="transliteration">toxu</span> </li> <li id="Uzbek_18" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Uzbek</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="uzb-Latn">tovuq</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Kipchak_19" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Kipchak</span> <span class="transliteration">*tawuɣ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Tatar_20" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Tatar</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tat-Cyrl">тавык</span> <span class="transliteration">tawıq</span> <span class="meaning">hen, chicken</span> </li> <li id="Kazakh_21" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Kazakh</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="kaz-Cyrl">тауық</span> <span class="transliteration">tauyq</span> <span class="meaning">hen, chicken</span> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_22" class="hellenic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ταώς</span> <span class="transliteration">taṓs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_35" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">pavo</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="VulgarLatin_36" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*pawoneᵐ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_37" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_38" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">pavone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_39" class="italic parent derivative possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">pavana</span> <span class="meaning">pavane (dance)</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_40" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavana</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> <li id="French_41" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">pavane</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_42" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pavane</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italian_43" class="italic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">paone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <span class="note">variation</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="SerboCroatian_44" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">паун</span> <span class="transliteration">paun</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Sicilian_45" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sicilian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="scn-Latn">pagu(n)</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_46" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">παγώνι</span> <span class="transliteration">pagóni</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Maltese_47" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Maltese</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="mlt-Latn">pagun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="EasternRomance_48" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romanian_49" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">păun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="InsularRomance_50" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sardinian_51" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Campidanese_52" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Campidanese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="sro-Latn">poni</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Logudorese_53" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Logudorese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="src-Latn">paone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_54" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_55" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">paon</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Breton_56" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">paun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Welsh_57" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">paun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_58" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavón</span> <span class="meaning">peacock (archaic), emperor moth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_59" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavo</span> <span class="meaning">turkey, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_60" class="italic derivative"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavo real</span> <span class="meaning">peacock</span> <span class="note">lit. "royal peacock/turkey"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Lithuanian_61" class="baltoslavic borrowing possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">povas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, braggart</span> </li> <li id="Germanic_62" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwô</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthGermanic_63" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_64" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">pái</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_65" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">páfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_66" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">påfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_67" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">páfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_68" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_69" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">pāwa</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_70" class="large germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pea</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_71" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peafowl</span> </li> <li id="English_72" class="large germanic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hawaiʻian_73" class="austronesian polynesian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">pīkake</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, Arabian jasmine flower</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_74" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pikake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Irish_75" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">péacóg</span> <span class="meaning">peacock, peafowl, dandy</span> <span class="note">modified by association with diminutive suffix <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">-óg</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_76" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peahen</span> </li> <li id="English_77" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peachick</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_78" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_79" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">pauw</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_80" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">pfāwo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_81" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pfau</span> </li> <li id="Yiddish_82" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">פּאַווע</span> <span class="transliteration">pave</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_83" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="transliteration">pfāwelīn</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_84" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pfäulein</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </li> <li id="Estonian_85" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Estonian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="ekk-Latn">paabulind</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="EastSlavic_86" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_87" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">павлин​​</span> <span class="transliteration">pavlin</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, pheasant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Polish_88" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">paw</span> <span class="meaning">peacock, vomit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lithuanian_61" class="baltoslavic borrowing possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">povas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, braggart</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Aramaic_33" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="arc-Armi">𐡈𐡅𐡎𐡀</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭawsā</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_91" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">طاووس</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭāwūs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_92" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">tawûs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_93" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">Tawûsî Melek</span> <span class="meaning">Peacock Angel, Yazidi Archangel of the World</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_94" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Tawusi Melek</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Persian_95" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">طاووس</span> <span class="transliteration">tâwus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_96" class="indoiranian derivative"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">⁧تخت طاووس⁩</span> <span class="transliteration">taxt-e tâwus</span> <span class="meaning">the Peacock Throne</span> <span class="note">throne of the Mughal Emperors</span> </li> <li id="English_97" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">taus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Swahili_98" class="nigercongo borrowing"> <span class="language nigercongo">Swahili</span> <span class="orthography nigercongo" lang="swa-Latn">tausi</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Turkish_99" class="turkic borrowing"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">tavus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Mongolian_100" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mon-Mong">ᠲᠣᠭ᠋ᠤᠰ᠋</span> <span class="transliteration">toɣus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Manchu_101" class="tungusic borrowing possible"> <span class="language tungusic">Manchu</span> <span class="orthography tungusic" lang="mnc-Mong">ᡨᠣᠵᡳᠨ</span> <span class="transliteration">tojin</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <sup id="footnote-link-4-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hebrew_102" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Hebrew</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="heb-Hebr">טווס</span> <span class="transliteration">tavas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="SiberianTurkic_23" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Siberian Turkic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Khakas_24" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Khakas</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="kjh-Cyrl">таңах</span> <span class="transliteration">tañax</span> <span class="meaning">hen, chicken</span> </li> <li id="OldUyghur_25" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Old Uyghur</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="oui-Ougr">𐾀𐽰𐽲𐾄𐽶𐽳</span> <span class="transliteration">tʾqyγw</span> <span class="meaning">fowl, hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Mongolian_26" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="transliteration">*takiga</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Mongolian_27" class="derivative"> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="transliteration">*takixa</span> <span class="meaning">hen, fowl</span> </li> <li id="Khitan_28" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Khitan</span> <span class="orthography" lang="zkt-Kits">𘰺𘯛𘯺</span> <span class="transliteration">t.qo.a</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Tungusic_2" class="tungusic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="tungusic"> <span class="language tungusic">Tungusic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tiaku</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Manchu_3" class="tungusic descent"> <span class="language tungusic">Manchu</span> <span class="orthography tungusic" lang="mnc-Mong">ᠴᠣᡴᠣ</span> <span class="transliteration">coko</span> <span class="meaning">chicken</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="_30" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Tamil_31" class="dravidian borrowing possible"> <span class="language dravidian">Tamil</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tam-Taml">தோகை</span> <span class="transliteration">tōkai</span> <span class="meaning">plumage, feathers, tail of a peacock</span> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_22" class="hellenic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ταώς</span> <span class="transliteration">taṓs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_35" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">pavo</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="VulgarLatin_36" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*pawoneᵐ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_37" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_38" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">pavone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_39" class="italic parent derivative possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">pavana</span> <span class="meaning">pavane (dance)</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_40" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavana</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> <li id="French_41" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">pavane</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_42" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pavane</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italian_43" class="italic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">paone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <span class="note">variation</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="SerboCroatian_44" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">паун</span> <span class="transliteration">paun</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Sicilian_45" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sicilian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="scn-Latn">pagu(n)</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_46" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">παγώνι</span> <span class="transliteration">pagóni</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Maltese_47" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Maltese</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="mlt-Latn">pagun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="EasternRomance_48" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romanian_49" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">păun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="InsularRomance_50" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sardinian_51" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Campidanese_52" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Campidanese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="sro-Latn">poni</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Logudorese_53" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Logudorese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="src-Latn">paone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_54" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_55" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">paon</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Breton_56" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">paun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Welsh_57" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">paun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_58" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavón</span> <span class="meaning">peacock (archaic), emperor moth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_59" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavo</span> <span class="meaning">turkey, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_60" class="italic derivative"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavo real</span> <span class="meaning">peacock</span> <span class="note">lit. "royal peacock/turkey"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Lithuanian_61" class="baltoslavic borrowing possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">povas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, braggart</span> </li> <li id="Germanic_62" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwô</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthGermanic_63" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_64" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">pái</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_65" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">páfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_66" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">påfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_67" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">páfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_68" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_69" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">pāwa</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_70" class="large germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pea</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_71" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peafowl</span> </li> <li id="English_72" class="large germanic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hawaiʻian_73" class="austronesian polynesian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">pīkake</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, Arabian jasmine flower</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_74" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pikake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Irish_75" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">péacóg</span> <span class="meaning">peacock, peafowl, dandy</span> <span class="note">modified by association with diminutive suffix <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">-óg</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_76" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peahen</span> </li> <li id="English_77" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peachick</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_78" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_79" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">pauw</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_80" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">pfāwo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_81" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pfau</span> </li> <li id="Yiddish_82" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">פּאַווע</span> <span class="transliteration">pave</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_83" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="transliteration">pfāwelīn</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_84" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pfäulein</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </li> <li id="Estonian_85" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Estonian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="ekk-Latn">paabulind</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="EastSlavic_86" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_87" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">павлин​​</span> <span class="transliteration">pavlin</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, pheasant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Polish_88" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">paw</span> <span class="meaning">peacock, vomit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lithuanian_61" class="baltoslavic borrowing possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">povas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, braggart</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Aramaic_33" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="arc-Armi">𐡈𐡅𐡎𐡀</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭawsā</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_91" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">طاووس</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭāwūs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_92" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">tawûs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_93" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">Tawûsî Melek</span> <span class="meaning">Peacock Angel, Yazidi Archangel of the World</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_94" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Tawusi Melek</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Persian_95" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">طاووس</span> <span class="transliteration">tâwus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_96" class="indoiranian derivative"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">⁧تخت طاووس⁩</span> <span class="transliteration">taxt-e tâwus</span> <span class="meaning">the Peacock Throne</span> <span class="note">throne of the Mughal Emperors</span> </li> <li id="English_97" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">taus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Swahili_98" class="nigercongo borrowing"> <span class="language nigercongo">Swahili</span> <span class="orthography nigercongo" lang="swa-Latn">tausi</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Turkish_99" class="turkic borrowing"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">tavus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Mongolian_100" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mon-Mong">ᠲᠣᠭ᠋ᠤᠰ᠋</span> <span class="transliteration">toɣus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Manchu_101" class="tungusic borrowing possible"> <span class="language tungusic">Manchu</span> <span class="orthography tungusic" lang="mnc-Mong">ᡨᠣᠵᡳᠨ</span> <span class="transliteration">tojin</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <sup id="footnote-link-4-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hebrew_102" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Hebrew</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="heb-Hebr">טווס</span> <span class="transliteration">tavas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Aramaic_33" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="arc-Armi">𐡈𐡅𐡎𐡀</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭawsā</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_91" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">طاووس</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭāwūs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_92" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">tawûs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_93" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">Tawûsî Melek</span> <span class="meaning">Peacock Angel, Yazidi Archangel of the World</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_94" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Tawusi Melek</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Persian_95" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">طاووس</span> <span class="transliteration">tâwus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_96" class="indoiranian derivative"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">⁧تخت طاووس⁩</span> <span class="transliteration">taxt-e tâwus</span> <span class="meaning">the Peacock Throne</span> <span class="note">throne of the Mughal Emperors</span> </li> <li id="English_97" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">taus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Swahili_98" class="nigercongo borrowing"> <span class="language nigercongo">Swahili</span> <span class="orthography nigercongo" lang="swa-Latn">tausi</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Turkish_99" class="turkic borrowing"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">tavus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Mongolian_100" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mon-Mong">ᠲᠣᠭ᠋ᠤᠰ᠋</span> <span class="transliteration">toɣus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Manchu_101" class="tungusic borrowing possible"> <span class="language tungusic">Manchu</span> <span class="orthography tungusic" lang="mnc-Mong">ᡨᠣᠵᡳᠨ</span> <span class="transliteration">tojin</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <sup id="footnote-link-4-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hebrew_102" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Hebrew</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="heb-Hebr">טווס</span> <span class="transliteration">tavas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_22" class="hellenic parent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ταώς</span> <span class="transliteration">taṓs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_35" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">pavo</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="VulgarLatin_36" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*pawoneᵐ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_37" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_38" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">pavone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_39" class="italic parent derivative possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">pavana</span> <span class="meaning">pavane (dance)</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_40" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavana</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> <li id="French_41" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">pavane</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_42" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pavane</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italian_43" class="italic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">paone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <span class="note">variation</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="SerboCroatian_44" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">паун</span> <span class="transliteration">paun</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Sicilian_45" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sicilian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="scn-Latn">pagu(n)</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_46" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">παγώνι</span> <span class="transliteration">pagóni</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Maltese_47" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Maltese</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="mlt-Latn">pagun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="EasternRomance_48" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romanian_49" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">păun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="InsularRomance_50" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sardinian_51" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Campidanese_52" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Campidanese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="sro-Latn">poni</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Logudorese_53" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Logudorese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="src-Latn">paone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_54" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_55" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">paon</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Breton_56" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">paun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Welsh_57" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">paun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_58" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavón</span> <span class="meaning">peacock (archaic), emperor moth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_59" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavo</span> <span class="meaning">turkey, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_60" class="italic derivative"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavo real</span> <span class="meaning">peacock</span> <span class="note">lit. "royal peacock/turkey"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Lithuanian_61" class="baltoslavic borrowing possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">povas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, braggart</span> </li> <li id="Germanic_62" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwô</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthGermanic_63" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_64" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">pái</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_65" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">páfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_66" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">påfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_67" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">páfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_68" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_69" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">pāwa</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_70" class="large germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pea</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_71" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peafowl</span> </li> <li id="English_72" class="large germanic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hawaiʻian_73" class="austronesian polynesian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">pīkake</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, Arabian jasmine flower</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_74" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pikake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Irish_75" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">péacóg</span> <span class="meaning">peacock, peafowl, dandy</span> <span class="note">modified by association with diminutive suffix <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">-óg</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_76" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peahen</span> </li> <li id="English_77" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peachick</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_78" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_79" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">pauw</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_80" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">pfāwo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_81" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pfau</span> </li> <li id="Yiddish_82" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">פּאַווע</span> <span class="transliteration">pave</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_83" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="transliteration">pfāwelīn</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_84" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pfäulein</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </li> <li id="Estonian_85" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Estonian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="ekk-Latn">paabulind</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="EastSlavic_86" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_87" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">павлин​​</span> <span class="transliteration">pavlin</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, pheasant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Polish_88" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">paw</span> <span class="meaning">peacock, vomit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lithuanian_61" class="baltoslavic borrowing possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">povas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, braggart</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Aramaic_33" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="arc-Armi">𐡈𐡅𐡎𐡀</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭawsā</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_91" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">طاووس</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭāwūs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_92" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">tawûs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_93" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">Tawûsî Melek</span> <span class="meaning">Peacock Angel, Yazidi Archangel of the World</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_94" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Tawusi Melek</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Persian_95" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">طاووس</span> <span class="transliteration">tâwus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_96" class="indoiranian derivative"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">⁧تخت طاووس⁩</span> <span class="transliteration">taxt-e tâwus</span> <span class="meaning">the Peacock Throne</span> <span class="note">throne of the Mughal Emperors</span> </li> <li id="English_97" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">taus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Swahili_98" class="nigercongo borrowing"> <span class="language nigercongo">Swahili</span> <span class="orthography nigercongo" lang="swa-Latn">tausi</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Turkish_99" class="turkic borrowing"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">tavus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Mongolian_100" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mon-Mong">ᠲᠣᠭ᠋ᠤᠰ᠋</span> <span class="transliteration">toɣus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Manchu_101" class="tungusic borrowing possible"> <span class="language tungusic">Manchu</span> <span class="orthography tungusic" lang="mnc-Mong">ᡨᠣᠵᡳᠨ</span> <span class="transliteration">tojin</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <sup id="footnote-link-4-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hebrew_102" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Hebrew</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="heb-Hebr">טווס</span> <span class="transliteration">tavas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/peacock.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/peacock.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_42">pavane</a>, <a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_70">pea</a>, <a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_71">peafowl</a>, <a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_72">peacock</a>, <a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_74">pikake</a>, <a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_76">peahen</a>, <a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_77">peachick</a>, <a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_94">Tawusi Melek</a>, <a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_97">taus</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">pavo</span>: "peafowl" from Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ταώς</span> <span class="transliteration">taṓs</span>, the <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">v</span> is just an epenthetic glide between the <span class="transliteration">a</span> and <span class="transliteration">o</span>. The change from <span class="transliteration">t</span> to <span class="transliteration">p</span> was probably a modification by association with the Latin onomatopoeia for a peacock's cry <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">pau</span> (<span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">paupulare</span>: "to cry, as of a peacock")</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p>The dance "the Pavane" is probably originally unrelated, most likely being a version of "Paduan", but it was later re-interpreted as meaning "peacock" resulting in the dance becoming more and more peacock-inspired.</p> </li> <li id="footnote-3"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-3-a">^</a></span><p>Hawaiʻian <span class="orthography" lang="haw-Latn">pīkake</span> refers to both peacocks and Arabian jasmine flower; both were imported around the same time and were associated with Princess Kaʻiulani (the heir apparent to Queen Liliʻuokalani at the time of the overthrow of the Kingdom Of Hawaiʻi).</p> </li> <li id="footnote-4"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-4-a">^</a></span><p>Manchu <span class="orthography" lang="mnc-Mong">ᡨᠣᠵᡳᠨ</span> <span class="transliteration">tojin</span>: "peafowl, peacock" has to be a relatively recent borrowing, or the <span class="transliteration">t-j</span> sequence would have become <span class="transliteration">s-j</span> (cf. <span class="transliteration">sunja</span> from Proto-Tungusic <span class="transliteration">*tunga</span>: "five")</p> </li> </ol> 2024-03-01T00:00:00-08:002024-03-01T00:00:00-08:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2024-03-01:/word-family-silhouette.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Étienne de Silhouette, a French politician of Basque ancestry, was the Controller-General of Finances under Louis XV in 1759. His measures to curb the national debt, notably by imposing new taxes on the rich and the nobility prompted a backlash and ultimately his dismissal after less than a year …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Étienne de Silhouette, a French politician of Basque ancestry, was the Controller-General of Finances under Louis XV in 1759. His measures to curb the national debt, notably by imposing new taxes on the rich and the nobility prompted a backlash and ultimately his dismissal after less than a year leaving the work unfinished. This lead to the derogatory phrase <span class="orthography" lang="fra-Latn">(faire quelque chose) à la Silhouette</span> to mean "(to do something) in a cheap, miserly, or unfinished way".</p> <p>Around the same time, black paper silhouette portraits became popular in France, and were derided as a cheap option for portraits—<span class="orthography" lang="fra-Latn">portrait à la Silhouette</span>.</p> <p>The name <span class="orthography" lang="fra-Latn">Silhouette</span> is from Basque <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">Zulueta</span> (archaic variant <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">Zilhoeta</span>), from Basque <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">zulo</span>: "hole, pit, hiding place, cave". Spanish <span class="orthography" lang="spa-Latn">silo</span> is of unclear origin, it may be from <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">zulo</span>. Or <span class="orthography" lang="spa-Latn">silo</span> could be from Greek σιρός <span class="transliteration">siros</span>: "pit, pitfall, pit for storing grain", but that is again of unclear and probably non-Greek origin—maybe the same European neolithic substrate as underlies the Basque?</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-silhouette.html#English_8">silhouette</a>, <a href="/word-family-silhouette.html#English_13">silo</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="Europeansubstrate_1" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">European substrate?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Vasconic_2" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Vasconic</span> <span class="transliteration">*zuLo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Basque_3" class="parent descent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Basque</span> <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">zulo</span> <span class="meaning">hole, pit, hiding place, cave</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Basque_4" class="derivative"> <span class="language">Basque</span> <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">zulogune</span> <span class="meaning">gully, depression</span> </li> <li id="Basque_5" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Basque</span> <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">Zulueta</span> <span class="meaning">placename: Cave-place, also habitational surname</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_6" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Silhouette</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_7" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">silhouette</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_8" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">silhouette</span> </li> <li id="Japanese_9" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">シルエット</span> <span class="transliteration">shiruetto</span> <span class="meaning">silhouette</span> </li> <li id="Polish_10" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">sylwetka</span> <span class="meaning">figure, silhouette</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_11" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Zulueta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_12" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">silo</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_13" class="large germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">silo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Japanese_14" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">サイロ</span> <span class="transliteration">sairo</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="French_15" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">silo</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> </li> <li id="Persian_16" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">سیلو</span> <span class="transliteration">silu</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> </li> <li id="Russian_17" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">силос</span> <span class="transliteration">silos</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> <span class="note">from Spanish plural <span class="orthography" lang="spa-Latn">silos</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_18" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">zulo</span> <span class="meaning">cache, hiding place</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="PreGreek_19" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Greek</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_20" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">σιρός</span> <span class="transliteration">sirós</span> <span class="meaning">pit, pit for storing grain, pitfall</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_21" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">sirus</span> <span class="meaning">pit for storing grain, underground granary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_12" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">silo</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_13" class="large germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">silo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Japanese_14" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">サイロ</span> <span class="transliteration">sairo</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="French_15" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">silo</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> </li> <li id="Persian_16" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">سیلو</span> <span class="transliteration">silu</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> </li> <li id="Russian_17" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">силос</span> <span class="transliteration">silos</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> <span class="note">from Spanish plural <span class="orthography" lang="spa-Latn">silos</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_23" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">σιρομάστης</span> <span class="transliteration">siromástēs</span> <span class="meaning">gauge for measuring stored grain</span> <span class="note">lit. "pit-searcher"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_24" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">siromastes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/silhouette.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/silhouette.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-silhouette.html#English_8">silhouette</a>, <a href="/word-family-silhouette.html#English_13">silo</a></p> 2023-11-24T00:00:00-08:002023-11-24T00:00:00-08:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2023-11-24:/word-family-letter.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>There are two words from Sumerian whose descendants are still used all over the world today: <a href="/word-family-cane.html"><span class="transliteration">gi</span></a>: "reed"—what they wrote with—and <span class="transliteration">dub</span>: "tablet"—what they wrote on.</p> <p>Just in case you wonder how important Sumerian writing was in world history.</p> <p>The word <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">tablet</span> (Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">tabula</span>) is probably …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>There are two words from Sumerian whose descendants are still used all over the world today: <a href="/word-family-cane.html"><span class="transliteration">gi</span></a>: "reed"—what they wrote with—and <span class="transliteration">dub</span>: "tablet"—what they wrote on.</p> <p>Just in case you wonder how important Sumerian writing was in world history.</p> <p>The word <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">tablet</span> (Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">tabula</span>) is probably not related, despite the phonological and semantic match. On the other hand, there's disagreement about exactly where <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">tabula</span> does come from, so…</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_51">divan</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_60">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_82">letter</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="Sumerian_1" class="sumerian parent"> <details open> <summary class="sumerian"> <span class="language sumerian">Sumerian</span> <span class="orthography sumerian" lang="sux-Xsux">𒁾</span> <span class="transliteration">dub</span> <span class="meaning">tablet</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sumerian_2" class="sumerian derivative"> <span class="language sumerian">Sumerian</span> <span class="orthography sumerian" lang="sux-Xsux">𒂍𒁾𒁀𒀀</span> <span class="transliteration">e₂-dub-ba-a</span> <span class="meaning">school, storehouse</span> <span class="note">"house of tablets"</span> </li> <li id="Sumerian_3" class="sumerian derivative"> <span class="language sumerian">Sumerian</span> <span class="orthography sumerian" lang="sux-Xsux">𒄀𒁾𒁀</span> <span class="transliteration">gi-dub-ba</span> <span class="meaning">stylus</span> <span class="note">"tablet reed", with <a href="/word-family-cane.html"><span class="transliteration">gi</span></a></span> </li> <li id="Sumerian_4" class="sumerian derivative"> <span class="language sumerian">Sumerian</span> <span class="orthography sumerian" lang="sux-Xsux">𒁾𒊬</span> <span class="transliteration">dub-sar</span> <span class="meaning">scribe</span> </li> <li id="Akkadian_5" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Akkadian</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="akk-Xsux">𒁾</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭuppu(m)</span> <span class="meaning">tablet, document, letter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Aramaic_6" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="arc-Armi">𐡈𐡁𐡏</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭbʿ</span> <span class="meaning">to stamp, to seal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalSyriac_7" class="afroasiatic descent"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Classical Syriac</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="syc-Syrc">ܛܒܥܐ</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭavʿa</span> <span class="meaning">text, signature, authority, style, seal</span> </li> <li id="Arabic_8" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">طبع</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭabaʿa</span> <span class="meaning">to print, to stamp, to type, to coin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_9" class="afroasiatic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">مطبوعات</span> <span class="transliteration">maṭbūʿāt</span> <span class="meaning">printed material, the press</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_10" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">مطبوعات</span> <span class="transliteration">matbu'ât</span> </li> <li id="Turkish_11" class="turkic borrowing"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">matbuat</span> <span class="meaning">the press</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Elamite_12" class="parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Elamite</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldPersian_13" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎮𐎡𐎱𐎡</span> <span class="transliteration">di-i-p-i</span> <span class="meaning">document</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MiddlePersian_14" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">dp</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_15" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">دف</span> <span class="transliteration">daf</span> <span class="meaning">frame drum, daf</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_16" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">daf</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Persian_17" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">دب</span> <span class="transliteration">dab</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_18" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">أدب</span> <span class="transliteration">ʾadab</span> <span class="meaning">literature, learning, culture, courtesy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_19" class="afroasiatic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">مؤدب</span> <span class="transliteration">muʾaddib</span> <span class="meaning">teacher</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_20" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Muad'dib</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Prakrit_21" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Prakrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pra-Brah">𑀤𑀺𑀧𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">dipi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Prakrit_22" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Prakrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pra-Brah">𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">lipi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_23" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">lipi</span> <span class="meaning">writing, inscription, document, painting</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_24" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">लिपि</span> <span class="transliteration">lipi</span> <span class="meaning">writing, script, letter, character</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldPersian_25" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dipī-var-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MiddlePersian_26" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭣𐭯𐭩𐭥𐭥</span> <span class="transliteration">dpywr</span> <span class="meaning">scribe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_27" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">دبیر</span> <span class="transliteration">dabir</span> <span class="meaning">scribe, secretary</span> </li> <li id="Armenian_28" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">դպիր</span> <span class="transliteration">dpir</span> <span class="meaning">scholar, scribe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Armenian_29" class="armenian derivative"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">դպրոց</span> <span class="transliteration">dprocʿ</span> <span class="meaning">school</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldPersian_30" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dipī-vahanam</span> <span class="meaning">document-house</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MiddlePersian_31" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭣𐭯𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭</span> <span class="transliteration">dpywʾn'</span> <span class="meaning">collection of writings, archive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_32" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">دیوان</span> <span class="transliteration">divân</span> <span class="meaning">collection of poems, court, council, register list of soldiers, sofa, couch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_33" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">ديوان</span> <span class="transliteration">dīwān</span> <span class="meaning">register, registration book, collection of poetry, council, court, gathering place, couch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="AndalusiArabic_34" class="afroasiatic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Andalusi Arabic</span> <span class="transliteration">*duwān</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MedievalLatin_35" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Medieval Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dogana</span> <span class="meaning">customs, customs house, tariff</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_36" class="albanian borrowing"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">doganë</span> <span class="meaning">customs</span> </li> <li id="French_37" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">douane</span> <span class="meaning">customs, customs office</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="AlgerianArabic_38" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Algerian Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="arq-Arab">الديوانة</span> <span class="transliteration">al-dīwāna</span> </li> <li id="Dutch_39" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">douane</span> <span class="meaning">customs, customs officer</span> </li> <li id="English_40" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">douane</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italian_41" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">dogana</span> <span class="meaning">customs, customs house, tariff</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_42" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">aduana</span> <span class="meaning">customs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Tagalog_43" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">adwana</span> <span class="meaning">customs, customs house, tariff</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Georgian_44" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="kat-Geor">დივანი</span> <span class="transliteration">divani</span> <span class="meaning">divan, sofa</span> </li> <li id="Hindi_45" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">दीवान</span> <span class="transliteration">dīvān</span> <span class="meaning">royal court, tribunal, collection of poems</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_46" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">dewan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Malay_47" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">dewan</span> <span class="meaning">council, court, hall</span> </li> <li id="OttomanTurkish_48" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">دیوان</span> <span class="transliteration">dîvân</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Turkish_49" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">divan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_50" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">divan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_51" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">divan</span> </li> <li id="German_52" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Diwan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hebrew_53" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Hebrew</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="heb-Hebr">דף</span> <span class="transliteration">dáf</span> <span class="meaning">page, sheet of paper</span> </li> <li id="Unknowntransmission_54" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Unknown transmission</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hellenic_55" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*dipʰtʰérā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MycenaeanGreek_56" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀇𐁇𐀨</span> <span class="transliteration">di-pte-ra</span> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_57" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">διφθέρᾱ</span> <span class="transliteration">diphthérā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_58" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">διφθέρα</span> <span class="transliteration">difthéra</span> </li> <li id="French_59" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">diphtérie</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_60" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">diphtheria</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Aramaic_61" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="arc-Armi">𐡃𐡐𐡕𐡓𐡀</span> <span class="transliteration">dptrʾ</span> <span class="meaning">parchment, hide, accounting book</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MiddlePersian_62" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭣𐭯𐭲𐭫</span> <span class="transliteration">dptl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_63" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">دفتر</span> <span class="transliteration">daftar</span> <span class="meaning">register, account book, notebook, office</span> </li> <li id="Arabic_64" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">دفتر</span> <span class="transliteration">daftar</span> <span class="meaning">register, roster, notebook</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Malay_65" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">daftar</span> <span class="meaning">list, register</span> </li> <li id="OttomanTurkish_66" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Turkish_67" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">defter</span> <span class="meaning">notebook, inventory, register, tax roll</span> </li> <li id="Greek_68" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">τεφτέρι</span> <span class="transliteration">teftéri</span> <span class="meaning">ledger, accounts book</span> </li> <li id="SerboCroatian_69" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">де̏фтер</span> <span class="transliteration">dȅfter</span> <span class="meaning">notebook, accounting records</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Etruscan_70" class="etruscan parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="etruscan"> <span class="language etruscan">Etruscan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_71" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">littera</span> <span class="meaning">letter, handwriting, literature, learning, books</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_72" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dalmatian_73" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">latera</span> <span class="meaning">letter</span> </li> <li id="Italian_74" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">lettera</span> <span class="meaning">letter, literature</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_75" class="albanian borrowing"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">letër</span> <span class="meaning">paper, letter, document, literature, playing card</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_76" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_77" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">letre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_78" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">lettre</span> <span class="meaning">letter</span> </li> <li id="Dutch_79" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">letter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Malay_80" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">leter</span> <span class="meaning">letter</span> </li> <li id="Japanese_81" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">レッテル</span> <span class="transliteration">retteru</span> <span class="meaning">label</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_82" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">letter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_83" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">letra</span> <span class="meaning">letter, handwriting, lyrics</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="German_84" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Letter</span> </li> <li id="OldIrish_85" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">liter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_86" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">litir</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Russian_87" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">литера</span> <span class="transliteration">lítera</span> </li> <li id="Welsh_88" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">llythyr</span> </li> <li id="Latin_89" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">litteratura</span> <span class="meaning">lettering, learning, grammar, philology</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_90" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">littérature</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_91" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">literature</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_92" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">litteralis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_93" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">literal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_94" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">littéral</span> </li> <li id="English_95" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">literal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_96" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">litterarius</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_97" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_98" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">littéraire</span> </li> <li id="English_99" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">literary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NewLatin_100" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">New Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">alliteratio</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_101" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">alliteration</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/letter.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/letter.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_16">daf</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_20">Muad'dib</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_40">douane</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_46">dewan</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_51">divan</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_60">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_82">letter</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_91">literature</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_95">literal</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_99">literary</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_101">alliteration</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>For Greek /d/ -> Etruscan -> Latin /l/, compare Odysseus -> Ulysses. And the general pattern of unexplained /l/s in Old Latin, many but not all originally /d/.</p> </li> </ol> 2023-10-27T00:00:00-07:002023-10-27T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2023-10-27:/word-family-brother.html

<h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_43">brother</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_77">pal</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_109">friar</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_1" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰréh₂tēr</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Anatolian_2" class="anatolian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lydian_3" class="anatolian descent"> <span class="language anatolian">Lydian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xld-Lydi">𐤡𐤭𐤠𐤱𐤭𐤳𐤦𐤳</span> <span class="transliteration">brafrsis</span> <span class="meaning">brother, community member</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="PreArmenian_4" class="parent descent"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Armenian</span> <span class="transliteration">*rbayr</span> <span class="note">regular *Br → *rB metathesis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldArmenian_5" class="armenian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">եղբայր</span> <span class="transliteration">ełbayr</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Armenian_6" class="armenian descent"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">եղբայր</span> <span class="transliteration">ełbayr</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="BaltoSlavic_7" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brā́ˀtē</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastBaltic_8" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brote</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastBaltic_9" class="baltoslavic derivative"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> <span class="transliteration">*broterė́lis</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </li> <li id="Lithuanian_10" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">brólis</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Slavic_11" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bràtrъ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastSlavic_12" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">братъ …</span></summary></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul>

<h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_43">brother</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_77">pal</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_109">friar</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_1" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰréh₂tēr</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Anatolian_2" class="anatolian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lydian_3" class="anatolian descent"> <span class="language anatolian">Lydian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xld-Lydi">𐤡𐤭𐤠𐤱𐤭𐤳𐤦𐤳</span> <span class="transliteration">brafrsis</span> <span class="meaning">brother, community member</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="PreArmenian_4" class="parent descent"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Armenian</span> <span class="transliteration">*rbayr</span> <span class="note">regular *Br → *rB metathesis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldArmenian_5" class="armenian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">եղբայր</span> <span class="transliteration">ełbayr</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Armenian_6" class="armenian descent"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">եղբայր</span> <span class="transliteration">ełbayr</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="BaltoSlavic_7" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brā́ˀtē</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastBaltic_8" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brote</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastBaltic_9" class="baltoslavic derivative"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> <span class="transliteration">*broterė́lis</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </li> <li id="Lithuanian_10" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">brólis</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Slavic_11" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bràtrъ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastSlavic_12" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">братъ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_13" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">брат</span> <span class="transliteration">brat</span> <span class="meaning">brother, pal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_14" class="baltoslavic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">братва́</span> <span class="transliteration">bratvá</span> <span class="meaning">brotherhood, mafia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_15" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bratva</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Ukrainian_16" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">брат</span> <span class="transliteration">brat</span> <span class="meaning">brother, friar, pal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="SouthSlavic_17" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldChurchSlavonic_18" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrs">братръ</span> <span class="transliteration">bratrŭ</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="SerboCroatian_19" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">бра̏т</span> <span class="transliteration">brȁt</span> <span class="meaning">brother, pal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestSlavic_20" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Polish_21" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">brat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestBaltic_22" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldPrussian_23" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">brāti</span> <span class="meaning">brother, comrade, community member</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Celtic_24" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brātīr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Brythonic_25" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brọdr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_26" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">brawd</span> <span class="meaning">brother, friar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Gaulish_27" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration">*bratir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gaulish_28" class="celtic derivative"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">Bratonos</span> <span class="meaning">Little-Brother (personal name)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldIrish_29" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">bráthair</span> <span class="meaning">brother, cousin, kinsman</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_30" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">bráthair</span> <span class="meaning">monk, friar, community member</span> </li> <li id="OldIrish_31" class="celtic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">derbráthair</span> <span class="meaning">full brother, brother german</span> <span class="note">lit. "certain-brother"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_32" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">deartháir</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Germanic_33" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brōþēr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastGermanic_34" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gothic_35" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂</span> <span class="transliteration">brōþar</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="CrimeanGothic_36" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Crimean Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Latn">bruder</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthGermanic_37" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_38" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">bróðir</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_39" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">bror</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_40" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">bróðir</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_41" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_42" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">brōþor</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_43" class="large germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_44" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bro</span> </li> <li id="English_45" class="large germanic derivative possible"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">buddy</span> <span class="note">possibly a baby talk alteration of "brother"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Scots_46" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">brither</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="Yola_47" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">brover</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_48" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_49" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">broeder</span> <span class="meaning">brother (dated), friar, community member, colleague</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_50" class="germanic derivative"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">broer</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_51" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">bruoder</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_52" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Bruder</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="Yiddish_53" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">ברודער</span> <span class="transliteration">bruder</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hellenic_54" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰrā́tēr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_55" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φρᾱ́τηρ</span> <span class="transliteration">phrā́tēr</span> <span class="meaning">kinsman, community member, citizen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_56" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φρᾱτρῐ́ᾱ</span> <span class="transliteration">phrātríā</span> <span class="meaning">brotherhood, clan, association, conspiracy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_57" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">phratria</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_58" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">phratry</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="IndoIranian_59" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰráHtā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_60" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_61" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀢𑀾</span> <span class="transliteration">bhrā́tṛ</span> <span class="meaning">brother, kinsman, paternal cousin, friend</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Magadhi_62" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pka-Brah">𑀪𑀸𑀇</span> <span class="transliteration">bhāi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Bengali_63" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">ভাই</span> <span class="transliteration">bhai</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Maharashtri_64" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Maharashtri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pmh-Brah">𑀪𑀸𑀉</span> <span class="transliteration">bhāu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Marathi_65" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Marathi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="mar-Deva">भाऊ</span> <span class="transliteration">bhāū</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Pali_66" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀪𑀸𑀢𑀭𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration">bhātar</span> </li> <li id="Sauraseni_67" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="psu-Brah">𑀪𑀸𑀇</span> <span class="transliteration">bhāi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MadhyaSauraseni_68" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Madhya Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_69" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">भाई</span> <span class="transliteration">bhāī</span> <span class="meaning">brother, sir (informal)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_70" class="indoiranian derivative"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">भैया</span> <span class="transliteration">bhaiyā</span> <span class="meaning">brother (esp. elder), sir (to an elder male)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthwesternSauraseni_71" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kashmiri_72" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kashmiri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kas-Aran">بوے</span> <span class="transliteration">bōē</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternSauraseni_73" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romani_74" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Romani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="VlaxRomani_75" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Vlax Romani</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rmy-Latn">phral</span> <span class="meaning">stepbrother, fellow, companion</span> </li> <li id="Angloromani_76" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Angloromani</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rme-Latn">pal</span> <span class="meaning">brother, friend</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_77" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hindi_78" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">भ्राता</span> <span class="transliteration">bhrātā</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="Hindi_79" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">भ्रातृ</span> <span class="transliteration">bhrātŕ</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="Telugu_80" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">భ్రాత</span> <span class="transliteration">bhrāta</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Iranian_81" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*bráHtā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Avestan_82" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬠𐬭𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭</span> <span class="transliteration">brātar</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="NorthernIranian_83" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Scythian_84" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Scythian</span> <span class="transliteration">*βrā́tā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Ossetian_85" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ossetian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="oss-Cyrl">ӕрвад</span> <span class="transliteration">ærvad</span> <span class="meaning">kinsman, relative</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Pashto_86" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">ورور</span> <span class="transliteration">wror</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="WesternIranian_87" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthwesternIranian_88" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_89" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">bira</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="Parthian_90" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐫁𐫡𐫀𐫅</span> <span class="transliteration">brʾd</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldPersian_91" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎲𐎼𐎠𐎫𐎠</span> <span class="transliteration">b-r-a-t-a</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_92" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">برادر</span> <span class="transliteration">barâdar</span> <span class="meaning">brother, comrade</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Bengali_93" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">বেরাদর</span> <span class="transliteration">beradôr</span> <span class="meaning">brother, kinsmen, friend</span> </li> <li id="OttomanTurkish_94" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">برادر</span> <span class="transliteration">birader</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Turkish_95" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">birader</span> </li> <li id="SerboCroatian_96" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">бура̀зер</span> <span class="transliteration">buràzer</span> <span class="meaning">bro, friend</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Nuristani_97" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Nuristani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Ashkun_98" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ashkun</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ask">břā</span> </li> <li id="Kamviri_99" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kamviri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xvi">břo</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italic_100" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*frātēr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_101" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">frāter</span> <span class="meaning">brother, friend, community member, sibling</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sardinian_102" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">frade</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="EasternRomance_103" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dalmatian_104" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">frutro</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="Romanian_105" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">frate</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_106" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_107" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">frere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_108" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">frère</span> <span class="meaning">brother, monk</span> </li> <li id="English_109" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">friar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italian_110" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">frate</span> <span class="meaning">friar, monk, brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_111" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">fra</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldOccitan_112" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Occitan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="pro-Latn">fraire</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_113" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">fraile</span> <span class="meaning">friar</span> </li> <li id="Spanish_114" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">fray</span> <span class="meaning">friar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_115" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">frater</span> </li> <li id="Latin_116" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">frāternālis</span> <span class="meaning">brotherly, fraternal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_117" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_118" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">fraternel</span> <span class="meaning">fraternal</span> </li> <li id="English_119" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">fraternal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_120" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">frāternitās</span> <span class="meaning">brotherhood</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WesternRomance_121" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_122" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">fraternità</span> <span class="meaning">fraternity, brotherhood</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldFrench_123" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_124" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">fraternité</span> <span class="meaning">fraternity, brotherhood</span> </li> <li id="English_125" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">fraternity</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_126" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">fraternidad</span> <span class="meaning">fraternity, brotherhood</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Oscan_127" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Oscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osc-Ital">𐌚𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌞𐌌</span> <span class="transliteration">fratrúm</span> <span class="meaning">of brothers</span> <span class="note">probably gen. pl.</span> </li> <li id="Venetic_128" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Venetic</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xve-Ital">𐌇𐌅𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌉</span> <span class="transliteration">fraterei</span> <span class="meaning">for a brother</span> <span class="note">attested in dat. sg.</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Mysian_129" class="descent"> <span class="language">Mysian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="yms-Grek">βρατεραις</span> <span class="transliteration">braterais</span> <span class="meaning">for brothers</span> <span class="note">dat. pl.</span> </li> <li id="Phrygian_130" class="descent"> <span class="language">Phrygian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="xpg-Grek">βρατερε</span> <span class="transliteration">bratere</span> <span class="meaning">for a brother</span> <span class="note">dat. sg.</span> </li> <li id="Tocharian_131" class="tocharian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> <span class="transliteration">*procer</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arshian_132" class="tocharian descent"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration">pracar</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="Kushean_133" class="tocharian descent"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration">procer</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/brother.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/brother.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_15">bratva</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_43">brother</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_44">bro</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_45">buddy</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_58">phratry</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_77">pal</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_109">friar</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_111">fra</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_115">frater</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_119">fraternal</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_125">fraternity</a></p> 2023-10-13T00:00:00-07:002023-10-13T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2023-10-13:/word-family-autism.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew</span>: "away from, since, again" cannot be formally tied to <span class="transliteration">*h₂epó</span>: "off, away", but the similarity is suggestive. Perhaps Pre-Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*b</span> became either <span class="transliteration">*p</span> (by fortition) or <span class="transliteration">*w</span> (by lenition) in almost all cases, accounting for the paucity of <span class="transliteration">*b</span> in PIE.</p> <p>In any case, the later (re …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew</span>: "away from, since, again" cannot be formally tied to <span class="transliteration">*h₂epó</span>: "off, away", but the similarity is suggestive. Perhaps Pre-Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*b</span> became either <span class="transliteration">*p</span> (by fortition) or <span class="transliteration">*w</span> (by lenition) in almost all cases, accounting for the paucity of <span class="transliteration">*b</span> in PIE.</p> <p>In any case, the later (re?)-merger of the two etymons in Italic and Celtic convinced me to present them together.</p> <p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂éwh₂os</span>: "maternal grandfather, maternal uncle" similarly merges with <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew</span>: "from" in the Irish <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">ó</span>/<span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">ua</span>, and has plausible semantic relationship, so I've included that also even though I don't have an explanation for where the <span class="transliteration">*-h₂os</span> came from.</p> <p>The root <a href="/word-family-easter.html"><span class="transliteration">*h₂ews-</span>: "sunrise"</a> is probably also connected, especially in light of <span class="transliteration">*h₂éwgeh₂</span>: "sunrise, dawn"</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_51">nickname</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_83">autism</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_125">negotiate</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_196">uncle</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_264">author</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_284">August</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_316">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_352">waist</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_393">of</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_394">off</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_423">bodega</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_440">alert</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_452">avocation</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_469">position</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_545">after</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_576">awkward</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="PreProtoIndoEuropean_1" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂eb-?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_2" class="parent descent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew</span> <span class="meaning">away from, since, again</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldArmenian_3" class="armenian descent possible"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">հաւ</span> <span class="transliteration">haw</span> <span class="meaning">beginning, rise, origin</span> </li> <li id="BaltoSlavic_4" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*au</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Slavic_5" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*u</span> <span class="meaning">away from, at, near</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastSlavic_6" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_7" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">у</span> <span class="transliteration">u</span> <span class="meaning">at, by, near, from, of, belonging to</span> </li> <li id="Ukrainian_8" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">у</span> <span class="transliteration">u</span> <span class="meaning">in, at</span> <span class="note">phonological merger with <span class="transliteration">*vъ</span> from PIE <span class="transliteration">*h₁én</span>: "in"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="SouthSlavic_9" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Bulgarian_10" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">у</span> <span class="transliteration">u</span> <span class="meaning">at the home of, chez, with, among, in the possession of</span> </li> <li id="SerboCroatian_11" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">у</span> <span class="transliteration">u</span> <span class="meaning">at the home of, chez</span> <span class="note">partially merged with <span class="transliteration">*vъ</span> from PIE <span class="transliteration">*h₁én</span>: "in"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Czech_12" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">u</span> <span class="meaning">at, by</span> </li> <li id="Polish_13" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">u</span> <span class="meaning">of, by, at, with, chez, from, among</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Celtic_14" class="celtic parent descent possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*aw</span> <span class="meaning">of, from</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Brythonic_15" class="celtic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_16" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">o</span> <span class="meaning">from, of, out of</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldIrish_17" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">ó</span> <span class="meaning">from, of, with, since, after</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_18" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">ó</span> <span class="meaning">of, from, since</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hellenic_19" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_20" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὖ</span> <span class="meaning">again, in turn, further, on the other hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="IndoIranian_21" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_22" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_23" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀉</span> <span class="transliteration">u</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_24" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew-</span> <span class="meaning">away from, since, again</span> <span class="note">prefix</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="PreAlbanian_25" class="albanian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*awa-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_26" class="albanian descent"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">v-</span> <span class="meaning">at, away, on</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="BaltoSlavic_27" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*au-</span> <span class="meaning">away from</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastBaltic_28" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lithuanian_29" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">au-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestBaltic_30" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldPrussian_31" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="transliteration">*au-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldPrussian_32" class="baltoslavic derivative"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">aumūsnan</span> <span class="meaning">washing off, ablution</span> </li> <li id="OldPrussian_33" class="baltoslavic derivative possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">auklextes</span> <span class="meaning">chaff, waste from winnowing</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Sudovian_34" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Sudovian</span> <span class="transliteration">*au-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sudovian_35" class="baltoslavic derivative"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Sudovian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="xsv-Latn">aucima</span> <span class="meaning">village, countryside</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italic_36" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*au-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_37" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">au-</span> <span class="meaning">from, away, off, completely</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_38" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew-ge</span> <span class="note">with intensifying particle <*g(ʰ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_39" class="germanic parent descent possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*auk</span> <span class="meaning">and, but, also, furthermore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastGermanic_40" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gothic_41" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌿𐌺</span> <span class="transliteration">auk</span> <span class="meaning">because, but, but also</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthGermanic_42" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_43" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">auk</span> <span class="meaning">and</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_44" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">og</span> <span class="meaning">and, also</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_45" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">auk</span> <span class="meaning">in addition to</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_46" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">og</span> <span class="meaning">and</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_47" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_48" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēac</span> <span class="meaning">also, too, either, along with</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MiddleEnglish_49" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">eke</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MiddleEnglish_50" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">ekename</span> <span class="meaning">nickname, an additional name</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_51" class="large germanic descent"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">nickname</span> <span class="note">by rebracketing <span class="orthography" lang="enm-Latn">an ekename</span> to <span class="orthography" lang="enm-Latn">a nekename</span> and then further modification</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_52" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*ōk</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_53" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">ook</span> <span class="meaning">also, too, either</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_54" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ouh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_55" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">auch</span> <span class="meaning">also, too, even</span> </li> <li id="Yiddish_56" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">אויך</span> <span class="transliteration">oykh</span> <span class="meaning">also, even</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Yiddish_57" class="germanic derivative"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">אויכעט</span> <span class="transliteration">oykhet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_58" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew-kʷe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hellenic_59" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_60" class="hellenic descent possible"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὖτε</span> <span class="transliteration">aûte</span> <span class="meaning">again, furthermore, on the other hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_61" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ewti(s)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hellenic_62" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_63" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὖτις</span> <span class="meaning">back, again, in turn</span> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_60" class="hellenic descent possible"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὖτε</span> <span class="transliteration">aûte</span> <span class="meaning">again, furthermore, on the other hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italic_65" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*auti</span> <span class="meaning">either, or</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_66" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aut</span> <span class="meaning">or, otherwise, else</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_67" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_68" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">o(d)</span> <span class="meaning">or</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="InsularRomance_69" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sardinian_70" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">a</span> <span class="meaning">question marker</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="EasternRomance_71" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romanian_72" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">au</span> <span class="meaning">really? or (archaic)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_73" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_74" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">ou</span> <span class="meaning">or</span> </li> <li id="Spanish_75" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">o</span> <span class="meaning">or</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Oscan_76" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Oscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osc-Ital">aut(i)</span> <span class="meaning">but, or</span> </li> <li id="Umbrian_77" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Umbrian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xum-Ital">ute</span> <span class="meaning">or</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_78" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ewtos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hellenic_79" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_80" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὐτός</span> <span class="transliteration">autós</span> <span class="meaning">self, the same, he/she/it</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_81" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αυτός</span> <span class="transliteration">aftós</span> <span class="meaning">this, that, he/she/it</span> </li> <li id="German_82" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Autismus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_83" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">autism</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Greek_84" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">και αυτός ποιος</span> <span class="meaning">and who is this one?, who's this clown?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Turkish_85" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">kıtıpiyos</span> <span class="meaning">ordinary, unimportant, worthless</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Laz_86" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Laz</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="lzz-Geor">კიტიპიროზი</span> <span class="transliteration">ǩiťip̌irozi</span> <span class="meaning">stingy</span> </li> <li id="Laz_87" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Laz</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="lzz-Geor">ხიტიპიჲოზი</span> <span class="transliteration">xiťip̌iyozi</span> <span class="meaning">swindler, conman</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Phrygian_88" class="descent"> <span class="language">Phrygian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="xpg-Grek">αυτος</span> <span class="transliteration">autos</span> <span class="meaning">self</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_89" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ewtyos</span> <span class="meaning">left behind, deserted, empty</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_90" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*auþijaz</span> <span class="meaning">empty, deserted, barren, void</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastGermanic_91" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gothic_92" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">auþeis</span> <span class="meaning">deserted, barren, wild</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthGermanic_93" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_94" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">auðr</span> <span class="meaning">desolate</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_95" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">øde</span> <span class="meaning">desolate, waste, wilderness</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_96" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">auður</span> <span class="meaning">empty, desolate</span> </li> <li id="OldEastNorse_97" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> <span class="transliteration">*auðkin</span> <span class="meaning">desert</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_98" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">ørken</span> <span class="meaning">desert</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_99" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_100" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">īeþe</span> <span class="meaning">empty, barren</span> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_101" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ōdi</span> <span class="meaning">empty, desolate, void</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_102" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">öde</span> <span class="meaning">empty, bleak, deserted, dull, tedious</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Finnic_103" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration">*autijo</span> <span class="meaning">deserted, desolate, uninhabited</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Finnish_104" class="uralic descent"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">autio</span> <span class="meaning">desolate, empty, abandoned</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Samic_105" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Samic</span> <span class="transliteration">*awta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Samic_106" class="uralic parent derivative possible"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Samic</span> <span class="transliteration">*vuovtē</span> <span class="meaning">forest</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthernSami_107" class="uralic descent"> <span class="language uralic">Northern Sami</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="sme-Latn">vuovdi</span> <span class="meaning">forest</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hellenic_108" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*awtsios</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_109" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὔσιος</span> <span class="transliteration">aúsios</span> <span class="meaning">idle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italic_110" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*autiom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_111" class="italic parent descent possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ōtium</span> <span class="meaning">leisure, free time, idleness, peace</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_112" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ozio</span> <span class="meaning">sloth, idleness</span> </li> <li id="Spanish_113" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">ocio</span> <span class="meaning">leisure, recreation, diversion</span> </li> <li id="Latin_114" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">negōtium</span> <span class="meaning">business, labor, trouble</span> <span class="note">"not leisure"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_115" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_116" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">negozio</span> <span class="meaning">shop, store, deal, transaction</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="French_117" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">négoce</span> <span class="meaning">business</span> </li> <li id="Latin_118" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">negotiari</span> <span class="meaning">to do business, to trade, to bank</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_119" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_120" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">negoziàre</span> <span class="meaning">to negotiate, to trade, to deal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="EasternRomance_121" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romanian_122" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">a neguța</span> <span class="meaning">to engage in trade, to bargain, to negotiate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="French_123" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">négocier</span> <span class="meaning">to negotiate</span> </li> <li id="Latin_124" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">negotiatus</span> <span class="note">past participle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_125" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">negotiate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_126" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ewo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_127" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*aw</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldIrish_128" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">úa</span> <span class="meaning">from, from their, of which</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_129" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂éwh₂(o)s</span> <span class="meaning">maternal grandfather, maternal uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Anatolian_130" class="anatolian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hittite_131" class="anatolian descent"> <span class="language anatolian">Hittite</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hit-Xsux">𒄷𒄴𒄩𒀸</span> <span class="transliteration">ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-as</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather</span> </li> <li id="Luwian_132" class="anatolian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Luwian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CuneiformLuwian_133" class="anatolian descent"> <span class="language anatolian">Cuneiform Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlu-Xsux">𒄷𒌋𒄩</span> <span class="transliteration">ḫūḫa-</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather</span> </li> <li id="HieroglyphicLuwian_134" class="anatolian descent"> <span class="language anatolian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hlu-Hluw">𔕳𔓷</span> <span class="transliteration">huha-</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Lydian_135" class="anatolian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Lydian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xld-Lydi">𐤨𐤰𐤨𐤠𐤮</span> <span class="transliteration">kukaś</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather, personal name: Grandfather</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Akkadian_136" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Akkadian</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="akk-Xsux">𒄖(𒊌)𒄖</span> <span class="transliteration">gu-(ug)-gu</span> <span class="meaning">Gyges</span> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_137" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Γύγης</span> <span class="transliteration">Gúgēs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_138" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Gyges</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_139" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Gyges</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldArmenian_140" class="armenian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">հաւ</span> <span class="transliteration">haw</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather, ancestor, uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Armenian_141" class="armenian descent"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">հավ</span> <span class="transliteration">hav</span> </li> <li id="OldArmenian_142" class="armenian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="transliteration">*havuk</span> <span class="note">diminutive/affectionate</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CappadocianGreek_143" class="hellenic borrowing possible"> <span class="language hellenic">Cappadocian Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="cpg-Grek">αβούκα</span> <span class="transliteration">avoúka</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italic_144" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*awos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_145" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">avus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_146" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">avunculus</span> <span class="note">partly, but mostly from lost <*awō(n</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="VulgarLatin_185" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*unculus</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EasternRomance_186" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romanian_187" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">unchi</span> </li> <li id="OldAlbanian_188" class="albanian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Old Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">ungël</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_189" class="albanian descent"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">ungj</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_190" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_191" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">oncle</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_192" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">oncle</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_193" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Onkel</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_194" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">onkel</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Yiddish_195" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">אָנקל</span> <span class="transliteration">onkl</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_196" class="large germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hawaiʻian_197" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">ʻanakala</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> <li id="Irish_198" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">uncail</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Tocharian_147" class="tocharian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kushean_148" class="tocharian descent"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration">āwe-</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_149" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂éwh₂eh₂</span> <span class="meaning">grandmother, aunt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_150" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*awǭ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastGermanic_151" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gothic_152" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐍅𐍉</span> <span class="transliteration">awō</span> <span class="meaning">grandmother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italic_153" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*awā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_154" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ava</span> <span class="meaning">grandmother, old wive's tale</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_155" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_156" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ava</span> <span class="meaning">female ancestor, ancestress</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="InsularRomance_157" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sardinian_158" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">aba</span> <span class="meaning">grandmother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_159" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂éwh₂ō</span> <span class="note">oblique stem <span class="transliteration">*h₂uh₂n-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_160" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*awū</span> <span class="meaning">(maternal) uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_161" class="celtic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*altrawū</span> <span class="meaning">foster uncle</span> <span class="note">with <span class="transliteration">*altros</span>: "foster", related to Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">alma mater</span>, English <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">old</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Brythonic_162" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*alltrọw</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_163" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">athro</span> <span class="meaning">teacher, professor</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="MiddleIrish_164" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">altra</span> <span class="meaning">foster father</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MiddleIrish_165" class="celtic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">banaltra</span> <span class="meaning">foster-mother, nurse</span> <span class="note">lit. "woman-foster-uncle"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_166" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">banaltra</span> <span class="meaning">(female) nurse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_167" class="celtic derivative"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">banaltra fir</span> <span class="meaning">(male) nurse</span> <span class="note">lit. "woman-foster-uncle of man"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Celtic_168" class="celtic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*awontīr</span> <span class="meaning">(maternal) uncle</span> <span class="note">with agentive <span class="transliteration">*-tīr</span>, "uncler"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Brythonic_169" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ọɨntir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_170" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">ewythr</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldIrish_171" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">amnair</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Germanic_172" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*awô</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthGermanic_173" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_174" class="germanic descent possible"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">ái</span> <span class="meaning">great-grandfather</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Germanic_175" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*awahaimaz</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle</span> <span class="note">with <a href="/word-family-text.html"><span class="transliteration">*haimaz</span>: "home"</a></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WestGermanic_176" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*auhaim</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_177" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēam</span> <span class="meaning">(maternal) uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Scots_178" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">eme</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle, friend</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_179" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*ōm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_180" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">oom</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_181" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ōheim</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italic_182" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*awō</span> <span class="note">oblique stem <span class="transliteration">*awun-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italic_183" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*awunkolos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_146" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">avunculus</span> <span class="note">partly, but mostly from lost <*awō(n</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="VulgarLatin_185" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*unculus</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EasternRomance_186" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romanian_187" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">unchi</span> </li> <li id="OldAlbanian_188" class="albanian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Old Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">ungël</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_189" class="albanian descent"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">ungj</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_190" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_191" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">oncle</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_192" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">oncle</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_193" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Onkel</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_194" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">onkel</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Yiddish_195" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">אָנקל</span> <span class="transliteration">onkl</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_196" class="large germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hawaiʻian_197" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">ʻanakala</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> <li id="Irish_198" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">uncail</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_199" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ewh₂yós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="BaltoSlavic_200" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*auˀis</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WestBaltic_201" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldPrussian_202" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">awis</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> <li id="Slavic_203" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ujь</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastSlavic_204" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Ukrainian_205" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">вуй</span> <span class="transliteration">vuj</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle, old man</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestSlavic_206" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Polish_207" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">wuj</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Slavic_208" class="baltoslavic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ujьkъ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="SouthSlavic_209" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Bulgarian_210" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">вуйчо</span> <span class="transliteration">vujčo</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle</span> </li> <li id="SerboCroatian_211" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">ујак</span> <span class="transliteration">ujak</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestSlavic_212" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Polish_213" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">wujek</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="BaltoSlavic_214" class="baltoslavic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*auˀinas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastBaltic_215" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lithuanian_216" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">avynas</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Celtic_217" class="celtic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*auyos</span> <span class="meaning">descendant, grandchild</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Brythonic_218" class="celtic parent descent possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*uwer</span> <span class="note">with excrescent <span class="transliteration">*r</span> or instead from <span class="transliteration">*ɸuweros</span> cognate to Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">puer</span>: "child, boy"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_219" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">ŵyr</span> <span class="meaning">grandson</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Gaulish_220" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">aua</span> <span class="meaning">grandaughter</span> </li> <li id="PrimitiveIrish_221" class="celtic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Primitive Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="pgl-Ogam">ᚐᚃᚔ</span> <span class="transliteration">avi</span> <span class="meaning">descendant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldIrish_222" class="celtic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">aue</span> <span class="meaning">grandson, descendent</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_223" class="celtic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">ó</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_224" class="celtic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Ó</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_225" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">O'-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Irish_226" class="celtic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">iníon uí</span> <span class="meaning">daughter of descendant of</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_227" class="celtic derivative"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Ní</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_228" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂wg-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_229" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ewg-</span> <span class="meaning">to increase, to enlarge</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_39" class="germanic parent descent possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*auk</span> <span class="meaning">and, but, also, furthermore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastGermanic_40" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gothic_41" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌿𐌺</span> <span class="transliteration">auk</span> <span class="meaning">because, but, but also</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthGermanic_42" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_43" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">auk</span> <span class="meaning">and</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_44" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">og</span> <span class="meaning">and, also</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_45" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">auk</span> <span class="meaning">in addition to</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_46" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">og</span> <span class="meaning">and</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_47" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_48" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēac</span> <span class="meaning">also, too, either, along with</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MiddleEnglish_49" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">eke</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MiddleEnglish_50" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">ekename</span> <span class="meaning">nickname, an additional name</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_51" class="large germanic descent"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">nickname</span> <span class="note">by rebracketing <span class="orthography" lang="enm-Latn">an ekename</span> to <span class="orthography" lang="enm-Latn">a nekename</span> and then further modification</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_52" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*ōk</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_53" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">ook</span> <span class="meaning">also, too, either</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_54" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ouh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_55" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">auch</span> <span class="meaning">also, too, even</span> </li> <li id="Yiddish_56" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">אויך</span> <span class="transliteration">oykh</span> <span class="meaning">also, even</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Yiddish_57" class="germanic derivative"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">אויכעט</span> <span class="transliteration">oykhet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_231" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂éwgeti</span> <span class="note">primary verb</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="BaltoSlavic_232" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*augtei</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastBaltic_233" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lithuanian_234" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">áugti</span> <span class="meaning">to grow</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Germanic_235" class="germanic parent descent possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*aukaną</span> <span class="meaning">to increase, to grow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastGermanic_236" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gothic_237" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration">aukan</span> <span class="meaning">to increase, to grow</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthGermanic_238" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_239" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">auka</span> <span class="meaning">to add, to increase, to surpass</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_240" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">øge</span> <span class="meaning">to increase, to enhance</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_241" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">auka</span> <span class="meaning">to increase, to augment</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_242" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_243" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēacan</span> <span class="meaning">to increase, to enlarge, to become pregnant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_244" class="large germanic descent"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">eke (out)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_245" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*ōkan</span> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_246" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ouhhan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_247" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ugséti</span> <span class="note">se imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hellenic_248" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_249" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὐξάνω</span> <span class="transliteration">auxánō</span> <span class="meaning">to make grow, to increase, to promote, to honor</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="IndoIranian_250" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hukšáti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_251" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_252" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀉𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">ukṣati</span> <span class="meaning">to be strong</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_253" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂owgéyeti</span> <span class="note">causative</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italic_254" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*augezi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_255" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">augēre</span> <span class="meaning">to increase, to augment, to spread, to strengthen, to enrich</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_256" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">augmentum</span> <span class="meaning">an increase, a growth, an augmentation</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_257" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">augment</span> </li> <li id="Latin_258" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">augmentare</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_259" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">augment</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_260" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auxilium</span> <span class="meaning">help, aid, remedy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_261" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auxiliarius</span> <span class="meaning">assistant, ally, auxiliary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_262" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">auxiliary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_263" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auctor</span> <span class="meaning">creator, originator, author, vendor</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_264" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">author</span> <span class="note">unetymologic <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">h</span>, possibly by conflation with unrelated <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">authentic</span></span> </li> <li id="English_265" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">auteur</span> </li> <li id="Latin_266" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auctoritas</span> <span class="meaning">credibility, prestige, reputation, power, authority</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_267" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">authority</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_268" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auctorizo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_269" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">octroy</span> </li> <li id="English_270" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">authorize</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_271" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auctio</span> <span class="meaning">an increase, a profit, an auction</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_272" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">auction</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_273" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ugrós</span> <span class="meaning">large, strengthened</span> <span class="note">adjective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoIranian_274" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hugrás</span> <span class="meaning">powerful, strong</span> </li> <li id="Venetic_275" class="italic descent possible"> <span class="language italic">Venetic</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xve-Ital">𐌀𐌖𐌙𐌀𐌓</span> <span class="transliteration">augar</span> <span class="note">uncertain meaning on a votive offering</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_276" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂éwgos</span> <span class="meaning">an increase</span> <span class="note">noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoIranian_277" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Háwǰas</span> </li> <li id="Italic_278" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*augos</span> <span class="meaning">an increase</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_279" class="italic descent possible"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">augur</span> </li> <li id="Italic_280" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*augostos</span> <span class="meaning">increased</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_281" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">augustus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_282" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">august</span> </li> <li id="English_283" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Augustus</span> </li> <li id="English_284" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">August</span> </li> <li id="English_285" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Aosta</span> </li> <li id="Latin_286" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Caesaraugusta</span> <span class="note">place name</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_287" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Kaiseraugst</span> </li> <li id="English_288" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Saragossa</span> </li> <li id="English_289" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Zaragoza</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_290" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Augusta Vindelicorum</span> <span class="note">place name</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_291" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Augsburg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_292" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂éwgō</span> <span class="meaning">an increase</span> <span class="note">noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_293" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*aukô</span> <span class="meaning">increase, addition</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthGermanic_294" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_295" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">auki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Icelandic_296" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">auki</span> <span class="meaning">increase, addition</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_297" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_298" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēaca</span> <span class="meaning">addition, increase, supplement</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_244" class="large germanic descent"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">eke (out)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_300" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂éwgeh₂</span> <span class="meaning">sunrise, dawn</span> <span class="note">secondary noun: collective or feminine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="PreAlbanian_301" class="albanian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*(h)aug-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_302" class="albanian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">ag</span> <span class="meaning">dawn, predawn light, shine, fog, pupils</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_303" class="albanian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">vegoj</span> <span class="meaning">to appear, to look blurry, to barely see</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_304" class="albanian derivative"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">vegim</span> <span class="meaning">mirage, illusion, dream</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Albanian_305" class="albanian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">agull</span> <span class="meaning">dawn, predawn light, fog</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_306" class="albanian derivative"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">vagëlloj</span> <span class="meaning">to barely see, to blink, to glow dimly, to dim, to weaken</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hellenic_307" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_308" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὐγή</span> <span class="transliteration">augḗ</span> <span class="meaning">sunlight, dawn, sheen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_309" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αυγή</span> <span class="transliteration">avgí</span> <span class="meaning">dawn, beginning</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="BaltoSlavic_310" class="baltoslavic parent descent possible"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Slavic_311" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*jùgъ</span> <span class="meaning">south, south wind</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="SouthSlavic_312" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Bulgarian_313" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">юг</span> <span class="transliteration">jug</span> <span class="meaning">south</span> </li> <li id="SerboCroatian_314" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">југ</span> <span class="transliteration">jug</span> <span class="meaning">south</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="SerboCroatian_315" class="baltoslavic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">Југославија</span> <span class="transliteration">Jugoslavija</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_316" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Yugoslavia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Albanian_317" class="albanian borrowing"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">jug</span> <span class="meaning">south</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestSlavic_318" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Czech_319" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">jih</span> <span class="meaning">south</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_320" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂éwgs-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_321" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂ugstos</span> <span class="meaning">grown</span> <span class="note">adjective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="BaltoSlavic_322" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastBaltic_323" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lithuanian_324" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">áukštas</span> <span class="meaning">high, tall, noble</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="FinnoUgric_325" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finno-Ugric</span> <span class="transliteration">*kawsa-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="FinnoUgric_326" class="uralic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finno-Ugric</span> <span class="transliteration">*kaswa-</span> <span class="note">regular metathesis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Finnic_327" class="uralic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration">*kasva-</span> <span class="meaning">to grow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Finnish_328" class="uralic descent"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">kasvaa</span> <span class="meaning">to grow, to become, to increment</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_329" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂weg-</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_330" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂wégseti</span> <span class="note">se imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_331" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*wahsijaną</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WestGermanic_332" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_333" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">weaxan</span> <span class="meaning">to grow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_334" class="large germanic descent"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">wax</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hellenic_335" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*awéksō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_336" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὔξω</span> <span class="transliteration">aúxō</span> <span class="meaning">to increase, to promote</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="IndoIranian_337" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hwakšáyati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Iranian_338" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Avestan_339" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬎𐬑𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬍</span> <span class="transliteration">uxšiieitī</span> <span class="meaning">grows</span> </li> <li id="WesternIranian_340" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_341" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">وخشیدن</span> <span class="transliteration">vaxšidan</span> <span class="meaning">to grow (archaic)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_342" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂wégses</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoIranian_343" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hwákšas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_344" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_345" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀯𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀲𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration">vákṣas</span> <span class="meaning">chest, breast</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Magadhi_346" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Assamese_347" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Assamese</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="asm-Beng">বুকু</span> <span class="transliteration">buku</span> <span class="meaning">chest</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_348" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂wégstus</span> <span class="note">result noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_349" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*wahstuz</span> <span class="meaning">size, growth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WestGermanic_350" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_351" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_352" class="large germanic descent"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">waist</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_353" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂wegrom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_354" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*wegrom</span> <span class="meaning">grass, hay</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Brythonic_355" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*gweɣr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_356" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">gwair</span> <span class="meaning">grass, hay</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldIrish_357" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">fér</span> <span class="meaning">grass</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_358" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">féar</span> <span class="meaning">grass</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_359" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂wógros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_360" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*wōkraz</span> <span class="meaning">gain, yield, offspring, interest, usury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastGermanic_361" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gothic_362" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐍅𐍉𐌺𐍂𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">wōkrs</span> <span class="meaning">usury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthGermanic_363" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_364" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">okr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_365" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">åger</span> <span class="meaning">usury</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_366" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">okur</span> <span class="meaning">usury</span> </li> <li id="MiddleEnglish_367" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">o(c)ker</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_368" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_369" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">wōcor</span> </li> <li id="Frankish_370" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*wōkar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_371" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">woeker</span> <span class="meaning">usury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_372" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">wuohhar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_373" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Wucher</span> <span class="meaning">usury, price-gouging</span> </li> <li id="Yiddish_374" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">וואָכער</span> <span class="transliteration">vokher</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Finnic_375" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration">*vookra</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Finnish_376" class="uralic descent"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">vuokra</span> <span class="meaning">lease, rent</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_377" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="BaltoSlavic_378" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Slavic_379" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ovoťe</span> <span class="meaning">fruit, yield</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_380" class="parent descent possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂epó</span> <span class="meaning">off, away</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Anatolian_381" class="anatolian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hittite_382" class="anatolian descent"> <span class="language anatolian">Hittite</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hit-Xsux">𒀀𒀊𒉺</span> <span class="transliteration">a-ap-pa</span> <span class="meaning">behind, afterward, back, again</span> </li> <li id="Luwian_383" class="anatolian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Luwian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CuneiformLuwian_384" class="anatolian descent"> <span class="language anatolian">Cuneiform Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlu-Xsux">𒀀𒀊𒉺</span> <span class="transliteration">a-ap-pa</span> <span class="meaning">back, again</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="PreAlbanian_385" class="albanian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*apa</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_386" class="albanian descent"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">pa</span> <span class="meaning">without, minus, not including</span> </li> <li id="PreAlbanian_387" class="albanian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*pər apa</span> <span class="note">lit. "front away"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_388" class="albanian descent"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">prapë</span> <span class="meaning">again, back, anew</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Celtic_14" class="celtic parent descent possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*aw</span> <span class="meaning">of, from</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Brythonic_15" class="celtic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_16" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">o</span> <span class="meaning">from, of, out of</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldIrish_17" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">ó</span> <span class="meaning">from, of, with, since, after</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_18" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">ó</span> <span class="meaning">of, from, since</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Germanic_390" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ab</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WestGermanic_391" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_392" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">af</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_393" class="large germanic descent"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">of</span> </li> <li id="English_394" class="large germanic descent"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">off</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hellenic_395" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*apó</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MycenaeanGreek_396" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀀𐀢</span> <span class="transliteration">a-pu</span> <span class="meaning">from</span> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_397" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀπό</span> <span class="transliteration">apó</span> <span class="meaning">from, away, because of</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_398" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">από</span> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_399" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀπο-</span> <span class="transliteration">apo-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_400" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀφαιρέω</span> <span class="transliteration">aphairéō</span> <span class="meaning">I take away, I deprive, I rob, I abstract away</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_401" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apheresis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_402" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀφορίζω</span> <span class="transliteration">aphorízō</span> <span class="meaning">I mark off, I set apart, I define</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_403" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">aphorism</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_404" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀποκαλύπτω</span> <span class="transliteration">apokalúptō</span> <span class="meaning">I reveal, I disclose</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_405" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apocalypse</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_406" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀποκόπτω</span> <span class="transliteration">apokóptō</span> <span class="meaning">I cut off</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_407" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apocope</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_408" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀπολογία</span> <span class="transliteration">apologíā</span> <span class="meaning">speech in defense of something, justification, apology</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_409" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apology</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_410" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀποπλήσσω</span> <span class="transliteration">apoplḗssō</span> <span class="meaning">I strike down, I cripple, I become dazed</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_411" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apoplexy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_412" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀπόπτωσις</span> <span class="transliteration">apóptōsis</span> <span class="meaning">a falling away, a depositing, a vanishing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_413" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apoptosis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_414" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀφίστημι</span> <span class="transliteration">aphístēmi</span> <span class="meaning">I stand away, I depart</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_415" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apostate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_416" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀποστρέφω</span> <span class="transliteration">apostréphō</span> <span class="meaning">I turn away</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_417" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apostrophe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_418" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀποθεόω</span> <span class="transliteration">apotheóō</span> <span class="meaning">I deify, I make a god</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_419" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apotheosis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_420" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀποθήκη</span> <span class="transliteration">apothḗkē</span> <span class="meaning">repository, warehouse</span> <span class="note">"put away"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_421" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apothecary</span> </li> <li id="English_422" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">boutique</span> </li> <li id="English_423" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bodega</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_424" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀποτρέπω</span> <span class="meaning">I cause to turn away, I halt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_425" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apotropaic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="IndoIranian_426" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hapá</span> <span class="meaning">off, away, from</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_427" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_428" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀧-</span> <span class="transliteration">apa-</span> <span class="meaning">away, off, back, down</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Iranian_429" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Avestan_430" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬀𐬞𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration">apa</span> </li> <li id="WesternIranian_431" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldPersian_432" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎠𐎱</span> <span class="transliteration">a-p(a)</span> <span class="meaning">away</span> </li> <li id="Armenian_433" class="armenian borrowing possible"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ապա</span> <span class="transliteration">apa</span> <span class="meaning">then, after that, so, therefore, however, but</span> <span class="note">but also compare Georgian <span class="orthography" lang="kat-Geor">აბა</span> <span class="transliteration">aba</span>: "so, well, right"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italic_434" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_435" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ab</span> <span class="meaning">from, with, out of, after, at</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_436" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_437" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">a</span> <span class="meaning">to, at, with, by</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_438" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">a cappella</span> </li> <li id="English_439" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">alarm</span> </li> <li id="English_440" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">alert</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_441" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_442" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">à</span> <span class="meaning">to, on, at, in</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_443" class="italic derivative"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">aujourd’hui</span> <span class="meaning">today</span> </li> <li id="English_444" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">a la mode</span> </li> <li id="English_445" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apropos</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_446" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">a</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_447" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ab-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_448" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abundare</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_449" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abound</span> </li> <li id="English_450" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abundance</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_451" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">avocare</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_452" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">avocation</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_453" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">amanuensis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_454" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">amanuensis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_455" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">absolvere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_456" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">absolve</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_37" class="italic derivative"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">au-</span> <span class="meaning">from, away, off, completely</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Messapian_458" class="descent"> <span class="language">Messapian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="cms-Grek">ΑΠΑ</span> <span class="transliteration">apa</span> <span class="meaning">from, out of, by</span> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_459" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂pó</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="BaltoSlavic_460" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pa</span> </li> <li id="Celtic_461" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*φo</span> </li> <li id="Italic_462" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*po</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_463" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">po-</span> <span class="meaning">off, away</span> </li> <li id="Italic_464" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pozinezi</span> <span class="note">"away-put"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_465" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">pōnere</span> <span class="meaning">to place, to put, to ordain, to set up</span> <span class="note">passive participle: <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">positus</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_466" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">post</span> </li> <li id="English_467" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">posit</span> </li> <li id="Latin_468" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">positiō</span> <span class="meaning">position, place, framing, attitude</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_469" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">position</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_470" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">compōner</span> <span class="note">"place together"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_471" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">compose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_472" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dēpōnere</span> <span class="note">"place away"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_473" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">depose</span> </li> <li id="English_474" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">deposit</span> </li> <li id="English_475" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">deponent</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_476" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dispōnere</span> <span class="note">"place apart"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_477" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">dispose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_478" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">expōnere</span> <span class="note">"place out"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_479" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">expose</span> </li> <li id="English_480" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">expound</span> </li> <li id="English_481" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">exposition</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_482" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">impōnere</span> <span class="note">"place in"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_483" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">impose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_484" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">oppōnere</span> <span class="note">"place against"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_485" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">oppose</span> </li> <li id="English_486" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">opponent</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_487" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">postpōnere</span> <span class="note">"place after"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_488" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">postpone</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_489" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">praepōnere</span> <span class="note">"place before"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_490" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">preposition</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_491" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">prōpōnere</span> <span class="note">"place forward"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_492" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">propose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_493" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">repōnere</span> <span class="note">"place back"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_494" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">repose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_495" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">suppōnere</span> <span class="note">"place under"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_496" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">suppose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_497" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">trānspōnere</span> <span class="note">"place across"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_498" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">transpose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_499" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂poneh₁</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_500" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*fanē</span> <span class="meaning">from</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WestGermanic_501" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Frankish_502" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*fan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_503" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">van</span> <span class="meaning">of, by, from</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_504" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">fon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_505" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">von</span> <span class="meaning">from, of, by, with</span> </li> <li id="Yiddish_506" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">פֿון</span> <span class="transliteration">fun</span> <span class="meaning">of, from, by</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_507" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂eps</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hellenic_508" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_509" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄψ</span> <span class="transliteration">áps</span> <span class="meaning">back, again, in return</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italic_510" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_511" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abs</span> <span class="note">archaic alternative to <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">ab</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_512" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂eperos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_513" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*aferą</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastGermanic_514" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gothic_515" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂</span> <span class="transliteration">afar</span> <span class="meaning">after, following, according to</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthGermanic_516" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_517" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldHighGerman_518" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">aber</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_519" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">aber</span> <span class="meaning">but, however, though, again, to a surprising degree</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="IndoIranian_520" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*áparas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_521" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_522" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀧𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration">ápara</span> <span class="meaning">later, following, another, different, western, distant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Magadhi_523" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> <span class="transliteration">*avara</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Bengali_524" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">আর</span> <span class="transliteration">ar</span> <span class="meaning">and</span> </li> <li id="Bengali_525" class="indoiranian descent possible"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">ও</span> <span class="transliteration">ō</span> <span class="meaning">and, also</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Sauraseni_526" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="psu-Brah">𑀅𑀯𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration">avara</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MadhyaSauraseni_527" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Madhya Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_528" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">और</span> <span class="transliteration">aur</span> <span class="meaning">other, more, and</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthwesternSauraseni_529" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Punjabi_530" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Punjabi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pan-Guru">ਹੋਰ</span> <span class="transliteration">hor</span> <span class="meaning">more, another, different</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternSauraseni_531" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romani_532" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Romani</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rom-Latn">aver</span> <span class="meaning">other</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Telugu_533" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">అపరము</span> <span class="transliteration">aparamu</span> <span class="meaning">other, another</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Iranian_534" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Avestan_535" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration">apara</span> <span class="meaning">later, further back</span> </li> <li id="WesternIranian_536" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldPersian_537" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎠𐎱𐎼</span> <span class="transliteration">apara</span> <span class="meaning">later, after</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_538" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂epteros</span> <span class="note">contrastive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_539" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*afteraz</span> <span class="meaning">back, behind</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_540" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*after</span> <span class="meaning">after, behind</span> <span class="note">locative adverb</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthGermanic_541" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmq-Runr">ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ</span> <span class="transliteration">after</span> <span class="meaning">after</span> <span class="note"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tune_stone">on the Tune Stone</a></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_542" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">eptir</span> <span class="meaning">after, afterwards, along</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_543" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_544" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">æfter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_545" class="large germanic descent"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">after</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_546" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂epotm̥mos</span> <span class="meaning">furthest back, furthest away</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoIranian_547" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hapatamás</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Iranian_548" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WesternIranian_549" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldPersian_550" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*apatama</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_551" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">افدم</span> <span class="transliteration">afdom</span> <span class="meaning">last, end, oldest, finale</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_552" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂épyeh₂</span> <span class="meaning">an awaying? a turning back?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_553" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*abjǭ</span> <span class="meaning">an ebb</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthGermanic_554" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_555" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">efja</span> <span class="meaning">mud, ooze</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_556" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*abbjā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_557" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ebba</span> <span class="meaning">an ebb, a tide</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_558" class="large germanic descent"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ebb</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Finnic_559" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration">*apaja</span> <span class="meaning">bay, fishing spot</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Finnish_560" class="uralic descent"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">apaja</span> <span class="meaning">fishing spot, fishing waters</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_561" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂époh₃kʷos</span> <span class="meaning">looking back</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="BaltoSlavic_562" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastBaltic_563" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lithuanian_564" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">apúokas</span> <span class="meaning">eagle owl</span> <span class="note">for being able to turn their head around and look backward</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Slavic_565" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*opakъ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="SouthSlavic_566" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="SerboCroatian_567" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">опак</span> <span class="transliteration">opak</span> <span class="meaning">wicked, spiteful, severe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Germanic_568" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*abuhaz</span> <span class="meaning">backwards, inverted, wicked</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastGermanic_569" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gothic_570" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌺𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">ibuks</span> <span class="meaning">backward, back</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthGermanic_571" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_572" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">ǫfugr</span> <span class="meaning">backward, unkind, harsh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_573" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">avet</span> <span class="meaning">backward</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_574" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">öfugur</span> <span class="meaning">backward, inverted, wrong, inside out, queer</span> </li> <li id="English_575" class="large germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">awk</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_576" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">awkward</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_577" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldHighGerman_578" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">abuh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_579" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">äbich</span> <span class="meaning">inside out</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="IndoIranian_580" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_581" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_582" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀧𑀸𑀜𑁆𑀘𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration">apāñc</span> <span class="meaning">facing backward, behind, western</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/autism.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/autism.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_51">nickname</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_83">autism</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_125">negotiate</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_139">Gyges</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_196">uncle</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_225">O'-</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_244">eke (out)</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_257">augment</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_259">augment</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_262">auxiliary</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_264">author</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_265">auteur</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_267">authority</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_269">octroy</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_270">authorize</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_272">auction</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_282">august</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_283">Augustus</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_284">August</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_285">Aosta</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_287">Kaiseraugst</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_288">Saragossa</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_289">Zaragoza</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_291">Augsburg</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_316">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_334">wax</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_352">waist</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_393">of</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_394">off</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_401">apheresis</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_403">aphorism</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_405">apocalypse</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_407">apocope</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_409">apology</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_411">apoplexy</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_413">apoptosis</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_415">apostate</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_417">apostrophe</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_419">apotheosis</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_421">apothecary</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_422">boutique</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_423">bodega</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_425">apotropaic</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_438">a cappella</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_439">alarm</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_440">alert</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_444">a la mode</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_445">apropos</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_449">abound</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_450">abundance</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_452">avocation</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_454">amanuensis</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_456">absolve</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_466">post</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_467">posit</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_469">position</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_471">compose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_473">depose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_474">deposit</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_475">deponent</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_477">dispose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_479">expose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_480">expound</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_481">exposition</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_483">impose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_485">oppose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_486">opponent</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_488">postpone</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_490">preposition</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_492">propose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_494">repose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_496">suppose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_498">transpose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_545">after</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_558">ebb</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_575">awk</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#English_576">awkward</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">au-</span> (from <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew-</span>) became an allomorph of <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">ab-</span> (<span class="transliteration">*h₂epó</span>) used before base words starting with <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">f-</span>, interpreted as if it was a dissimilatory variant of <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">ab-</span>.</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p>As I've said before, I'm not always thrilled with the word <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">autism</span>—it was originally coined to describe a symptom of a completely different neurotype, and then applied to us by a Nazi. And yet, it's still probably the best term available. If I break down the morpehemes past Greek all the way to PIE, I get <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew-tó-id-ye-mos</span>, which I translate as "doing-that-again-ness", which I can get behind.</p> </li> <li id="footnote-3"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-3-a">^</a></span><p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂weg-</span> and <span class="transliteration">*h₂ewg-</span>, both "to increase, to enlarge" are clearly variants, with one (or both) formed by guessing were the root vowel was supposed to be from a zero-grade form. Typologically, it is more common for that re-analysis to have gone from <span class="transliteration">*h₂weg-</span> to <span class="transliteration">*h₂ewg-</span>. But if the pair is connected to <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew-</span> perhaps it went the other way. Or perhaps both were back formed separately from the same zero-grade extension form, <span class="transliteration">*h₂wg-</span>.</p> </li> </ol> 2023-10-13T00:00:00-07:002023-10-13T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2023-10-13:/word-family-hawaii.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Dr. Melenaite Taumoefolau makes a compelling and intriguing argument: that Nuclear Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*sawaiki</span>: "traditional/mythological homeland"—whence <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Hawaii</span>—may be a cognate of <span class="transliteration">*sau ʔariki</span> borrowed from the Tongic branch into Nuclear Polynesian. (Note that <span class="transliteration">*sawaiki</span> can only be reconstructed to NP, it is not present in Tongic or …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Dr. Melenaite Taumoefolau makes a compelling and intriguing argument: that Nuclear Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*sawaiki</span>: "traditional/mythological homeland"—whence <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Hawaii</span>—may be a cognate of <span class="transliteration">*sau ʔariki</span> borrowed from the Tongic branch into Nuclear Polynesian. (Note that <span class="transliteration">*sawaiki</span> can only be reconstructed to NP, it is not present in Tongic or other related groups.)</p> <p>Tongic reflexes of <span class="transliteration">*ʔariki</span> all show loss of the <span class="transliteration">*r</span>: Niuēan <span class="orthography" lang="niu-Latn">iki</span> , Tongan <span class="orthography" lang="ton-Latn">ʻeiki</span>, Tongan <span class="orthography" lang="ton-Latn">houʻeiki</span>. And Nuclear Polynesian had lost the Proto-Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*ʔ</span>; so a borrowing from Tongic to Nuclear Polynesian would strip both <span class="transliteration">*ʔ</span> and <span class="transliteration">*r</span> from <span class="transliteration">*sau ʔariki</span>, leaving <span class="transliteration">*sau aiki</span>. Once interpreted as monomorphemic in the borrowing language, the stress would shift, changing <span class="transliteration">*u</span> to <span class="transliteration">*w</span>, completing the transformation into reconstructed NP <span class="transliteration">*sawaiki</span>!</p> <p>This borrowing would presumably be linked with the second wave of colonization from western Tonga to the already inhabited Marquesas Islands (necessarily also passing through the Society Islands between) that happened a little before the expansion of the Marquesic and Tahitic subfamilies to the remote islands.</p> <p>If this theory is correct, then Hawaiʻian has doublets <span class="orthography" lang="haw-Latn">aualiʻi</span> (normal development) vs <span class="orthography" lang="haw-Latn">Hawaiʻi</span> (borrowing from Tongic to NP); and likewise Tongan has doublets <span class="orthography" lang="ton-Latn">houʻeiki</span> (normal development) vs <span class="orthography" lang="ton-Latn">Hauaiʻi</span> (re-borrowing from Hawaiʻian).</p> <p>I have not been able to find any information about the Fijian (Oceanic, non-Polynesian) place name <span class="orthography" lang="fij-Latn">Sawaieke</span>, and how or whether it fits in to this.</p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="591" class="austronesian parent"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Oceanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*sau</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="592" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Fijian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="fij-Latn">sau</span> <span class="meaning">high chief</span> </li> <li id="593" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*sau</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="594" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*sau</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="595" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*hau</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="596" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="597" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">hau</span> <span class="meaning">government</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="598" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="599" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">hau</span> <span class="meaning">peace, government, nation, homeland</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="600" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> <span class="transliteration">*hau</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="601" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">hau</span> <span class="meaning">ruler, to rule, to conquer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="602" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">tukuhau</span> <span class="meaning">tribute, taxes</span> <span class="note">lit. "let go to the ruler"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="603" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*faka-sau</span> <span class="meaning">to be like a ruler</span> <span class="note">with causative/simulative <span class="transliteration">*faka-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="604" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="605" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">fakahau</span> <span class="meaning">tyrannical, rigorous, troublesome</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="606" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*faka-sau</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="607" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*faka-hau</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="608" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="609" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">whakahau</span> <span class="meaning">to rule, to command</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="610" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*sau-malu</span> <span class="meaning">~shelter of authority?</span> <span class="note">with <span class="transliteration">*malu</span>: "shade, shelter", but uncertain that it is the same <span class="transliteration">*sau</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="611" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*sau-malu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="612" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*hau-malu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="613" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Rapa Nui</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="rap-Latn">haumarū</span> <span class="meaning">peace</span> </li> <li id="614" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="615" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">haumalu</span> <span class="meaning">quiet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="616" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> <span class="transliteration">*hau-maru</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="617" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">haumaru</span> <span class="meaning">safety, shelter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="618" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">mōhiti haumaru</span> <span class="meaning">safety googles</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="619" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*sau-ʔariki</span> <span class="meaning">council of chiefs? high chief? aristocratic government?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="651" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*sau-aliki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="652" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="653" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">saualiʻi</span> <span class="meaning">spirits</span> </li> <li id="654" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tokelauan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkl-Latn">haualiki</span> <span class="meaning">demigod</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="655" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*hau-aliki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="656" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="657" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">aualiʻi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="658" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> <span class="transliteration">*hau-ariki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="659" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">hau ari'i</span> <span class="meaning">government, kingdom, kingship</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="660" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Outlier Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="661" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tikopia</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkp-Latn">sau ariki</span> <span class="meaning">to select a chief</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="662" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> <span class="transliteration">*sau-ʔiki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="663" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">houʻeiki</span> <span class="meaning">chiefs</span> <span class="note">irregular plural of <span class="orthography" lang="ton-Latn">ʻeiki</span></span> </li> <li id="664" class="austronesian polynesian parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*sawaiki</span> <span class="meaning">traditional/mythological homeland</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="665" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="666" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">Savai'i</span> <span class="meaning">island in western Samoa (also called Salafai)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="667" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="668" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="669" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">Hawaiʻi</span> <span class="meaning">the Hawaiian Islands, the Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="670" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Hawaii</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="671" class="sinotibetan sintic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="sinotibetan sintic"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Cantonese</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="yue-Hant">夏威夷</span> <span class="transliteration">haa⁶ wai¹ ji⁴</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="672" class="sinotibetan sintic borrowing"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Mandarin</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Hant">夏威夷</span> <span class="transliteration">Xiàwēiyí</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="673" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">ハワイ</span> <span class="transliteration">Hawai</span> </li> <li id="674" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Hawái</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="675" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">Haway</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="676" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">Hauaiʻi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="677" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">Havaiʻi</span> <span class="meaning">underworld, mythical homeland of the first humans in the west</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="678" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="679" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">Hawaiki</span> <span class="meaning">ancient homeland, where the voyage to Aotearoa left from and where souls return after death</span> </li> <li id="680" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">Havaiʻi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="620" class="austronesian parent"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*haɟi</span> <span class="meaning">king, chief</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="621" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Kawi</span> <span class="transliteration">haji</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="622" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Javanese</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="jav-Java">ꦲꦗꦶ</span> <span class="transliteration">aji</span> <span class="meaning">king</span> </li> <li id="623" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">hari</span> <span class="meaning">king</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="624" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="625" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">aji</span> <span class="meaning">king</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="626" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Philippine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="627" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Ilokano</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ilo-Latn">ári</span> <span class="meaning">king</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="628" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Oceanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ari</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="629" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*ʔariki</span> <span class="meaning">foremost, noble, chief</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="619" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*sau-ʔariki</span> <span class="meaning">council of chiefs? high chief? aristocratic government?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="651" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*sau-aliki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="652" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="653" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">saualiʻi</span> <span class="meaning">spirits</span> </li> <li id="654" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tokelauan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkl-Latn">haualiki</span> <span class="meaning">demigod</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="655" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*hau-aliki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="656" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="657" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">aualiʻi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="658" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> <span class="transliteration">*hau-ariki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="659" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">hau ari'i</span> <span class="meaning">government, kingdom, kingship</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="660" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Outlier Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="661" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tikopia</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkp-Latn">sau ariki</span> <span class="meaning">to select a chief</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="662" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> <span class="transliteration">*sau-ʔiki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="663" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">houʻeiki</span> <span class="meaning">chiefs</span> <span class="note">irregular plural of <span class="orthography" lang="ton-Latn">ʻeiki</span></span> </li> <li id="664" class="austronesian polynesian parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*sawaiki</span> <span class="meaning">traditional/mythological homeland</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="665" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="666" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">Savai'i</span> <span class="meaning">island in western Samoa (also called Salafai)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="667" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="668" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="669" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">Hawaiʻi</span> <span class="meaning">the Hawaiian Islands, the Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="670" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Hawaii</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="671" class="sinotibetan sintic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="sinotibetan sintic"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Cantonese</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="yue-Hant">夏威夷</span> <span class="transliteration">haa⁶ wai¹ ji⁴</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="672" class="sinotibetan sintic borrowing"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Mandarin</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Hant">夏威夷</span> <span class="transliteration">Xiàwēiyí</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="673" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">ハワイ</span> <span class="transliteration">Hawai</span> </li> <li id="674" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Hawái</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="675" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">Haway</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="676" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">Hauaiʻi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="677" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">Havaiʻi</span> <span class="meaning">underworld, mythical homeland of the first humans in the west</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="678" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="679" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">Hawaiki</span> <span class="meaning">ancient homeland, where the voyage to Aotearoa left from and where souls return after death</span> </li> <li id="680" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">Havaiʻi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="630" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*aliki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="631" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="632" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">aliʻi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="633" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration">*aliki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="634" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="635" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">aliʻi</span> <span class="meaning">noble, ruler, monarch, royal, to rule, to govern</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="636" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">naʻau aliʻi</span> <span class="meaning">beneficent, forgiving, loving, kind</span> <span class="note">lit. "noble mind/heart/temper"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="637" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">aʻiki</span> <span class="meaning">chief, steward, rich man</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="638" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ariki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="639" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">ariki</span> <span class="meaning">high chief, lord, god, noble, first born (in a noble family)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="640" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">Arikinui</span> <span class="meaning">Paramount Chief</span> <span class="note">lit. "Great Chief"</span> </li> <li id="641" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">whānau ariki</span> <span class="meaning">noble family, celestial bodies of the solar system</span> </li> <li id="642" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">whare ariki</span> <span class="meaning">royal house, royal flush (poker)</span> </li> <li id="643" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">Ngā mata o te ariki o Tāwhirimātea</span> <span class="meaning">the Pleiades</span> <span class="note">"the Eyes of the God Tāwhirimātea"/"the Eyes of the Lord of Tāwhirimātea"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="644" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">Matariki</span> <span class="meaning">the Pleiades</span> <span class="note">contraction</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="645" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">ariʻi</span> <span class="meaning">high chief, king</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="646" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ʔaiki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="647" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Niuēan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="niu-Latn">iki</span> </li> <li id="648" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">ʻeiki</span> <span class="meaning">noble</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="649" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Outlier Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="650" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tikopia</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkp-Latn">ariki</span> <span class="meaning">chief, chiefly, to become chief</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/hawaii.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/hawaii.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-hawaii.html#670">Hawaii</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*ʔariki</span>: "foremost, noble, chief" seems like it should be connected to Javanese and Malay <span class="orthography" lang="msa-Latn">aji</span> and Ilokano <span class="orthography" lang="ilo-Latn">ári</span>, all meaning "king" (Malayo-Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*haɟi</span>), but the correspondence between Proto-Malayo-Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*h-</span> and Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*ʔ-</span> is irregular.</p> <p>I wish I could find an Oceanic but non-Polynesian reflex to help bridge the gap. In the absence of that, it's very possible that Malay and Ilokano also borrowed the word from Kawa (Old Javanese)—as Tagalog did—and there is no real correspondence above the Polynesian level.</p> <p>If there is a correspondence, the extra <span class="transliteration">*-ki</span> can be explained as the same derivational suffix seen in various other pairs of words, like <span class="transliteration">*muʔa</span>: "before, in front" and <span class="transliteration">*muʔa-ki</span>: "to be first, to lead" or <span class="transliteration">*lua</span> and <span class="transliteration">*lua-ki</span>, both "to vomit"—probably a variant of <span class="transliteration">*-ʔaki</span> which forms verbs from nouns or adds an intensive or iterative meaning. (Note that in Polynesian languages adjectives and stative verbs, and even noun are not very distinct from each other; while <span class="transliteration">*ʔariki</span> usually seems noun- or adjective-like, that doesn't stop it from being derived from verb morphology.)</p> </li> </ol> 2023-09-15T00:00:00-07:002023-09-15T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2023-09-15:/word-family-dragon.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Dragon tears.</p> <p>The etymology of <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">dragon</span> (Classical Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">δράκων</span> <span class="transliteration">drákōn</span>) is not certain, but is traditionally linked to <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">δέρκομαι</span> <span class="transliteration">dérkomai</span>: "to see, to watch".</p> <p>"<span class="transliteration">Derkomai</span>…really?" Not so odd: The aorist active participle (m.) of <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">δέρκομαι</span> <span class="transliteration">dérkomai</span> is <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">δρακών</span> <span class="transliteration">drakṓn</span>—the only difference from <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">δράκων</span> <span class="transliteration">drákōn</span> is the placement …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Dragon tears.</p> <p>The etymology of <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">dragon</span> (Classical Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">δράκων</span> <span class="transliteration">drákōn</span>) is not certain, but is traditionally linked to <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">δέρκομαι</span> <span class="transliteration">dérkomai</span>: "to see, to watch".</p> <p>"<span class="transliteration">Derkomai</span>…really?" Not so odd: The aorist active participle (m.) of <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">δέρκομαι</span> <span class="transliteration">dérkomai</span> is <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">δρακών</span> <span class="transliteration">drakṓn</span>—the only difference from <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">δράκων</span> <span class="transliteration">drákōn</span> is the placement of the accent. A substantive use of the aorist active participle could be translated as "he who watches, he who stares". It's unclear if the Athenian lawgiver <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">Draco</span>/<span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">Δρακων</span> from whom we get the word <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">draconian</span> is named "Dragon" or "Watcher"</p> <p>The same root—<span class="transliteration">*derḱ-</span>—appears in the compound <span class="transliteration">*dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru</span>: "tear". <a href="/word-family-edge.html"><span class="transliteration">*h₂eḱru</span>, while literally meaning "bitter" or "sting"</a>, seems to have meant "tear" on its own at an early stage. This is preserved in Anatolian, Tocharian, Baltic, and Indo-Iranian. In Armenian, Hellenic, Germanic, Celtic, and Italic, the compound form is preserved instead <span class="transliteration">*dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru</span> (haplologized to <span class="transliteration">*drh₂éḱru</span>, <span class="transliteration">*dh₂éḱru</span>), interpretable as "eye-tears", "eye-stings", or "bitter-eyes".</p> <p>The word <span class="transliteration">*drh₂éḱru</span> has had a very unstable plural, due to the combination of the unusual stem ending and the semantics of "tear(s)" easily falling into plurale tantum territory:</p> <ul> <li>Both Welsh and Classical Greek re-derived a singular from the collective <span class="transliteration">*dáḱruh₂</span>: <span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">deigryn</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Latn">δάκρυον</span> <span class="transliteration">dákruon</span></li> <li> Armenian <span class="orthography" lang="hye-Armn">արցունք</span> <span class="transliteration">arcʿunkʿ</span> is derived from the Old Armenian <span class="orthography" lang="xcl-Armn">արտասուք</span> <span class="transliteration">artasukʿ</span>: "tears"; the Old Armenian singular <span class="orthography" lang="xcl-Armn">արտօսր</span> <span class="transliteration">artōsr</span> also has an unexpected <span class="transliteration">s</span> copied from the plural</li> <li>In Germanic <span class="transliteration">*tahrą</span>, the difference in stressed syllable triggered Verner's Law only in the plural form giving singular stem <span class="transliteration">*tahr-</span> (really /taxr-/) but plural stem <span class="transliteration">*tagr-</span> (really /taɣr-/). East Germanic levelled the stem to <span class="transliteration">*tagr-</span>, while North and West levelled the stem to <span class="transliteration">*tahr-</span>.</li> </ul> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_25">Dracula</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_36">dragon</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_64">rankle</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_78">tarragon</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_201">tear</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_224">lachrymose</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_1" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*derḱ-</span> <span class="meaning">to see, eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_2" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*dérḱeti</span> <span class="note">imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hellenic_3" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_4" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δέρκομαι</span> <span class="transliteration">dérkomai</span> <span class="meaning">to see, to watch, to gleam</span> <span class="note">3P <span class="transliteration">dérketai</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_5" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δρακών</span> <span class="transliteration">drakṓn</span> <span class="note">aorist active participle masculine, "watching"/"having watched"/"he who watches"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_6" class="hellenic parent derivative possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δράκων</span> <span class="transliteration">drákōn</span> <span class="meaning">dragon, serpent</span> <span class="note">oblique steam <span class="transliteration">drákont-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_7" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">δράκοντας</span> <span class="transliteration">drákontas</span> <span class="meaning">dragon</span> </li> <li id="ByzantineGreek_8" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δράκος</span> <span class="transliteration">drákos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_9" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">δράκος</span> <span class="transliteration">drákos</span> <span class="meaning">dragon, monster</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Coptic_10" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Coptic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="cop-Copt">ⲇⲣⲁⲕⲱⲛ</span> <span class="transliteration">drakōn</span> <span class="meaning">dragon, serpent</span> </li> <li id="Hebrew_11" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Hebrew</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="heb-Hebr">דרקון</span> <span class="transliteration">drakón</span> <span class="meaning">serpent, dragon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Yiddish_12" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">דראַקאָן</span> <span class="transliteration">drakon</span> <span class="meaning">dragon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_13" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">drāco</span> <span class="meaning">dragon, serpent</span> <span class="note">acc. <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">dracōnem</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_14" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_15" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">drago</span> <span class="note">from the nom.</span> </li> <li id="Italian_16" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">dragone</span> <span class="note">from the acc.</span> </li> <li id="Sicilian_17" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sicilian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="scn-Latn">dragu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Maltese_18" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Maltese</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="mlt-Latn">dragun</span> <span class="meaning">dragon, dragoon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="PreAlbanian_19" class="albanian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dragɔ̄n</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_20" class="albanian descent"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">dragua</span> <span class="meaning">dragon, hero, dragon-slayer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="InsularRomance_21" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sardinian_22" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">dragone</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="EasternRomance_23" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romanian_24" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">drac</span> <span class="meaning">devil</span> <span class="note">definite form: <span class="orthography" lang="ron-Latn">dracul</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_25" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Dracula</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="PreAlbanian_26" class="albanian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*drak</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_27" class="albanian descent"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">dreq</span> <span class="meaning">devil</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_28" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_29" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">drago</span> <span class="meaning">dragon tree</span> <span class="note">from the nom.</span> </li> <li id="Spanish_30" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">dragón</span> <span class="meaning">dragon, dragoon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldFrench_31" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">dragon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_32" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">dragon</span> <span class="meaning">dragon, dragoon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_33" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">dragoon</span> </li> <li id="Swedish_34" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">dragon</span> <span class="meaning">dragoon, tarragon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Finnish_35" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">rakuuna</span> <span class="meaning">dragoon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_36" class="large germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">dragon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Japanese_37" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">ドラゴン</span> <span class="transliteration">doragon</span> <span class="meaning">(Western) dragon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Irish_38" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">dragan</span> <span class="meaning">dragon, tarragon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Yiddish_12" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">דראַקאָן</span> <span class="transliteration">drakon</span> <span class="meaning">dragon</span> </li> <li id="Brythonic_40" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*drėg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_41" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">draig</span> <span class="meaning">dragon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_42" class="celtic derivative"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Y Ddraig Goch</span> <span class="meaning">The Red Dragon (on the flag of Wales)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_43" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*drakō</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_44" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">draca</span> <span class="meaning">dragon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_45" class="large germanic descent"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">drake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_46" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*draka</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_47" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">draak</span> <span class="meaning">dragon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_48" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">trahho</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_49" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Drache</span> <span class="meaning">dragon</span> <span class="note">re-modelled to Latin, supported by Central German dialect forms without the d > t change</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Czech_50" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">drak</span> <span class="meaning">dragon, kite, glider</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldSaxon_51" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_52" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">dreki</span> <span class="meaning">dragon, dragon ship (drakkar)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_53" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">drage</span> <span class="meaning">dragon, kite, hang-glider, dragon ship</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_54" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">dreki</span> <span class="meaning">dragon</span> </li> <li id="Swedish_55" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">drake</span> <span class="meaning">dragon, kite, dragon ship</span> <span class="note">pl. <span class="orthography" lang="swe-Latn">drakar</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_56" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">drakkar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_57" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">drakkar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_58" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Draco</span> </li> <li id="Translingual_59" class="large borrowing"> <span class="language large">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography large" lang="mul-Latn">Draco</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic genus of gliding lizards</span> </li> <li id="Latin_60" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dracunculus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WesternRomance_61" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_62" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">draoncle</span> <span class="meaning">a sore, a boil</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_63" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">(d)raoncler</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_64" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">rankle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_65" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δράκαινα</span> <span class="transliteration">drákaina</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_66" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dracaena</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_67" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_68" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">tracina</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Translingual_69" class="large borrowing"> <span class="language large">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography large" lang="mul-Latn">Dracaena</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic genus of dragon trees, taxonomic genus of caiman lizards</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_70" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δρακόντιον</span> <span class="meaning">edder-wort, dragonwort</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_71" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">طرخون</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭarḵūn</span> <span class="meaning">tarragon</span> <span class="note">different plant with similar snakey leaves</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_72" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">targone</span> <span class="meaning">tarragon</span> </li> <li id="MedievalLatin_73" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Medieval Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">tragum</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MiddleFrench_74" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_75" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">estragon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_76" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">εστραγκόν</span> <span class="transliteration">estragkón</span> <span class="meaning">tarragon</span> </li> <li id="Spanish_77" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">estragón</span> <span class="meaning">tarragon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_78" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">tarragon</span> </li> <li id="Swedish_34" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">dragon</span> <span class="meaning">dragoon, tarragon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Finnish_35" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">rakuuna</span> <span class="meaning">dragoon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Persian_80" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">ترخون</span> <span class="transliteration">tarxun</span> <span class="meaning">tarragon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Armenian_81" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">թարխուն</span> <span class="transliteration">tʿarxun</span> <span class="meaning">tarragon</span> </li> <li id="Georgian_82" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="kat-Geor">ტარხუნა</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭarxuna</span> <span class="meaning">tarragon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OttomanTurkish_83" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">طرخون</span> <span class="transliteration">tarhun</span> <span class="meaning">tarragon, alecost</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Turkish_84" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">tarhun</span> <span class="meaning">tarragon</span> </li> <li id="Romanian_85" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">tarhon</span> <span class="meaning">tarragon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_86" class="hellenic parent derivative possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Δράκων</span> <span class="transliteration">Drákōn</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Dragon?, Watcher?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_88" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Draco</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_89" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">draconianus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_90" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">draconian</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_86" class="hellenic parent derivative possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Δράκων</span> <span class="transliteration">Drákōn</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Dragon?, Watcher?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_88" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Draco</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_89" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">draconianus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_90" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">draconian</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_91" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*dr̥ḱeti</span> <span class="note">variant imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_92" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*driketi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_93" class="celtic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ati-driketi</span> <span class="note">"again-see"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Brythonic_94" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ėddrɨxɨd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_95" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">edrych</span> <span class="meaning">to look</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_96" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*dedórḱe</span> <span class="note">reduplicative stative</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_97" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*-dark-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_98" class="celtic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ad-kom-dark-</span> <span class="note">"toward-with-see"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldIrish_99" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">ad·condairc</span> <span class="meaning">saw</span> <span class="note">suppletive perfect of <span class="orthography" lang="sga-Latn">ad·cí</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_100" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">chonaic</span> <span class="meaning">saw</span> <span class="note">suppletive past of <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">feic</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hellenic_101" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_102" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δέδορκα</span> <span class="note">perfect of <span class="transliteration">dérkomai</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="IndoIranian_103" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dadárća</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_104" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_105" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀤𑀤𑀭𑁆𑀰</span> <span class="transliteration">dadárśa</span> <span class="meaning">saw</span> <span class="note">suppletive perfect of <span class="transliteration">páśyati</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Iranian_106" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Avestan_107" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬛𐬁𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration">dādarᵊsa</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_108" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*dorḱéyeti</span> <span class="note">causative</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_109" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tarhijaną</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastGermanic_110" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gothic_111" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">(𐌲𐌰)𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration">(ga)tarhjan</span> <span class="meaning">to mark, to note, to draw attention to</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="IndoIranian_112" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*darćáyati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_113" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_114" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀤𑀭𑁆𑀰𑀬𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">darśayati</span> <span class="meaning">to show, to demonstrate, to make seen, to pay for</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Pali_115" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑁂𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">dasseti</span> </li> <li id="Sauraseni_116" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="psu-Brah">𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑁂𑀤𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">dassedi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthwesternSauraseni_117" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Punjabi_118" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Punjabi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pan-Guru">ਦੱਸਣਾ</span> <span class="transliteration">dassaṇā</span> <span class="meaning">to tell, to explain, to show</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hindi_119" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">दर्शाना</span> <span class="transliteration">darśānā</span> <span class="meaning">to show, to exhibit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_120" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*dr̥ḱtós</span> <span class="meaning">seen, visible</span> <span class="note">adjective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_121" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*turhtaz</span> <span class="meaning">bright, clear, well-lit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WestGermanic_122" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_123" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">torht</span> <span class="meaning">bright, radiant, glorious</span> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_124" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">zoraht</span> <span class="meaning">bright, clear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="IndoIranian_125" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dr̥štás</span> <span class="meaning">seen, visible, apparent</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_126" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_127" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀤𑀾𑀱𑁆𑀝</span> <span class="transliteration">dṛṣṭá</span> <span class="meaning">visible, apparent, seen, noticed</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Magadhi_128" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Assamese_129" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Assamese</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="asm-Beng">দিঠক</span> <span class="transliteration">dithok</span> <span class="meaning">reality</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Pali_130" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀤𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞</span> <span class="transliteration">diṭṭha</span> <span class="meaning">seen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Pali_131" class="indoiranian derivative"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀤𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀥𑀫𑁆𑀫</span> <span class="transliteration">diṭṭhadhamma</span> <span class="meaning">the visible world, the mortal world</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Iranian_132" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Avestan_133" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration">dərᵊšta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_134" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*dr̥ḱtis</span> <span class="meaning">sight, seeing</span> <span class="note">abstract action noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_135" class="albanian descent"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">dritë</span> <span class="meaning">light</span> </li> <li id="IndoIranian_136" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dŕ̥štiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_137" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_138" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀤𑀾𑀱𑁆𑀝𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">dṛ́ṣṭi</span> <span class="meaning">sight, seeing, vision, theory, eye, delusion (Buddhism)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Pali_139" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀤𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">diṭṭhi</span> <span class="meaning">view, belief, theory, dogma</span> </li> <li id="Hindi_140" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">दृष्टि</span> <span class="transliteration">dŕṣṭi</span> <span class="meaning">vision, sight</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_141" class="indoiranian derivative"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">दृष्टि पटल</span> <span class="transliteration">dŕṣṭi paṭal</span> <span class="meaning">retina</span> <span class="note">lit "sight screen"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Punjabi_142" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Punjabi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pan-Guru">ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟੀ</span> <span class="transliteration">driśṭī</span> <span class="meaning">sight, vision</span> </li> <li id="Sanskrit_143" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀆𑀢𑁆𑀫𑀤𑀾𑀱𑁆𑀝𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">ātmadṛṣṭi</span> <span class="meaning">self-view, the delusion that the self exists</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kushean_144" class="tocharian borrowing"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="orthography tocharian" lang="xtb-Brah">𑀆𑀢𑁆𑀫𑀤𑀾𑀱𑁆𑀝𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">ātmadṛṣṭi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_145" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*dérḱmn̥</span> <span class="meaning">a look, a sight</span> <span class="note">action or result noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hellenic_146" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_147" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δέργμα</span> <span class="transliteration">dérgma</span> <span class="meaning">a look, a glance, a sight</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_148" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*dr̥ḱos</span> <span class="meaning">see-er</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hellenic_149" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_150" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δράκος</span> <span class="transliteration">drákos</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_151" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*dr̥ḱeh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_152" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*drikā</span> <span class="meaning">face, front, thing seen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Brythonic_153" class="celtic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_154" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">drych</span> <span class="meaning">mirror, image, form</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Celtic_155" class="celtic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ɸaredrikā</span> <span class="meaning">forefront, thing seen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldIrish_156" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">airdrech</span> <span class="meaning">a phantom, a kind of ghost</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_157" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*derḱ-áno-</span> <span class="meaning">see again?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldArmenian_158" class="armenian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">տեսանեմ</span> <span class="transliteration">tesanem</span> <span class="meaning">to see, to visit, to watch, to know</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Armenian_159" class="armenian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">տեսնել</span> <span class="transliteration">tesnel</span> <span class="meaning">to see, to examine, to meet, to visit, to know</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Armenian_160" class="armenian derivative"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">տեսանյութ</span> <span class="transliteration">tesanyutʿ</span> <span class="meaning">video, footage</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldArmenian_161" class="armenian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">լրտես</span> <span class="transliteration">lrtes</span> <span class="meaning">spy, scout, emissary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Armenian_162" class="armenian descent"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">լրտես</span> <span class="transliteration">lrtes</span> <span class="meaning">spy, secret agent</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_163" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru</span> <span class="meaning">tear(s)</span> <span class="note">lit. "eye-bitter" "eye-sting"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_164" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*drh₂éḱru</span> <span class="note">haplology</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_165" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*trahnuz</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WestGermanic_166" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Frankish_167" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*trān</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_168" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">traan</span> <span class="meaning">a tear, fish oil</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_169" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">traanolie</span> <span class="meaning">fish oil</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_170" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">train oil</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_171" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">tra(h)an</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_172" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Träne</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_173" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*dh₂éḱru</span> <span class="note">further haplology</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="PreArmenian_174" class="parent descent"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Armenian</span> <span class="transliteration">*artawr</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldArmenian_175" class="armenian descent"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">արտօսր</span> <span class="transliteration">artōsr</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> <span class="note">with 's' from the plural</span> </li> <li id="PreArmenian_176" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Armenian</span> <span class="transliteration">*artaḱu-?</span> <span class="meaning">tears</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldArmenian_177" class="armenian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">արտասուք</span> <span class="transliteration">artasukʿ</span> <span class="meaning">tears</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Armenian_178" class="armenian descent"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">արցունք</span> <span class="transliteration">arcʿunkʿ</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> </li> <li id="Armenian_179" class="armenian descent"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">արտասուք</span> <span class="transliteration">artasukʿ</span> <span class="meaning">a tear, to weep, to lament</span> <span class="note">re-borrowing</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hellenic_180" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_181" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δάκρυ</span> <span class="transliteration">dákru</span> <span class="meaning">a tear, sap</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_182" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">δάκρυ</span> <span class="transliteration">dákry</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> </li> <li id="English_183" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">dacryo-</span> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_184" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δακρύω</span> <span class="transliteration">dakrúō</span> <span class="meaning">I weep</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_185" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δακρυμα</span> <span class="transliteration">dakryma</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> <span class="note">re-derived noun as a deverbal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldLatin_186" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Ital">𐌃𐌀𐌂𐌓𐌖𐌌𐌀</span> <span class="transliteration">dacruma</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_211" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">lacruma</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </li> <li id="OldLatin_212" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Ital">𐌃𐌀𐌂𐌓𐌉𐌌𐌀</span> <span class="transliteration">dacrima</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> <span class="note">variant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_213" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">lacrima</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_214" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_215" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">lacrima</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="EasternRomance_216" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romanian_217" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">lacrimă</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_218" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_219" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">larme</span> <span class="meaning">a tear, a drop</span> </li> <li id="Spanish_220" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">lágrima</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_221" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">lacrimalis</span> <span class="meaning">of tears, related to tears</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_222" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">lacrimal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_223" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">lacrimosus</span> <span class="meaning">full of tears, lamentable</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_224" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">lachrymose</span> <span class="note">partly re-modelled as if Greek</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_225" class="italic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">lacrimare</span> <span class="meaning">to weep, to shed tears</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_226" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_227" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">lacrimàre</span> <span class="meaning">to weep, to drip, to mourn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="EasternRomance_228" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romanian_229" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">a lăcrima</span> <span class="meaning">to weep</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_230" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">lagrimar</span> </li> <li id="Spanish_231" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">lacrimar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="VulgarLatin_232" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*lacrimidiare</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EasternRomance_233" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Aromanian_234" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">lãcãrmedz</span> <span class="meaning">to weep</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_235" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_236" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">larmoyer</span> <span class="meaning">to weep, to whine, to drip</span> </li> <li id="Spanish_237" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">lagrimear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthwestIndoEuropean_187" class="parent descent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Northwest Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*dáḱrom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_188" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*dakrom</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldIrish_189" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">dér</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_190" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">deoir</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Germanic_191" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tahrą</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> <span class="note">plural stem <span class="transliteration">*tagr-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastGermanic_192" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gothic_193" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂</span> <span class="transliteration">tagr</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> <span class="note">singular stem levelled to plural stem</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthGermanic_194" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_195" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">tár</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_196" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">tår</span> <span class="meaning">a drop, a sip</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_197" class="germanic derivative"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">tåre</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> <span class="note">originally a plural</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Icelandic_198" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">tár</span> <span class="meaning">a tear, a drop, a sip</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_199" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_200" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">tear</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_201" class="large germanic descent"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">tear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_202" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">zahar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_203" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Zähre</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Germanic_204" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tahrijaną</span> <span class="meaning">to weep, to shed tears</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastGermanic_205" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gothic_206" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration">tagrjan</span> <span class="meaning">to weep, to shed tears</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_207" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_208" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">tieran</span> <span class="meaning">to weep, to water (of eyes)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italic_209" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*dakrom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldLatin_186" class="italic parent descent possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Ital">𐌃𐌀𐌂𐌓𐌖𐌌𐌀</span> <span class="transliteration">dacruma</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_211" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">lacruma</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </li> <li id="OldLatin_212" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Ital">𐌃𐌀𐌂𐌓𐌉𐌌𐌀</span> <span class="transliteration">dacrima</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> <span class="note">variant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_213" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">lacrima</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_214" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_215" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">lacrima</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="EasternRomance_216" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romanian_217" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">lacrimă</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_218" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_219" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">larme</span> <span class="meaning">a tear, a drop</span> </li> <li id="Spanish_220" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">lágrima</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_221" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">lacrimalis</span> <span class="meaning">of tears, related to tears</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_222" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">lacrimal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_223" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">lacrimosus</span> <span class="meaning">full of tears, lamentable</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_224" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">lachrymose</span> <span class="note">partly re-modelled as if Greek</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_225" class="italic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">lacrimare</span> <span class="meaning">to weep, to shed tears</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_226" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_227" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">lacrimàre</span> <span class="meaning">to weep, to drip, to mourn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="EasternRomance_228" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romanian_229" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">a lăcrima</span> <span class="meaning">to weep</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_230" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">lagrimar</span> </li> <li id="Spanish_231" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">lacrimar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="VulgarLatin_232" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*lacrimidiare</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EasternRomance_233" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Aromanian_234" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">lãcãrmedz</span> <span class="meaning">to weep</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_235" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_236" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">larmoyer</span> <span class="meaning">to weep, to whine, to drip</span> </li> <li id="Spanish_237" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">lagrimear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_238" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*dáḱruh₂</span> <span class="meaning">tears</span> <span class="note">collective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_239" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*dakrū</span> <span class="meaning">tears</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Brythonic_240" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*dėgr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_241" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">deigr</span> <span class="meaning">tears</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_242" class="celtic derivative"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">deigryn</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> <span class="note">new singular derived from <span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">deigr</span> with <span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">-yn</span> singulative suffix</span> </li> <li id="Welsh_243" class="celtic derivative"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">dagrau</span> <span class="meaning">tears</span> <span class="note">new regular plural</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hellenic_244" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_245" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δάκρυα</span> <span class="transliteration">dákrua</span> <span class="meaning">tears</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_246" class="hellenic derivative"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δάκρυον</span> <span class="transliteration">dákruon</span> <span class="meaning">a tear</span> <span class="note">back-formed from <span class="transliteration">dákrua</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/dragon.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/dragon.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_25">Dracula</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_33">dragoon</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_36">dragon</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_45">drake</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_57">drakkar</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_58">Draco</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#Translingual_59">Draco</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_64">rankle</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#Translingual_69">Dracaena</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_78">tarragon</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_90">draconian</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_170">train oil</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_183">dacryo-</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_201">tear</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_222">lacrimal</a>, <a href="/word-family-dragon.html#English_224">lachrymose</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>In many cases, the descendants of West Germanic <span class="transliteration">*anadrekō</span>: "male duck" (<a href="/word-family-rex.html">lit. "duck-king"</a>) lost the first syllable and became homophonous with the descendants of <span class="transliteration">*drakō</span>: "dragon", borrowed from Latin: English <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">drake</span>/<span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">drake</span>, Dutch <span class="orthography" lang="nld-Latn">draak</span>/<span class="orthography" lang="nld-Latn">draak</span>, Swedish <span class="orthography" lang="swe-Latn">drake</span>/<span class="orthography" lang="swe-Latn">drake</span> (both borrowed from West Germanic).</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p>While Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">lacrima</span> could be part of the Late Northwest <span class="transliteration">*dáḱrom</span> cluster with Celtic and Germanic, it should have been <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">*dacrum</span> or possibly <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">*dacrumen</span>. It's more likely a borrowing from the Greek re-de-verbal <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">δακρυμα</span> <span class="transliteration">dakryma</span>, which perfectly fits among the many pre-Classical alternations of the word: <span class="transliteration">dakruma</span>/<span class="transliteration">dakrima</span>/<span class="transliteration">lakruma</span>/<span class="transliteration">lakrima</span>. The <span class="transliteration">d</span>/<span class="transliteration">l</span> alternation in Archaic Latin is also most in very early Greek loan words, e.g. <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">Ulysses</span> for <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Odysseus</span>, and a borrowing from Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">υ</span> could also help explain the <span class="transliteration">i</span>/<span class="transliteration">u</span> alternation.</p> </li> </ol> 2023-07-27T00:00:00-07:002023-07-27T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2023-07-27:/word-family-karma.html

<h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_39">terahertz</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_94">Britain</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_127">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_201">Paris</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_282">Jakarta</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="EarlyProtoIndoEuropean_1" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Early Proto-Indo-European</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Anatolian_2" class="anatolian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hittite_3" class="anatolian descent"> <span class="language anatolian">Hittite</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hit-Xsux">𒆪𒂊𒅕𒍣</span> <span class="transliteration">ku-e-er-zi</span> <span class="meaning">cuts, cuts up, cuts off</span> </li> <li id="CuneiformLuwian_4" class="anatolian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Cuneiform Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlu-Xsux">𒆪𒉿𒅈𒋾</span> <span class="transliteration">ku-wa-ar-ti</span> <span class="meaning">to cut</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CuneiformLuwian_5" class="anatolian derivative"> <span class="language anatolian">Cuneiform Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlu-Xsux">𒆳𒊭𒀸𒊭𒀭</span> <span class="transliteration">kur-ša-aš-ša-an</span> <span class="meaning">(military) division?</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_6" class="parent descent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷer-</span> <span class="meaning">to do, to make, to build, to cause by magic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_7" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷért</span> <span class="note">root perfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_8" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷert</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Brythonic_9" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic …</span></summary></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul>

<h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_39">terahertz</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_94">Britain</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_127">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_201">Paris</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_282">Jakarta</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="EarlyProtoIndoEuropean_1" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Early Proto-Indo-European</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Anatolian_2" class="anatolian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hittite_3" class="anatolian descent"> <span class="language anatolian">Hittite</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hit-Xsux">𒆪𒂊𒅕𒍣</span> <span class="transliteration">ku-e-er-zi</span> <span class="meaning">cuts, cuts up, cuts off</span> </li> <li id="CuneiformLuwian_4" class="anatolian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Cuneiform Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlu-Xsux">𒆪𒉿𒅈𒋾</span> <span class="transliteration">ku-wa-ar-ti</span> <span class="meaning">to cut</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CuneiformLuwian_5" class="anatolian derivative"> <span class="language anatolian">Cuneiform Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlu-Xsux">𒆳𒊭𒀸𒊭𒀭</span> <span class="transliteration">kur-ša-aš-ša-an</span> <span class="meaning">(military) division?</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_6" class="parent descent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷer-</span> <span class="meaning">to do, to make, to build, to cause by magic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_7" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷért</span> <span class="note">root perfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_8" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷert</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Brythonic_9" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*perɨd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_10" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">peri</span> <span class="meaning">to cause</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_11" class="celtic derivative"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">peiriant</span> <span class="meaning">machine, engine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="IndoIranian_12" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*kárt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoIranian_13" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hákart</span> <span class="note">with augment aorist</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_14" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hákart</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_15" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀓𑀭𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration">ákar</span> <span class="meaning">done, made</span> <span class="note">aorist</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Iranian_16" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hákart</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Avestan_17" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬗𐬋𐬭𐬆𐬝</span> <span class="transliteration">cōrᵊt̰</span> <span class="note">aorist</span> </li> <li id="NorthernIranian_18" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Ossetian_19" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ossetian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="oss-Cyrl">кӕнын</span> <span class="transliteration">kænyn</span> <span class="meaning">to do</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Pashto_20" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">کول</span> <span class="transliteration">kawә́l</span> <span class="meaning">to do, to make</span> </li> <li id="WesternIranian_21" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthwesternIranian_22" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_23" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">kirin</span> <span class="meaning">to do, to make</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldPersian_24" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎠𐎤𐎢𐎫𐎠</span> <span class="transliteration">a-ku-u-t-a</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_25" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">کردن</span> <span class="transliteration">kardan</span> <span class="meaning">to do, to make</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_26" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">ـکردن</span> <span class="transliteration">-kardan</span> <span class="note">derives verbs from nouns</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_27" class="indoiranian derivative"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">کار کردن</span> <span class="transliteration">kâr kardan</span> <span class="meaning">to work, to function</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_28" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷern̥ts</span> <span class="note">participle of root prefective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hellenic_29" class="hellenic parent descent possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_30" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">τέρας</span> <span class="transliteration">téras</span> <span class="meaning">marvel, wonder, omen, portent, monster</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_31" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">τέρας</span> <span class="transliteration">téras</span> <span class="meaning">monster</span> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_32" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">τεράστιος</span> <span class="transliteration">terástios</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_33" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">τεράστιος</span> <span class="transliteration">terástios</span> <span class="meaning">huge, monstrous</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_34" class="large germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">teras</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_35" class="large germanic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">terato-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_36" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">teratogenic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NewLatin_37" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">New Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">tera-</span> <span class="meaning">SI prefix for multiplying by 10¹²</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_38" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">tera-</span> </li> <li id="English_39" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">terahertz</span> </li> <li id="English_40" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">tebi-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_41" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷr̥ti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="BaltoSlavic_42" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastBaltic_43" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lithuanian_44" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">kùrti</span> <span class="meaning">to light, to build, to create, to establish</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestBaltic_45" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldPrussian_46" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">kūra</span> <span class="meaning">he built</span> <span class="note">only attested as 3rd sing. past.; identical to the same conjugation of Lithuanian <span class="orthography" lang="lit-Latn">kùrti</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_47" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷr̥néwti</span> <span class="note">imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoIranian_48" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*kr̥náwti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_49" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="VedicSanskrit_50" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Vedic Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah-vaidika">𑀓𑀾𑀡𑁄𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">kṛṇóti</span> <span class="meaning">does, makes</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_51" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀓𑀭𑁄𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">karóti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Elu_52" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Elu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dhivehi_53" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Dhivehi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="div-Thaa">ކުރަނީ</span> <span class="transliteration">kuranī</span> <span class="meaning">to do, to work</span> </li> <li id="Sinhala_54" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sinhala</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sin-Sinh">කරනවා</span> <span class="transliteration">karanawā</span> <span class="meaning">to do</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Magadhi_55" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Bengali_56" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">করা</span> <span class="transliteration">kôra</span> <span class="meaning">to do</span> </li> <li id="Rohingya_57" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Rohingya</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rhg-Rohg">gor</span> <span class="meaning">to do</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Maharashtri_58" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Maharashtri</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Marathi_59" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Marathi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="mar-Deva">करणे</span> <span class="transliteration">karṇe</span> <span class="meaning">to do</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Pali_60" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀓𑀭𑁄𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">karoti</span> <span class="meaning">to create, to do, to act</span> </li> <li id="Sauraseni_61" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="psu-Brah">𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀤𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">karedi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MadhyaSauraseni_62" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Madhya Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_63" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">करना</span> <span class="transliteration">karnā</span> <span class="meaning">to do, to make, to work, to hire</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_64" class="indoiranian derivative"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">-करना</span> <span class="transliteration">-karnā</span> <span class="meaning">derives verbs from nouns and adjectives</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthwesternSauraseni_65" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kalasha_66" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kalasha</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kls-Latn">karik</span> <span class="meaning">to do, to say, to make</span> </li> <li id="Kashmiri_67" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kashmiri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kas-Aran">کَرُن</span> <span class="transliteration">karun</span> <span class="meaning">to do</span> </li> <li id="Nepali_68" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Nepali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="npi-Deva">गर्नु</span> <span class="transliteration">garnu</span> <span class="meaning">to do, to perform</span> </li> <li id="Punjabi_69" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Punjabi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pan-Guru">ਕਰਨਾ</span> <span class="transliteration">karnā</span> <span class="meaning">to do, to act, to perform</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternSauraseni_70" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gujarati_71" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Gujarati</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="guj-Gujr">કરવું</span> <span class="transliteration">karvũ</span> <span class="meaning">to do</span> </li> <li id="Romani_72" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Romani</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rom-Latn">kerel</span> <span class="meaning">to do, to make, to produce</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Iranian_73" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Avestan_74" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌</span> <span class="transliteration">kərənaoiti</span> <span class="meaning">makes, does</span> </li> <li id="WesternIranian_75" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldPersian_76" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎤𐎢𐎴𐎢𐎫𐎡𐎹</span> <span class="transliteration">ku-u-n-u-t-i-y</span> <span class="meaning">does</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Nuristani_77" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Nuristani</span> <span class="transliteration">*kunóti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Ashkun_78" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ashkun</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ask">ko</span> </li> <li id="Kamviri_79" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kamviri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xvi">ku</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_80" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷoréyeti</span> <span class="note">causative</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoIranian_81" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*kāráyati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_82" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_83" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀬𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="meaning">to cause to do, to make someone do</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Elu_84" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Elu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sinhala_85" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sinhala</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sin-Sinh">කාර්යය</span> <span class="transliteration">kāryaya</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_86" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷr̥tós</span> <span class="meaning">done, made</span> <span class="note">adjective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_87" class="celtic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷritos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_88" class="celtic parent derivative possible"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷritanī</span> <sup id="footnote-link-0-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-0">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="EarlyBrythonic_89" class="celtic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Early Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*Prɨtanī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_90" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Πρεττανία</span> <span class="transliteration">Prettanía</span> <span class="meaning">Britain</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_91" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Britannia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WesternRomance_92" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_93" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">Bretaigne</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_94" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Britain</span> </li> <li id="English_95" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Brittany</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Brythonic_96" class="celtic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*Prɨtėn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_97" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Prydain</span> <span class="meaning">Britain</span> </li> <li id="Latin_98" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Brittō</span> <span class="note">oblique stem <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">Brittōn-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WesternRomance_99" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_100" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Breton</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_101" class="large germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Briton</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_102" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Brittonic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Brythonic_103" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*Brɨθon</span> <span class="meaning">Briton</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Breton_104" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">brezhon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Breton_105" class="celtic derivative"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">brezhoneg</span> <span class="meaning">Breton (language)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Welsh_106" class="celtic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Brython</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_107" class="celtic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Brythoneg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_108" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Brythonic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Celtic_109" class="celtic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷritenī</span> <span class="note">variant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Brythonic_110" class="celtic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_111" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Prydyn</span> <span class="meaning">Picts</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldIrish_112" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">Cruithen</span> <span class="meaning">Picts</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_113" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Cruthne</span> <span class="meaning">Picts</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="IndoIranian_114" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*kr̥tás</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_115" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*kr̥tás</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_116" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀓𑀾𑀢</span> <span class="transliteration">kṛtá</span> <span class="meaning">done, made, prepared, deed, work</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_117" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">कृत</span> <span class="transliteration">kŕt</span> <span class="meaning">done, complete, work, project</span> </li> <li id="Telugu_118" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">కృతము</span> <span class="transliteration">kr̥tamu</span> <span class="meaning">act, deed, done, complete</span> </li> <li id="Sanskrit_119" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀲𑀁𑀲𑁆𑀓𑀾𑀢</span> <span class="transliteration">saṃskṛta</span> <span class="meaning">completely done, perfected, purified, sanctified, Sanskrit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Elu_120" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Elu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sinhala_121" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sinhala</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sin-Sinh">සකු</span> <span class="transliteration">saku</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Maharashtri_122" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Maharashtri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pmh-Brah">𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀬</span> <span class="transliteration">sakkaya</span> <span class="meaning">Sanskrit</span> </li> <li id="Pali_123" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀢</span> <span class="transliteration">sakkata</span> <span class="meaning">Sanskrit, honored</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Burmese_124" class="sinotibetan borrowing"> <span class="language sinotibetan">Burmese</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan" lang="mya-Mymr">သက္ကတ</span> <span class="transliteration">sakkata</span> <span class="meaning">Sanskrit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Sauraseni_125" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="psu-Brah">𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀬</span> <span class="transliteration">sakkaya</span> <span class="meaning">Sanskrit</span> </li> <li id="Bengali_126" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">সংস্কৃত</span> <span class="transliteration">śoṅskrito</span> <span class="meaning">Sanskrit</span> </li> <li id="English_127" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Sanskrit</span> </li> <li id="Hindustani_128" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_129" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">संस्कृत</span> <span class="transliteration">sanskŕt</span> <span class="meaning">Sanskrit, perfect, refined</span> </li> <li id="Persian_130" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">سنسکریت</span> <span class="transliteration">sanskerit</span> <span class="meaning">Sanskrit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Telugu_131" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">సంస్కృతము</span> <span class="transliteration">saṁskr̥tamu</span> <span class="meaning">Sanskrit</span> </li> <li id="Thai_132" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Thai</span> <span class="orthography" lang="tha-Thai">สันสกฤต</span> <span class="transliteration">sǎnsàgrìt</span> <span class="meaning">Sanskrit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Sanskrit_133" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀓𑀾𑀢</span> <span class="transliteration">prakṛti</span> <span class="meaning">as done, natural, original, ordinary, vernacular, Prakrit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Pali_134" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀧𑀸𑀓𑀢</span> <span class="transliteration">pākata</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kannada_135" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Kannada</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="kan-Knda">ಪಾಗದ</span> <span class="transliteration">pāgada</span> <span class="meaning">original</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_136" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Prakrit</span> </li> <li id="Hindustani_137" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_138" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">प्राकृत</span> <span class="transliteration">prākŕt</span> <span class="meaning">Prakrit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Telugu_139" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">ప్రాకృతము</span> <span class="transliteration">prākr̥tamu</span> <span class="meaning">common, vulgar</span> </li> <li id="Thai_140" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Thai</span> <span class="orthography" lang="tha-Thai">ปรากฤต</span> <span class="transliteration">bpraagrìt</span> <span class="meaning">Prakrit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Sanskrit_141" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀰𑀽𑀭𑀓𑀾𑀢</span> <span class="transliteration">śūrakṛta</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Brave Deed</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Javanese_142" class="austronesian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Javanese</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="jav-Java">ꦯꦸꦫꦑꦂꦡ</span> <span class="transliteration">surakarta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Indonesian_143" class="austronesian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Indonesian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ind-Latn">Surakarta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_144" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Surakarta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Sanskrit_145" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀬𑁄𑀥𑁆𑀬𑀸𑀓𑀾𑀢</span> <span class="transliteration">ayodhyākṛta</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Unconquerably Made</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Javanese_146" class="austronesian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Javanese</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="jav-Java">ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ</span> <span class="transliteration">ngayogyakarta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Indonesian_147" class="austronesian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Indonesian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ind-Latn">Yogyakarta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_148" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Yogyakarta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Iranian_149" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*kr̥táh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Avestan_150" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration">kərəta</span> <span class="meaning">done</span> </li> <li id="WesternIranian_151" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*karta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldPersian_152" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎣𐎼𐎫</span> <span class="transliteration">k-r-t</span> </li> <li id="WesternIranian_153" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*-karta</span> <span class="meaning">made by, founded by, suffix in place names</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthwesternIranian_154" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Parthian_155" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">-𐭊𐭓𐭕</span> <span class="transliteration">-gird⁠</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldArmenian_156" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">-կերտ</span> <span class="transliteration">-kert</span> <span class="meaning">founded by, made of</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldArmenian_157" class="armenian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">չակերտ</span> <span class="transliteration">čʿakert</span> <span class="meaning">quotation marks, guillemet</span> <span class="note">lit. "made from չ čʿ"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Armenian_158" class="armenian descent"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">չակերտ</span> <span class="transliteration">čʿakert</span> <span class="meaning">quotation marks, guillemet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldArmenian_159" class="armenian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">Տիգրանակերտ</span> <span class="transliteration">Tigranakert</span> <span class="meaning">place name, Founded-by-Tigranes</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="KoineGreek_160" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Koine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Τιγρανόκερτα</span> <span class="transliteration">Tigranόkerta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_161" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Tigranocerta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_162" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Tigranocerta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Armenian_163" class="armenian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">Տիգրանակերտ</span> <span class="transliteration">Tigranakert</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_164" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Tigranakert</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Armenian_165" class="armenian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">-կերտ</span> <span class="transliteration">-kert</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Armenian_166" class="armenian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">Ստեփանակերտ</span> <span class="transliteration">Stepʿanakert</span> <span class="meaning">place name, Founded-by-Stepan (Shaumian)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_167" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Stepanakert</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Parthian_168" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭃𐭎𐭕𐭊𐭓𐭕</span> <span class="transliteration">dastgird⁠</span> <span class="meaning">estate</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldArmenian_169" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">դաստակերտ</span> <span class="transliteration">dastakert</span> <span class="meaning">estate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Parthian_170" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭅𐭓𐭅𐭃𐭊𐭓𐭕</span> <span class="transliteration">Wērōdgird</span> <span class="meaning">place name, Founded-by-Orodes</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_171" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">بروجرد</span> <span class="transliteration">Borūjerd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_172" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Borujerd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldPersian_173" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*-karta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldPersian_174" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Zardakarta?</span> <span class="meaning">place name, Made of Yellow? Founded-by-Starlings?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_175" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ζαδρακάρτα</span> <span class="transliteration">Zadrakarta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_176" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Zadracarta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_177" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Zadracarta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Persian_178" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">ـگرد</span> <span class="transliteration">-gerd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_179" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">سوسنگرد</span> <span class="transliteration">Susangerd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_180" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Susangerd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_181" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷr̥yos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_182" class="celtic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷaryos</span> <span class="meaning">cauldron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Brythonic_183" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pėr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_184" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">pair</span> <span class="meaning">cauldron, boiler, furnace</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Gaulish_185" class="celtic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration">*parios</span> <span class="meaning">cauldron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="VulgarLatin_186" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*parium</span> <span class="meaning">cauldron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WesternRomance_187" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Catalan_188" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">pèr</span> <span class="meaning">cauldron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="VulgarLatin_189" class="italic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*pariolum</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_190" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_191" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">paiolo</span> <span class="meaning">copper cooking pot, cauldron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_192" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Catalan_193" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">perol</span> <span class="meaning">cauldron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_194" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">perol</span> <span class="meaning">cauldron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Gaulish_195" class="celtic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration">*Parii-?-</span> <span class="meaning">of the cauldron?</span> <span class="note">possibly referencing hot springs? <a href="/word-family-brew.html">compare <span class="orthography" lang="fra-Latn">Bourbon</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="deu-Latn">Worms</span></a></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_196" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Parīsiī</span> <span class="meaning">Parisii, a Gaulish ethnicity</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_197" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Lutetia Parīsiōrum</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Lutetia of the Parisii</span> <span class="note">with <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">Lutetia</span>, place name from Gaulish <span class="transliteration">*lutos</span>: "swampy", related to Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">lutum</span>: "dirt, mud"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WesternRomance_198" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_199" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">Paris</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_200" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Paris</span> </li> <li id="English_201" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Paris</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldIrish_202" class="celtic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">coire</span> <span class="meaning">cauldron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_203" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">coire</span> <span class="meaning">cauldron, boiler, corrie, whirlpool, pit</span> </li> <li id="ScottishGaelic_204" class="celtic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Scottish Gaelic</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gla-Latn">coire</span> <span class="meaning">kettle, cauldron, boiler, corrie, whirlpool</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_205" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">corrie</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_206" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷḗrs</span> <span class="note">root noun, lengthened acrostatic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="BaltoSlavic_207" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastBaltic_208" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lithuanian_209" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">kẽras</span> <span class="meaning">divination, enchantment, sorcery</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Slavic_210" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*čarъ</span> <span class="meaning">magic, sorcery</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastSlavic_211" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">čarŭ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_212" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">чары</span> <span class="transliteration">čary</span> <span class="meaning">spell, magic, charm</span> </li> <li id="Ukrainian_213" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">чар</span> <span class="transliteration">čar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="SouthSlavic_214" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Bulgarian_215" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">чар</span> <span class="transliteration">čar</span> </li> <li id="SerboCroatian_216" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">чар</span> <span class="transliteration">čar</span> <span class="meaning">charm, allure, spell, magic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestSlavic_217" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Polish_218" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">czar</span> <span class="meaning">spell, magic, charm, allure</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Slavic_219" class="baltoslavic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*čarodějь</span> <span class="meaning">magician, wizard</span> <span class="note">lit. "magic-doer"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastSlavic_220" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">čaroděi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_221" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">чародей</span> <span class="transliteration">čarodej</span> <span class="meaning">magician, wizard</span> </li> <li id="Ukrainian_222" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">чародій</span> <span class="transliteration">čarodij</span> <span class="meaning">magician, wizard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="SouthSlavic_223" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Bulgarian_224" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">чародей</span> <span class="transliteration">čarodej</span> <span class="meaning">magician, wizard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestSlavic_225" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Czech_226" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">čaroděj</span> <span class="meaning">magician, wizard</span> </li> <li id="Polish_227" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">czarodziej</span> <span class="meaning">magician, wizard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_228" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷérmn̥</span> <span class="meaning">deed, action</span> <span class="note">action/result noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoIranian_229" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*kárma(n)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_230" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*kárma(n)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_231" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀓𑀭𑁆𑀫𑀦𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration">kárman</span> <span class="meaning">action, work, obligation, result, action leading to inevitable results, fate, karma, grammatical object</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Prakrit_232" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Prakrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pra-Brah">𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫</span> <span class="transliteration">kamma</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Elu_233" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Elu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dhivehi_234" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Dhivehi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="div-Thaa">ކަން</span> <span class="transliteration">kan̊</span> <span class="meaning">action, work, verb, necessity</span> </li> <li id="Sinhala_235" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sinhala</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sin-Sinh">කම</span> <span class="transliteration">kama</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Magadhi_236" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Bengali_237" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">কাম</span> <span class="transliteration">kam</span> <span class="meaning">work, job, function</span> </li> <li id="Rohingya_238" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Rohingya</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rhg-Rohg">ham</span> <span class="meaning">work</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Maharashtri_239" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Maharashtri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pmh-Brah">𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫</span> <span class="transliteration">kamma</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldMarathi_240" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Marathi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="omr-Modi">𑘎𑘰𑘦</span> <span class="transliteration">kāma</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Marathi_241" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Marathi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="mar-Deva">काम</span> <span class="transliteration">kāma</span> <span class="meaning">work, duty, function</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Pali_242" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫</span> <span class="transliteration">kamma</span> <span class="meaning">deed, action, work, karma, ceremony</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Khmer_243" class="austroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="austroasiatic"> <span class="language austroasiatic">Khmer</span> <span class="orthography austroasiatic" lang="khm-Khmr">កម្ម</span> <span class="transliteration">kam</span> <span class="meaning">deed, action, activity, karma, consequence, fate</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Khmer_244" class="austroasiatic derivative"> <span class="language austroasiatic">Khmer</span> <span class="orthography austroasiatic" lang="khm-Khmr">កម្មករ</span> <span class="transliteration">kamkɑɑ</span> <span class="meaning">worker, laborer</span> </li> <li id="Khmer_245" class="austroasiatic derivative"> <span class="language austroasiatic">Khmer</span> <span class="orthography austroasiatic" lang="khm-Khmr">សហពលកម្ម</span> <span class="transliteration">saʼhaʼpŭəllĕəʼkam</span> <span class="meaning">coallition</span> <span class="note">lit. "together-strength-action"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Thai_246" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Thai</span> <span class="orthography" lang="tha-Thai">กรรม</span> <span class="transliteration">gam</span> <span class="meaning">death, action, deed, ceremony, sin, misfortune, karma, grammatical object</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Sauraseni_247" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="psu-Brah">𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫</span> <span class="transliteration">kamma</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MadhyaSauraseni_248" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Madhya Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_249" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">काम</span> <span class="transliteration">kām</span> <span class="meaning">work, task, job, function</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthwesternSauraseni_250" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kalasha_251" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kalasha</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kls-Latn">krom</span> <span class="meaning">work</span> </li> <li id="Kashmiri_252" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kashmiri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kas-Aran">کٲم</span> <span class="transliteration">kạ̄m</span> <span class="meaning">work, labor, task, action</span> </li> <li id="Punjabi_253" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Punjabi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pan-Guru">ਕੰਮ</span> <span class="transliteration">kamm</span> <span class="meaning">work, task, job</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Bengali_254" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">কর্ম</span> <span class="transliteration">kormo</span> <span class="meaning">deed, action, karma, fate, consequence</span> </li> <li id="MiddleChinese_255" class="sinotibetan sintic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="sinotibetan sintic"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Middle Chinese</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="ltc-Hant">羯磨</span> <span class="transliteration">kɨɐt̚ muɑ</span> <span class="meaning">karma</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Mandarin_256" class="sinotibetan sintic descent"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Mandarin</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Hant">羯磨</span> <span class="transliteration">jiémó</span> <span class="meaning">karma (archaic)</span> </li> <li id="Japanese_257" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">羯磨</span> <span class="transliteration">katsuma</span> <span class="meaning">karma</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_258" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">karma</span> </li> <li id="Hindi_259" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">कर्म</span> <span class="transliteration">karm</span> <span class="meaning">action, fate, karma, grammatical object, accusative case</span> </li> <li id="Japanese_260" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">カルマ</span> <span class="transliteration">karuma</span> <span class="meaning">karma</span> </li> <li id="Kushean_261" class="tocharian borrowing"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration">kārm</span> <span class="meaning">karma, deed</span> </li> <li id="Malay_262" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">karma</span> </li> <li id="Portuguese_263" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Portuguese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="por-Latn">carma</span> <span class="meaning">karma</span> </li> <li id="Sinhala_264" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sinhala</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sin-Sinh">කර්ම</span> <span class="transliteration">karma</span> <span class="meaning">karma</span> </li> <li id="Telugu_265" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">కర్మ</span> <span class="transliteration">karma</span> <span class="meaning">action, deed, grammatical object</span> </li> <li id="Telugu_266" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">కర్మము</span> <span class="transliteration">karmamu</span> <span class="meaning">action, deed</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_267" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷertōr</span> <span class="note">agentive noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoIranian_268" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*kartā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_269" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_270" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀓𑀭𑁆𑀢𑀸</span> <span class="transliteration">kartā</span> <span class="meaning">maker, doer, agent, grammatical subject</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Pali_271" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀓𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀭𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration">kattar</span> <span class="meaning">maker, doer, agent, grammatical subject</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Burmese_272" class="sinotibetan borrowing"> <span class="language sinotibetan">Burmese</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan" lang="mya-Mymr">ကတ္တား</span> <span class="transliteration">katta:</span> <span class="meaning">grammatical subject</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Sauraseni_273" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthwesternSauraseni_274" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Punjabi_275" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Punjabi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pan-Guru">ਕਰਤਾਰ</span> <span class="transliteration">kartār</span> <span class="meaning">creator, god</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Punjabi_276" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Punjabi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pan-Guru">ਕਰਤਾਰਪੁਰ</span> <span class="transliteration">kartārpur</span> <span class="meaning">place name: City of God</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_277" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Kartarpur</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hindi_278" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">कर्ता</span> <span class="transliteration">kartā</span> <span class="meaning">doer, grammatical subject</span> </li> <li id="Telugu_279" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">కర్త</span> <span class="transliteration">karta</span> <span class="meaning">doer, author, grammatical subject</span> </li> <li id="Sanskrit_280" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀚𑀬𑀓𑀭𑁆𑀢𑀸</span> <span class="transliteration">jayakarta</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Victory-Maker</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Indonesian_281" class="austronesian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Indonesian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ind-Latn">Jakarta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_282" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Jakarta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Sanskrit_283" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀓𑀭𑁆𑀢𑀾𑀢𑁆𑀯</span> <span class="transliteration">kartṛtva</span> <span class="meaning">state of making or doing, agency, authorship</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_284" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">कर्तृत्व</span> <span class="transliteration">kartŕtva</span> <span class="meaning">agency, management</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_285" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷóros</span> <span class="note">agentive noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoIranian_286" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*kā́ras</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_287" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_288" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀓𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration">kara</span> <span class="meaning">doer, maker, hand, tax</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Pali_289" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀓𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration">kara</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Khmer_290" class="austroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="austroasiatic"> <span class="language austroasiatic">Khmer</span> <span class="orthography austroasiatic" lang="khm-Khmr">ករ</span> <span class="transliteration">kɑɑ</span> <span class="meaning">doer, -er, agentive suffix</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Khmer_244" class="austroasiatic derivative"> <span class="language austroasiatic">Khmer</span> <span class="orthography austroasiatic" lang="khm-Khmr">កម្មករ</span> <span class="transliteration">kamkɑɑ</span> <span class="meaning">worker, laborer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hindi_292" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">कर</span> <span class="transliteration">kar</span> <span class="meaning">hand, arm, tax</span> </li> <li id="Sanskrit_293" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀓𑀭𑀺𑀦𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration">karin</span> <span class="meaning">elephant</span> <span class="note">lit. "handed, having a hand", parallel to <span class="orthography" lang="san-Brah">𑀳𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀦𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration">hastín</span> same meanings</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_294" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">करी</span> <span class="transliteration">karī</span> <span class="meaning">elephant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Iranian_295" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*kā́rah</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WesternIranian_296" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_297" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">کار</span> <span class="transliteration">kâr</span> <span class="meaning">work, deed, job, business</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="GulfArabic_298" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Gulf Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="afb-Arab">كار</span> <span class="transliteration">kār</span> <span class="meaning">busy, busy person, hard worker</span> </li> <li id="OttomanTurkish_299" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">كار</span> <span class="transliteration">kâr</span> <span class="meaning">business, profit, gain</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Turkish_300" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">kâr</span> <span class="meaning">profit</span> </li> <li id="Armenian_301" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">քյար</span> <span class="transliteration">kʿyar</span> <span class="meaning">gain, profit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Persian_302" class="indoiranian derivative"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">ـگر</span> <span class="transliteration">-gar</span> <span class="meaning">doer, -er, agentive suffix</span> </li> <li id="Persian_27" class="indoiranian derivative"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">کار کردن</span> <span class="transliteration">kâr kardan</span> <span class="meaning">to work, to function</span> </li> <li id="Persian_304" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">کارخانه</span> <span class="transliteration">kârxâne</span> <span class="meaning">factory, workshop</span> <span class="note">lit. "work-house"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Georgian_305" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="kat-Geor">ქარხანა</span> <span class="transliteration">karxana</span> <span class="meaning">factory</span> </li> <li id="Hindi_306" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">कारख़ाना</span> <span class="transliteration">kārxānā</span> <span class="meaning">workshop, factory</span> </li> <li id="OttomanTurkish_307" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">كارخانه</span> <span class="transliteration">kârhane</span> <span class="meaning">factory, workshop, brothel</span> <span class="note">"brothel" meaning perhaps by merger with Persian <span class="orthography" lang="far-Aran">قر</span> <span class="transliteration">qar</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Turkish_308" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">kerhane</span> <span class="meaning">brothel</span> </li> <li id="Romanian_309" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">cherhana</span> <span class="meaning">fishery</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_310" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷerōr</span> <span class="note">agentive?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hellenic_311" class="hellenic parent descent possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*qelōr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_312" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πέλωρ</span> <span class="transliteration">pélōr</span> <span class="meaning">monster, monstrously large animal</span> <span class="note">variant form <span class="transliteration">télōr</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_313" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πελώριος</span> <span class="transliteration">πελώριος</span> <span class="meaning">monstrous, prodigious, huge</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_314" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">πελώριος</span> <span class="transliteration">pelórios</span> <span class="meaning">huge, gigantic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_315" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷértis</span> <span class="note">abstract/action noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoIranian_316" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*kŕ̥tiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_317" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_318" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀓𑀾𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">kṛtí</span> <span class="meaning">action, creation, work, magic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sauraseni_319" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Punjabi_320" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Punjabi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pan-Guru">ਕਿਰਤ</span> <span class="transliteration">kirat</span> <span class="meaning">work, labor, business</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_321" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷértus</span> <span class="note">action noun, oblique stem <span class="transliteration">*kʷr̥téws</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Celtic_322" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷritus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Brythonic_323" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*prɨd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_324" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="transliteration">pryd</span> <span class="meaning">shape, form, appearance, time, mealtime, when</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldIrish_325" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">cruth</span> <span class="meaning">shape, form</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_326" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">cruth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_327" class="celtic derivative"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">-chruthach</span> <span class="meaning">-(i)form, having the shape of</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_328" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷéros</span> <span class="note">abstract/action noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_329" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*hweraz</span> <span class="meaning">cauldron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastGermanic_330" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gothic_331" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ƕair</span> <span class="meaning">cauldron? pot? name of the letter 𐍈</span> <span class="note">recorded by Alcuin as <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">uuaer</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthGermanic_332" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_333" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">hverr</span> <span class="meaning">cauldron, boiler, hot spring</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Icelandic_334" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">hver</span> <span class="meaning">hot spring</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_335" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_336" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">hwer</span> <span class="meaning">kettle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="IndoIranian_337" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*káras</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Iranian_338" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*kárah</span> </li> <li id="Iranian_339" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*patikárah</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthernIranian_340" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sogdian_341" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sogdian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sog-Mani">𐫛𐫤𐫐𐫀𐫡𐫀</span> <span class="transliteration">ptkʻrʻ</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternIranian_342" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthwesternIranian_343" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Parthian_344" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭐𐭃𐭊𐭓</span> <span class="transliteration">pdkr</span> <span class="meaning">image, statue</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldArmenian_345" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">պատկեր</span> <span class="transliteration">patker</span> <span class="meaning">icon, image, painting, likeness, face, doll, symbol, plan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Armenian_346" class="armenian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">պատկեր</span> <span class="transliteration">patker</span> <span class="meaning">portrait, likeness, resemblance, shape, icon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Armenian_347" class="armenian derivative"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">եռապատկեր</span> <span class="transliteration">eṙapatker</span> <span class="meaning">triptych</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldPersian_348" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎣𐎼</span> <span class="transliteration">p-t-i-k-r</span> <span class="meaning">picture, statue, representation</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MiddlePersian_349" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭯𐭲𐭪𐭫</span> <span class="transliteration">patkar</span> </li> <li id="Persian_350" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">پیکر</span> <span class="transliteration">peykar</span> </li> <li id="Aramaic_351" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalSyriac_352" class="afroasiatic descent"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Classical Syriac</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="syc-Syrc">ܦܬܟܪܐ</span> <span class="transliteration">pəṯaḵrā</span> <span class="meaning">idol, image</span> </li> <li id="Arabic_353" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">فتكر</span> <span class="transliteration">fitakr</span> <span class="meaning">something intense or bad, calamity, misfortune</span> <span class="note">from pejorative use of "idol"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Elamite_354" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Elamite</span> <span class="orthography" lang="elx-Xsux">𒁁𒋾𒆳𒌇</span> <span class="transliteration">bat-ti-kur-raš</span> <span class="note">probably a proper name from Old Persian</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_355" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷóryos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoIranian_356" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*kā́ryas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_357" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_358" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁆𑀬</span> <span class="transliteration">kāryà</span> <span class="meaning">act, work, result, goal, to be done, proper</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Prakrit_359" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Prakrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pra-Brah">𑀓𑀚𑁆𑀚</span> <span class="transliteration">kajja</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Magadhi_360" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Bengali_361" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">কাজ</span> <span class="transliteration">kaj</span> <span class="meaning">work, effort, job, duty</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Sauraseni_362" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MadhyaSauraseni_363" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Madhya Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_364" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">काज</span> <span class="transliteration">kāj</span> <span class="meaning">task, work, goal, purpose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternSauraseni_365" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gujarati_366" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Gujarati</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="guj-Gujr">કાજ</span> <span class="transliteration">kāj</span> <span class="meaning">work, business, goal, purpose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hindi_367" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">कार्य</span> <span class="transliteration">kārya</span> <span class="meaning">work, task, action, job</span> </li> <li id="Malay_368" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">kerja</span> <span class="meaning">work, job, to work</span> </li> <li id="Tamil_369" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Tamil</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tam-Taml">காரியம்</span> <span class="transliteration">kāriyam</span> <span class="meaning">task, deed, effect, result, final rites</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Iranian_370" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Avestan_371" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration">kaᶤriia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_372" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷēreh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="BaltoSlavic_373" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Slavic_374" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*čara</span> <span class="meaning">bowl, drinking bowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastSlavic_375" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_376" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">чара</span> <span class="transliteration">čara</span> <span class="meaning">cup, glass, bowl, goblet (archaic)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_377" class="baltoslavic derivative"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">чарка</span> <span class="transliteration">čarka</span> <span class="meaning">cup, glass, unit of liquid volume</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </li> <li id="Polish_378" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">czara</span> <span class="meaning">bowl, cup, goblet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Ukrainian_379" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">чара</span> <span class="transliteration">čara</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_380" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷernos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="BaltoSlavic_381" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Slavic_382" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*čẽrnъ</span> <span class="meaning">stem, offshoot, handle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastSlavic_383" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_384" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">черен</span> <span class="transliteration">čeren</span> <span class="meaning">handle (archaic)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_385" class="baltoslavic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">черенок</span> <span class="transliteration">čerenok</span> <span class="meaning">handle, hilt, stalk</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_386" class="baltoslavic parent derivative possible"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">Черенков</span> <span class="transliteration">Cherenkov</span> <span class="meaning">surname</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_387" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Cherenkov radiation</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Russian_388" class="baltoslavic derivative"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">черешок</span> <span class="transliteration">čerešok</span> <span class="meaning">handle, stalk</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="SouthSlavic_389" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Bulgarian_390" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">чрен</span> <span class="transliteration">čren</span> </li> <li id="SerboCroatian_391" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">черјен</span> <span class="transliteration">čerjen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestSlavic_392" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Czech_393" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">čeřen</span> </li> <li id="Polish_394" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">trzon</span> <span class="meaning">stem, stalk, trunk, nucleus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Polish_395" class="baltoslavic derivative"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">trzonowiec</span> <span class="meaning">molar</span> </li> <li id="Czech_396" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">třeň</span> <span class="meaning">stem (especially of a mushroom)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_397" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷer-?-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Tocharian_398" class="tocharian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> <span class="transliteration">*kar-?-</span> <span class="meaning">cauldron? drum</span> <sup id="footnote-link-0-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-0">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arshian_399" class="tocharian descent"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration">karel</span> <span class="meaning">drum</span> </li> <li id="Kushean_400" class="tocharian descent"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration">kerū</span> <span class="meaning">drum</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_401" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷerH-</span> <span class="note">root extension?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_402" class="parent derivative"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*kʷerHeh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="PreAlbanian_403" class="albanian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*tšerkā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_404" class="albanian descent"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">sarkë</span> <span class="meaning">building, frame</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/karma.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/karma.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_34">teras</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_35">terato-</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_36">teratogenic</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_38">tera-</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_39">terahertz</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_40">tebi-</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_94">Britain</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_95">Brittany</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_101">Briton</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_102">Brittonic</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_108">Brythonic</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_127">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_136">Prakrit</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_144">Surakarta</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_148">Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_162">Tigranocerta</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_164">Tigranakert</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_167">Stepanakert</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_172">Borujerd</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_177">Zadracarta</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_180">Susangerd</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_201">Paris</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_205">corrie</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_258">karma</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_277">Kartarpur</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_282">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/word-family-karma.html#English_387">Cherenkov radiation</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>Celtic <span class="transliteration">*kʷritus</span>: "a shaping, a making, a depicting" (noun of action) is the origin of Welsh <span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">pryd</span>: "shape, form, appearance" and Irish <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">cruth</span>: "shape, form". The corresponding adjective/past participle <span class="transliteration">*kʷritos</span> presumably means "shaped, made, shown, decorated" and is the likely origin of <span class="transliteration">*kʷritanī</span>: "Picts, Britons" (Welsh <span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">Prydyn</span>: "Picts" and Irish <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">Cruithen</span>: "Picts").</p> <p>Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">pictus</span>: "decorated, painted, portrayed, Pict" is probably a translation. And Classical Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">Πρεττανία</span> <span class="transliteration">Prettanía</span> and Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">Britannia</span> are the untranslated borrowings of <span class="transliteration">*kʷritanī</span> (P-Celtic <span class="transliteration">*prɨtanī</span>).</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p>The common Tocharian ancestor of Arshian <span class="transliteration">karel</span> and Kushean <span class="transliteration">kerū</span>—both attested with the meaning "drum"—probably meant "cauldron" at one point and then "drum shaped like a cauldron", based on the parallels in Russian <span class="orthography" lang="rus-Cyrl">чара</span> <span class="transliteration">čara</span>, Irish <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">coire</span>, Icelandic <span class="orthography" lang="isl-Latn">hver</span>, Sanskrit <span class="orthography" lang="san-Brah">𑀘𑀭𑀽</span> <span class="transliteration">carū</span>, etc..</p> </li> </ol> 2023-07-14T00:00:00-07:002023-07-14T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2023-07-14:/word-family-penny.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>The Mystery of the Penny.</p> <p>I've got three families, each a possible origin for West Germanic <span class="transliteration">*panning</span>: "penny", possible borrowings from either Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">patina</span>: "pan" (via variants <span class="transliteration">*patna</span>, <span class="transliteration">*panna</span>), Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">pannus</span>: "cloth, or—less realistically—Punic <span class="orthography" lang="xpu-Phnx">𐤐𐤍</span> <span class="transliteration">pene</span>: "face".</p> <p>I prefer the explanation that the first pennies were small …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>The Mystery of the Penny.</p> <p>I've got three families, each a possible origin for West Germanic <span class="transliteration">*panning</span>: "penny", possible borrowings from either Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">patina</span>: "pan" (via variants <span class="transliteration">*patna</span>, <span class="transliteration">*panna</span>), Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">pannus</span>: "cloth, or—less realistically—Punic <span class="orthography" lang="xpu-Phnx">𐤐𐤍</span> <span class="transliteration">pene</span>: "face".</p> <p>I prefer the explanation that the first pennies were small and thin enough to be left distinctly concave from the striking process—and were thus called "little pans", <span class="transliteration">*panningaz</span>.</p> <p>Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">pannus</span>: "cloth" I am willing to grant as plausible, but have no particularly story to tell for it.</p> <p>A derivation from the Punic <span class="orthography" lang="xpu-Phnx">𐤐𐤍</span> <span class="transliteration">pene</span>: "face" (cf. Hebrew <span class="orthography" lang="heb-Hebr">פנים</span> <span class="transliteration">paním</span>) would be a cool story, just barely this side of possible. Carthaginian coins were almost always struck with the face of Tanit, one of whose common epithets is <span class="transliteration">Pene Baʻal</span>: "the Face of Baʻal". So the coins had the face of the face of Baʽal, so it would be unexceptional for "face" to be used metanymically for a coin. Compare <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">crown</span>, <span class="orthography" lang="spa-Latn">escudo</span>, <span class="orthography" lang="fro-Latn">florin</span>, <span class="orthography" lang="ron-Latn">leu</span>, or <span class="transliteration">kopek</span>, all named for an image imprinted on the coin.</p> <p>While I am not persuaded by Venneman's larger Phoenician superstratum theory, the indirect transmission of a Punic word for "coin" to Western Germanic around the time of the indirect transmission of Punic coins like the Saltford Carthaginian Coin (struck 300 BC - 264 BC) seems just barely plausible. </p> <p>I do not think the evidence supports <span class="transliteration">*pandingaz</span> (e.g. Old High German <span class="orthography" lang="goh-Latn">phant</span>) being an early form, so derivation from Germanic <span class="transliteration">*pandanô</span>: "pledge" or Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">pondus</span>: "pound" are unlikely.</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_12">weathervane</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_63">windowpane</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_67">panel</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_89">patina</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_134">pan</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_146">penny</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_1" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*peh₂n-</span> <span class="meaning">fabric, woven</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Germanic_2" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*fanô</span> <span class="meaning">cloth, banner, flag</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastGermanic_3" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gothic_4" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌰</span> <span class="transliteration">fana</span> <span class="meaning">piece of cloth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthGermanic_5" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_6" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">fáni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_7" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">fane</span> <span class="meaning">banner</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_8" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">fáni</span> <span class="meaning">flag</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_9" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_10" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">fana</span> <span class="meaning">cloth, patch, flag, banner, vane</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_11" class="large germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">vane</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_12" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">weathervane</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_13" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*fano</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_14" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">vaan</span> <span class="meaning">banner, weathervane</span> </li> <li id="OldFrench_15" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">fanon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_16" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">fanon</span> <span class="meaning">dewlap, feathering, fanon, tabs on a banner</span> </li> <li id="English_17" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">fanon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_18" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">fano</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_19" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Fahne</span> <span class="meaning">flag, banner, vane</span> </li> <li id="Yiddish_20" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">פֿאָן</span> <span class="transliteration">fon</span> <span class="meaning">flag</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Germanic_21" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*gunþifanô</span> <span class="meaning">war banner</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthGermanic_22" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_23" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">gunnfáni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Icelandic_24" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">gunnfáni</span> <span class="meaning">regimental standard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_25" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_26" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">gūþfana</span> <span class="meaning">war banner</span> </li> <li id="Frankish_27" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_28" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">gonfanon</span> <span class="meaning">gonfalon, standard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_29" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">gonfanon</span> </li> <li id="OldFrench_30" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">gonfalon</span> <span class="note">variant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_31" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">gonfalon</span> </li> <li id="Italian_32" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">gonfalone</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hellenic_33" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_34" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πήνη</span> <span class="transliteration">pḗnē</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_35" class="hellenic derivative"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πηνίον</span> <span class="meaning">bobbin</span> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_36" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πηνος</span> <span class="transliteration">pēnos</span> <span class="meaning">thread, bobbin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_37" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">pānus</span> <span class="meaning">thread on a bobbin, ear of millet, swelling, tumor</span> <span class="note">from Doric variant <span class="transliteration">pânos</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_38" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_39" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">pane</span> <span class="meaning">thread of a screw</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="VulgarLatin_40" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*depānāre</span> <span class="meaning">to unravel, to untangle by winding up</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_41" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_42" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">dipanare</span> <span class="meaning">to wind into a ball, to untangle, to unravel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="EasternRomance_43" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romanian_44" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">a depăna</span> <span class="meaning">to wind onto a reel or bobbin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_45" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_46" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">devanar</span> <span class="meaning">to coil, to wind</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italic_47" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_48" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">pannus</span> <span class="meaning">cloth, rag, garment</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_49" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_50" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">panno</span> <span class="meaning">cloth, clothes, laundry</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_51" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_52" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">paño</span> <span class="meaning">cloth, wipe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_53" class="italic derivative"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pañal</span> <span class="meaning">diaper</span> </li> <li id="French_54" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">pagne</span> <span class="meaning">loincloth, grass skirt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_55" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pagne</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="GalloRomance_56" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Gallo-Romance</span> <span class="transliteration">*pann-</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="Catalan_57" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">pany</span> <span class="meaning">piece, lock</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </li> <li id="OldFrench_58" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">pan</span> <span class="meaning">bit, piece, part</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_59" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">pan</span> <span class="meaning">piece, part, side, face, flap, patch, area, section</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_60" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="MiddleEnglish_61" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_62" class="large germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pane</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_63" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">windowpane</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="GalloRomance_64" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Gallo-Romance</span> <span class="transliteration">*pannell-</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_65" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_66" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">panneau</span> </li> <li id="English_67" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">panel</span> </li> <li id="Italian_68" class="italic borrowing possible"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">pannello</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_69" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*panning</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_145" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">penning</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_146" class="large germanic descent"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">penny</span> </li> <li id="Spanish_147" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">penique</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_148" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">penning</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_149" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">penning</span> <span class="meaning">penny, medal, cash</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_150" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">pfenning</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_151" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pfennig</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_152" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pfennig</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldSaxon_153" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="LowGerman_154" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">Penning</span> </li> <li id="OldNorse_155" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">penningr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_156" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">penning</span> <span class="meaning">historical coin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_157" class="germanic derivative"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">penge</span> <span class="meaning">money</span> <span class="note">originally a plural of <span class="orthography" lang="dan-Latn">penning</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Icelandic_158" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">peningur</span> <span class="meaning">coin, mdeal, wealth</span> </li> <li id="Swedish_159" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">penning</span> <span class="meaning">coin, penny, money, cash</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Finnish_160" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">penni</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Irish_161" class="celtic borrowing possible"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">pingin</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Slavic_162" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">pěnędzь</span> <span class="meaning">coin, money</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastSlavic_163" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_164" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">пенязь</span> <span class="transliteration">pénjazʹ</span> <span class="meaning">penny (historical), pfennig (historical), coin (archaic)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="SouthSlavic_165" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="SerboCroatian_166" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">пенези</span> <span class="transliteration">penezi</span> <span class="meaning">money (regional)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestSlavic_167" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Czech_168" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">peníz</span> <span class="meaning">coin</span> </li> <li id="Polish_169" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">pieniądz</span> <span class="meaning">currency, money</span> </li> <li id="Hungarian_170" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">pénz</span> <span class="meaning">money</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Semitic_70" class="afroasiatic parent"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Semitic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pan-</span> <span class="meaning">front, face, before</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastSemitic_71" class="afroasiatic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">East Semitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Akkadian_72" class="afroasiatic descent"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Akkadian</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="akk-Xsux">𒉺𒀀𒉡</span> <span class="transliteration">pānum</span> <span class="meaning">front, surface, face, prestige, past</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="CentralSemitic_73" class="afroasiatic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Central Semitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_74" class="afroasiatic descent"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">فني</span> <span class="transliteration">faniya</span> <span class="meaning">to cease, to pass away, to perish</span> </li> <li id="NorthwestSemitic_75" class="afroasiatic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Northwest Semitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Canaanite_76" class="afroasiatic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Canaanite</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hebrew_77" class="afroasiatic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Hebrew</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="heb-Hebr">פנים</span> <span class="transliteration">paním</span> <span class="meaning">face, interior</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hebrew_78" class="afroasiatic derivative"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Hebrew</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="heb-Hebr">לפני</span> <span class="transliteration">lif'néi</span> <span class="meaning">before, facing, prior to, ago</span> </li> <li id="Yiddish_79" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">פּנים</span> <span class="transliteration">ponem</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_80" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">ponem</span> </li> <li id="English_81" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">punim</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Phoenician_82" class="afroasiatic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Phoenician</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="phn-Phnx">𐤐𐤍</span> <span class="transliteration">pani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Punic_83" class="afroasiatic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Punic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="xpu-Phnx">𐤐𐤍</span> <span class="transliteration">pane</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WestGermanic_69" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*panning</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_145" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">penning</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_146" class="large germanic descent"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">penny</span> </li> <li id="Spanish_147" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">penique</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_148" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">penning</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_149" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">penning</span> <span class="meaning">penny, medal, cash</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_150" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">pfenning</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_151" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pfennig</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_152" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pfennig</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldSaxon_153" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="LowGerman_154" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">Penning</span> </li> <li id="OldNorse_155" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">penningr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_156" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">penning</span> <span class="meaning">historical coin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_157" class="germanic derivative"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">penge</span> <span class="meaning">money</span> <span class="note">originally a plural of <span class="orthography" lang="dan-Latn">penning</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Icelandic_158" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">peningur</span> <span class="meaning">coin, mdeal, wealth</span> </li> <li id="Swedish_159" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">penning</span> <span class="meaning">coin, penny, money, cash</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Finnish_160" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">penni</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Irish_161" class="celtic borrowing possible"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">pingin</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Slavic_162" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">pěnędzь</span> <span class="meaning">coin, money</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastSlavic_163" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_164" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">пенязь</span> <span class="transliteration">pénjazʹ</span> <span class="meaning">penny (historical), pfennig (historical), coin (archaic)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="SouthSlavic_165" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="SerboCroatian_166" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">пенези</span> <span class="transliteration">penezi</span> <span class="meaning">money (regional)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestSlavic_167" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Czech_168" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">peníz</span> <span class="meaning">coin</span> </li> <li id="Polish_169" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">pieniądz</span> <span class="meaning">currency, money</span> </li> <li id="Hungarian_170" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">pénz</span> <span class="meaning">money</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_85" class="hellenic parent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πατάνη</span> <span class="transliteration">patánē</span> <span class="meaning">a kind of flat dish</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_86" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">patina</span> <span class="meaning">shallow dish, pan, a kind of cake, manger</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_87" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_88" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">patina</span> <span class="meaning">patina, glaze, film</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_89" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">patina</span> </li> <li id="French_90" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">patine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_91" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">patine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="MedievalLatin_92" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Medieval Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">patena</span> <span class="meaning">paten, Eucharist dish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_93" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">patena</span> </li> <li id="French_94" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">patène</span> <span class="meaning">paten</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_95" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">paten</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italian_96" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">​​patena</span> <span class="meaning">paten</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_97" class="italic parent derivative possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">patella</span> <span class="meaning">shallow pan or dish, knee cap</span> <span class="note">diminutive of <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">patina</span>, or of <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">patera</span> with similar meaning but distinct etymology</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_98" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dalmatian_99" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">padella</span> <span class="meaning">pan</span> </li> <li id="Italian_100" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">padella</span> <span class="meaning">frying pan, skillet, bedpan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_101" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_102" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">paelle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_103" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">poêle</span> <span class="meaning">pan, frying pan, metal detector</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="DenéDháh_104" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Dené Dháh</span> <span class="orthography" lang="xsl-Latn">libé</span> <span class="meaning">frying pan</span> <span class="note">from <span class="orthography" lang="fra-Latn">la poêle</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Catalan_105" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">paella</span> <span class="meaning">frying pan, paella</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_106" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">paella</span> <span class="meaning">paella</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_107" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">paella</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldEnglish_108" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">pæġel</span> <span class="meaning">wine pot, pail</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_109" class="large germanic descent"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pail</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldSpanish_110" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Spanish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_111" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">padilla</span> <span class="meaning">saucepan</span> </li> <li id="Spanish_112" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">paila</span> <span class="meaning">a shallow tray, pan, or bowl, frying pan, paila</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_113" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">paila</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Brythonic_114" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*padell</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_115" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">padell</span> <span class="meaning">pan, bowl</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_116" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">patella</span> </li> <li id="KoineGreek_117" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Koine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πάτελλα</span> <span class="transliteration">pátella</span> <span class="meaning">dish, patella</span> </li> <li id="Polish_118" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">patelnia</span> <span class="meaning">frying pan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_119" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*patna</span> <span class="note">variant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_120" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*panna</span> <span class="note">variant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_121" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_122" class="italic descent possible"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">panna</span> <span class="meaning">cream</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Germanic_123" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pannǭ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthGermanic_124" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_125" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">panna</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEastNorse_126" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_127" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">pande</span> <span class="meaning">pan, forehead</span> </li> <li id="Swedish_128" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">panna</span> <span class="meaning">pan, forehead, boiler</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Finnish_129" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">pannu</span> <span class="meaning">pan, pot</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldWestNorse_130" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Icelandic_131" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">panna</span> <span class="meaning">pan, sump</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_132" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_133" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">panne</span> <span class="meaning">pan, frying pan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_134" class="large germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Japanese_135" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">パン</span> <span class="transliteration">pan</span> <span class="meaning">pan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Irish_136" class="celtic borrowing possible"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">panna</span> <span class="meaning">pan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_137" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*panna</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_138" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">pan</span> <span class="meaning">pan, cooking pot</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_139" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">pannetje</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Malay_140" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">panci</span> <span class="meaning">pot, saucepan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_141" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">pfanna</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_142" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pfane</span> <span class="meaning">frying pan</span> </li> <li id="Yiddish_143" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">פֿאַן</span> <span class="transliteration">fan</span> <span class="meaning">pan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_69" class="germanic parent derivative possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*panning</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_145" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">penning</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_146" class="large germanic descent"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">penny</span> </li> <li id="Spanish_147" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">penique</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_148" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">penning</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_149" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">penning</span> <span class="meaning">penny, medal, cash</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_150" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">pfenning</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_151" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pfennig</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_152" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pfennig</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldSaxon_153" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="LowGerman_154" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">Penning</span> </li> <li id="OldNorse_155" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">penningr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_156" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">penning</span> <span class="meaning">historical coin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_157" class="germanic derivative"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">penge</span> <span class="meaning">money</span> <span class="note">originally a plural of <span class="orthography" lang="dan-Latn">penning</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Icelandic_158" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">peningur</span> <span class="meaning">coin, mdeal, wealth</span> </li> <li id="Swedish_159" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">penning</span> <span class="meaning">coin, penny, money, cash</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Finnish_160" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">penni</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Irish_161" class="celtic borrowing possible"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">pingin</span> <span class="meaning">penny</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Slavic_162" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">pěnędzь</span> <span class="meaning">coin, money</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastSlavic_163" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_164" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">пенязь</span> <span class="transliteration">pénjazʹ</span> <span class="meaning">penny (historical), pfennig (historical), coin (archaic)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="SouthSlavic_165" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="SerboCroatian_166" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">пенези</span> <span class="transliteration">penezi</span> <span class="meaning">money (regional)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestSlavic_167" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Czech_168" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">peníz</span> <span class="meaning">coin</span> </li> <li id="Polish_169" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">pieniądz</span> <span class="meaning">currency, money</span> </li> <li id="Hungarian_170" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">pénz</span> <span class="meaning">money</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/penny.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/penny.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_11">vane</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_12">weathervane</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_17">fanon</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_31">gonfalon</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_55">pagne</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_60">pan</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_62">pane</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_63">windowpane</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_67">panel</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_81">punim</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_89">patina</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_91">patine</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_93">patena</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_95">paten</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_107">paella</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_109">pail</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_113">paila</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_116">patella</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_134">pan</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_146">penny</a>, <a href="/word-family-penny.html#English_152">pfennig</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>In Gallo-Romance specifically, the words that appear to be derivations of Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">pannus</span>: "cloth" primarily mean "piece, part, side" rather than "cloth" (Old French <span class="orthography" lang="fro-Latn">pan</span>, Catalan <span class="orthography" lang="cat-Latn">pany</span>). Most likely this is a normal semantic extension with an intermediate meaning of "patch" and/or the dressmaking meaning of "panel".</p> <p>But it's also not impossible that was an additional sense borrowed from Punic <span class="orthography" lang="xpu-Phnx">𐤐𐤍</span> <span class="transliteration">pane</span>: "face, side, surface" into the Vulgar Latin dialects of originally Carthaginian-controlled territory in Narbonensis and Hispania Tarraconensis.</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p>Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">πατάνη</span> <span class="transliteration">patánē</span>: "a kind of flat dish" has an instrument suffix <span class="transliteration">-άνη</span> that appears in several other words. A few of those words can be tied to known PIE roots, like <a href="/word-family-cow.html"><span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">βοτάνη</span> <span class="transliteration">botánē</span> (botany)</a>, but many cannot, or the connection is dubious. The suffix itself may be Pre-Greek that was applied by analogy to a few originally IE roots.</p> </li> </ol>