https://www.aidanem.com/2026-09-09T00:00:00-07:002026-09-09T00:00:00-07:002026-09-09T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2026-09-09:/indo-european-ninety-nines.html

<h1 id="indo-european-ninety-nines">Indo-European Ninety-Nines</h1> <p>In the coming week, it will be September 9th, 9-9! And this particular September 9th would also be my grandfather's 99th birthday. The corresponding <a href="/word-family-nine.html">Word Family</a> also came out this week.</p> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/ninetynine.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/ninetynine.png" alt="Some Indo-European constructions of “ninety-nine” (99) grouped by the roots they contain" style="max-width: 95%; max-height: 720px"></a></p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3 id="four-score">Four-score</h3> <p>As different as they may look, French <span class="orthography" lang="fra-Latn">quatre-vingt</span> and Welsh <span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">phedwar ugain</span> are exact cognates …</p>

<h1 id="indo-european-ninety-nines">Indo-European Ninety-Nines</h1> <p>In the coming week, it will be September 9th, 9-9! And this particular September 9th would also be my grandfather's 99th birthday. The corresponding <a href="/word-family-nine.html">Word Family</a> also came out this week.</p> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/ninetynine.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/ninetynine.png" alt="Some Indo-European constructions of “ninety-nine” (99) grouped by the roots they contain" style="max-width: 95%; max-height: 720px"></a></p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3 id="four-score">Four-score</h3> <p>As different as they may look, French <span class="orthography" lang="fra-Latn">quatre-vingt</span> and Welsh <span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">phedwar ugain</span> are exact cognates, reflecting Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*kʷetwóres (d)wi-(d)ḱm̥ti</span> ("four twice-tens") for 80.</p> <p>Welsh <span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">pedwar ar bymtheg a phedwar ugain</span>, "four past fifteen and four twenties", stands out as one of only two of the words for 99 on this chart that do not contain the root <span class="transliteration">*h₁néwn̥</span>: "nine"</p> <p>The other is the Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">ūndēcentum</span>, "one to hundred", a variant used primarily by Pliny the Elder in contrast to the more usual <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">nonaginta novem</span> or <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">novem et nonaginta</span> that are represented in Italian <span class="orthography" lang="ita-Latn">novantonove</span> and Spanish <span class="orthography" lang="spa-Latn">noventa y nueve</span>.</p> <p>Welsh <span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">a</span> ("and") in <span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">pedwar ar bymtheg a phedwar ugain</span> is derived from the same PIE as Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">et</span> and Spanish <span class="orthography" lang="spa-Latn">y</span>.</p> <h4 id="four-and-a-half-score">Four-and-a-half-score</h4> <p>The Danish <span class="orthography" lang="dan-Latn">nioghalvfems</span>, "nine-half-fifth", on the other hand, stands out as the only one on the chart that does not contain the root <span class="transliteration">*déḱm̥</span>.</p> <p>Though it is a contraction of a form that does contain <span class="transliteration">*déḱm̥</span>: <span class="orthography" lang="dan-Latn">nioghalvfemsindstyve</span>, "nine half-fifth times twenty", i.e. nine plus 4.5 × 2 × 10. "half-fifth" for 4.5 continues an old Germanic system for talking about halves in which the "first half" is the one between 0 and 1, the "second half" is the one between 1 and 2, etc.</p> <h2 id="and-and-and">And and And</h2> <p>In addition to the "and"s used in Latin and Welsh, from Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*(h₁)éti</span>: "beyond, over, and"; there are some other "and" words on the chart. Old English and German use Germanic <span class="transliteration">*andi</span>: "after that, furthermore, and", from PIE <span class="transliteration">*h₂enti</span>: "facing, opposite, near". Albanian <span class="orthography" lang="sqi-Latn">e</span>: "and" is shortened from older <span class="orthography" lang="sqi-Latn">ende</span> and likely also reflects <span class="transliteration">*h₂enti</span>.</p> <p>Fascinatingly, Persian has two different words for "and" with different etymologies and different pronunciations, but the same spelling! <span class="orthography" lang="fas-Aran">و</span> <span class="transliteration">u</span> ("and") is from Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew</span> ("away, since, again"); but <span class="orthography" lang="fas-Aran">و</span> <span class="transliteration">wa</span> (also "and") is borrowed from Arabic and comes from Semitic <span class="transliteration">*wa</span> ("and").</p> <p>Classical Greek would also have used an "and", <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">καί</span> <span class="transliteration">kaí</span>, in 99, <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἑπτα καὶ ἐνενήκοντα</span>, but modern Greek does not in <span class="orthography" lang="ell-Grek">ενενήντα εννέα</span>.</p> <h2 id="the-indo-iranian-90">The Indo-Iranian 90</h2> <p>Indo-Iranian <span class="transliteration">*Hnawatí</span>, likely continues the same Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₁néwn̥-dḱm̥ti&gt;</span> as seen in Armenian, Greek, East Slavic, Irish, and the Romance languages, but it is irregular so it is not certain. The expected form would be <span class="transliteration">**Hnawaćatí</span>.</p> <h2 id="slavic-and-east-baltic-9-and-90">Slavic and East Baltic 9 and 90</h2> <p>per <a href="{/word-family-nine.html#footnote-1}">WFF-Nine's footnotes</a>:</p> <p>Balto-Slavic <span class="transliteration">*néwin<span>/<span class="transliteration">*déwin</span>: "nine" and<span class="transliteration">*newintas<span>/<span class="transliteration">*dewintas</span>: "ninth" come in both the expected <span class="transliteration">*n</span> forms, attested in West Baltic†, and irregular <span class="transliteration">*d</span> forms, in East Baltic and Slavic.</p> <p>It is unclear exactly why it became <span class="transliteration">*d</span>; some possibilities include change by analogy to <span class="transliteration">*déśimt</span>: "ten"; articulatory dissimilation from the second &lt;*n&gt;; a blending of the features of [n] and [ʔ] (the likely value of <span class="transliteration">*h₁</span>) into [d]; or maybe even some sort of reverse Kortlandt effect (the Kortlandt effect usually dissimilates <span class="transliteration">*d</span> into <span class="transliteration">*h₁</span> when followed by a dental).</p> <p>† Or rather, in Old Prussian. No other West Baltic language is preserved well enough to attest these words. The Narew glossary of an apparent West Baltic language (probably Sudovian) contains the numbers one through eight, but then stops just before nine—arguably the most interesting number to record in a West Baltic language!</p>2026-09-04T00:00:00-07:002026-09-04T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2026-09-04:/word-family-nine.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>In the coming week, it will be September 9th, 9-9! And this particular September 9th would also be my grandfather's 99th birthday.</p> <p>There is also <a href="/indo-european-ninety-nines.html">a chart of Indo-European "99"s</a> over in the Data Visualization section.</p> <p>It's been speculated that Proto-Indo-European <*h₁néwn̥>»1: "nine" could come from Proto-Indo-European …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>In the coming week, it will be September 9th, 9-9! And this particular September 9th would also be my grandfather's 99th birthday.</p> <p>There is also <a href="/indo-european-ninety-nines.html">a chart of Indo-European "99"s</a> over in the Data Visualization section.</p> <p>It's been speculated that Proto-Indo-European <*h₁néwn̥>»1: "nine" could come from Proto-Indo-European <*(H)énu>: "along, after, without", with the idea of nine being "lacking (one until ten)". Though descendants of <*(H)énu> probably only mean "without" in Germanic—possibly Greek, if <áneu> is related, but there are other possibilities for that—with Indo-Iranian and Italic probably better reflecting the meaning in any PIE old enough to underly <*h₁néwn̥>: "along with" or "after". So this connection is sketchy.</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-nine.html#45433">nine</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#45652">noon</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#42472">November</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="32984" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁én</span> <span class="meaning">in</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33152" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*énu</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁énu</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ḗnu</span> <span class="meaning">along, after, without</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33633" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*ēnu</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*enu</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*ēneu</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*ēnau</span> <span class="meaning">without</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33634" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33635" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌹𐌽𐌿</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌹𐌽𐌿𐌷</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">inu</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">inuh</span> <span class="meaning">without, except</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33636" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*ānu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33637" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33638" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">án</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">ón</span> <span class="meaning">without</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33639" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Faroese</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="fao-Latn">ón</span> </li> <li id="33640" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">án</span> <span class="meaning">without</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33641" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*ānu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33642" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*āna</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33643" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">ane</span> <span class="meaning">without, against</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33644" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">ondancs</span> <span class="meaning">despite, in spite of</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33645" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">ondanks</span> <span class="meaning">despite, in spite of</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33646" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">desondanks</span> <span class="meaning">in spite of this, nevertheless</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33647" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Afrikaans</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="afr-Latn">ondanks</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33648" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ano</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">anu</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ana</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ane</span> <span class="meaning">without</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33649" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">ane</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">an</span> <span class="meaning">without</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33650" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">ohne</span> <span class="meaning">without</span> </li> <li id="33651" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">אָן</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">on</span> <span class="meaning">without</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33652" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*enew</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*ənew</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*hənew</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33653" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Arcadocypriot</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Cprt">𐠀𐠚𐠄</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">a-ne-u</span> </li> <li id="33654" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄνευ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">áneu</span> <span class="meaning">without</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33655" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">άνευ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">ánef</span> <span class="meaning">without</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33656" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*ánu</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*ā́nu</span> <span class="meaning">after, afterwards, along</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33657" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33658" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">अनु</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">anu</span> <span class="meaning">after, next, then, again, according to, subordinate sound</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33659" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">अनुस्वारः</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">anusvāraḥ</span> <span class="meaning">anusvara, after-sound, subordinate-sound</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33660" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anusvara</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33661" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">अनुगच्छति</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">anugacchati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33662" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Prakrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pra-Brah">𑀅𑀡𑀼𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pra-Brah">𑀅𑀡𑀼𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀤𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pra-Latn">aṇugacchaï</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pra-Latn">aṇugacchadi</span> <span class="meaning">to follow</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33663" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33664" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬀𐬥𐬎</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">anu</span> <span class="meaning">after, corresponding to</span> </li> <li id="33665" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33666" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎠𐎵𐎺</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">anuv</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33667" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hānušákš</span> <span class="meaning">following after, in due time, one by one</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33668" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33669" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">आनुषक्</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">ānuṣák</span> <span class="meaning">in order, one after another, one by one</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33670" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33671" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬁𐬥𐬎𐬱𐬵𐬀𐬑𐬱</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">ānušhaxš</span> <span class="meaning">one after another</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33672" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33153" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">in-</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">īn-</span> <span class="meaning">after</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12836" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">invenire</span> <span class="meaning">to find, to discover, to invent, to get</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12837" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12838" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12839" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">inventer</span> <span class="meaning">to invent</span> </li> <li id="12840" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">invent</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12841" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">inventarium</span> <span class="meaning">list, inventory</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12842" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12843" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">inventario</span> <span class="meaning">inventory, list, review</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12844" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12845" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">inventoire</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12846" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">inventaire</span> <span class="meaning">inventory</span> </li> <li id="12847" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">inventory</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12848" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">inventario</span> <span class="meaning">inventory</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12849" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">inventor</span> <span class="meaning">inventor, author, discoverer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12850" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">inventor</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33154" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">invidēre</span> <span class="meaning">to look askance at, to look maliciously at, to be prejudice against, to envy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="70918" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">invidia</span> <span class="meaning">envy, grudge, jealousy, spite</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="70919" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="70920" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">invidia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="70921" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="70922" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">enveie</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">envie</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="70923" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="70924" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">envie</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="70925" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">envie</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">anvie</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">invie</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="70926" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">envy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="70927" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">envidia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="70928" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Nvidia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33155" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">īnsequī</span> <span class="meaning">to follow, to follow after, to come next, to go on</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56250" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56251" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="fro-Latn">*ensu-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56252" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56253" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">ensuivre</span> <span class="meaning">to follow, to come next, to result, to ensue</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="56254" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56255" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ensue</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33156" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">īnstāre</span> <span class="meaning">to stand behind, to pursue, to be close, to stand on</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58852" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">īnstāns</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">īnstantem</span> <span class="meaning">pursuing, pressing upon, urgent, present</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58853" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">instant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58854" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58855" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">instant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="58856" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58857" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">instant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33673" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁néwn̥</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45349" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Proto-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*neunti-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45350" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">nëndë</span> / <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">nëntë</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42492" class="albanian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">nëntor</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45351" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="Latn">*ʔnū́n</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45352" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Luwic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45353" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Luwian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45354" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hlu-Hluw">𔒴𔗬</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="hlu-Latn">nuwa</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="hlu-Latn">nuwan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45355" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Lycian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlc-Lyci">𐊏𐊒𐊏𐊗𐊀𐊗𐊀</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xlc-Latn">nuntata</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45356" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">ինն</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">inn</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45357" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ինը</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">inə</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45358" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*néwin</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*déwin</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="45359" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*newines</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*dewines</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45360" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*dewine</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45361" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Latvian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lav-Latn">deviņi</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45362" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">devyni</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45363" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45364" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">newīnjai</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45365" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*devętь</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45366" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">девѧть</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">devętĭ</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45367" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">девять</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">devjatʹ</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45368" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">дев'ять</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">devʺjatʹ</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45369" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45370" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Glag">ⰴⰵⰲⱔⱅⱐ</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrl">девѧть</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="chu-Latn">devętĭ</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45371" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">девет</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="bul-Latn">devet</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45372" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">девет</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">devet</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45373" class="baltoslavic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">деведесет девет</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45374" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45375" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">devět</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45376" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">dziewięć</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45377" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*devęsilъ</span> <span class="meaning">nine-powers, nine-strength, a kind of medicinal plant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45378" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45379" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">девясил</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">devjasil</span> <span class="meaning">inula</span> </li> <li id="45380" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">дев'ясил</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">devʺjasyl</span> <span class="meaning">inula</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45381" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45382" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">девесил</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="bul-Latn">devesil</span> <span class="meaning">lovage</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45383" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45384" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">devětsil</span> <span class="meaning">butterbur</span> </li> <li id="45385" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">dziewięćsił</span> <span class="meaning">carline thistle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45386" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*déwin dešimtis</span> <span class="meaning">nine-ten, ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45387" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45388" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45389" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Latvian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lav-Latn">deviņdesmit</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> <li id="45390" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">devyniasdešimt</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45391" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45392" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45393" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrl">девѧть десѧтъ</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="chu-Latn">devętĭ desętŭ</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45394" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">деветдесет</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="bul-Latn">devetdeset</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45395" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">деведесет</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">devedeset</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45373" class="baltoslavic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">деведесет девет</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45396" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45397" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">devadesát</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> <li id="45398" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">dziewięćdziesiąt</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45399" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*nowan</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45400" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*naw</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45401" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">nav</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45402" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Cornish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">naw</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45403" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">naw</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45404" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">naw deg</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45405" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">naw deg naw</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45405" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">naw deg naw</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45406" class="celtic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">nau</span> </li> <li id="45407" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">noí</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="27424" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">Niall Noígíallach</span> <span class="meaning">Niall of the Nine Hostages</span> </li> <li id="45408" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45409" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">naoi</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45410" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">nócha naoi</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45411" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Manx</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="glv-Latn">nuy</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45412" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Scottish Gaelic</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gla-Latn">naoi</span> / <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gla-Latn">naodh</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45413" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*newun</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*newunt</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45414" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45415" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">niun</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45416" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Crimean Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Latn">nyne</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45417" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmq-Runr">ᚾᛁᚢ</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">niu</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45418" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45419" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dalecarlian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45420" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Övdalian</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ovd-Latn">niu</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45421" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45422" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">ni</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="24635" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">nioghalvfems</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45423" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">nio</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45424" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">nittonio</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45425" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">níu</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">nío</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45426" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Faroese</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="fao-Latn">níggju</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45427" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">níu</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45428" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">Níu Heimar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45429" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*neun</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*negun</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45430" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">nigon</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">nigen</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">niogen</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45431" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">nigon and hundnigontiġ</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> <li id="45432" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">niȝen</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">niwon</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">nyn</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45433" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45434" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45435" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">nine</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">neen</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">nyn</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45436" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*nigun</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45437" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">negen</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45438" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">negen</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45439" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Afrikaans</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="afr-Latn">nege</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="afr-Latn">neë</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45440" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">niun</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45441" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">niun</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45442" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">neun</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45443" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">neunundneunzig</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45444" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">נײַן</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">nayn</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45445" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="osx-Latn">nigun</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="osx-Latn">nigon</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="osx-Latn">nigen</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45446" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gml-Latn">negen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45447" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">negen</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45448" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*newun-tigiwiz</span> <span class="meaning">nine group-of-tens, ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45449" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45450" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45451" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dalecarlian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45452" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Övdalian</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ovd-Latn">nitti</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45453" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45454" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">nittio</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45424" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">nittonio</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45455" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">níu tigir</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">níutigi</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45456" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">níutíu</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45457" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*neun tigiwi</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*hund neun tigiwi</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45458" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">hundnigontiġ</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">nigontiġ</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45431" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">nigon and hundnigontiġ</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> <li id="45459" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">nigenti</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">nineti</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">nynty</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45460" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45434" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45461" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*niguntig</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*antniguntig</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45462" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">negentich</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">tnegentich</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45463" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">negentig</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">tnegentig</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45464" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">niunzug</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="goh-Latn">*huntniunzug</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45465" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">niunzec</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">*huntniunzec</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">*hunderniunzec</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45466" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">neunzig</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">hunderneunzig</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45443" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">neunundneunzig</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45467" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">נײַנציק</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">nayntsik</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45468" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="osx-Latn">antniguntig</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45469" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gml-Latn">tnegentich</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45470" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*newuntehun</span> <span class="meaning">nine-ten, nineteen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45471" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45472" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45473" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dalecarlian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45474" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Övdalian</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ovd-Latn">nittjǫ</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ovd-Latn">nittǫ</span> <span class="meaning">nineteen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45475" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45476" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">nitten</span> <span class="meaning">nineteen</span> </li> <li id="45477" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">nitton</span> <span class="meaning">nineteen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45478" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">nítján</span> <span class="meaning">nineteen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45479" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Faroese</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="fao-Latn">nítjan</span> <span class="meaning">nineteen</span> </li> <li id="45480" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">nítján</span> <span class="meaning">nineteen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45481" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45482" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">nigontiene</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">nigontene</span> <span class="meaning">nineteen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45483" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">neȝentene</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">nyntene</span> <span class="meaning">nineteen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45484" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">nineteen</span> </li> <li id="45485" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">nineteen</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">nyntene</span> <span class="meaning">nineteen</span> </li> <li id="45486" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">neenteen</span> <span class="meaning">nineteen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45487" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*niguntian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45488" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">neghentien</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45489" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">negentien</span> <span class="meaning">nineteen</span> </li> <li id="45490" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Afrikaans</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="afr-Latn">negentien</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="afr-Latn">neëntien</span> <span class="meaning">nineteen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45491" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">niunzehan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45492" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">niunzëhen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45493" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">neunzehn</span> <span class="meaning">nineteen</span> </li> <li id="45494" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">נײַנצן</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">nayntsn</span> <span class="meaning">nineteen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45495" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="osx-Latn">*niguntein</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45496" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">negentein</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45497" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">negenteihn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45498" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*enéwə</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*ennéwə</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="14066" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*ennéwəbowiyos</span> <span class="meaning">worth nine cows</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="14067" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἐννεάβοιος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">enneáboios</span> <span class="meaning">worth nine cows</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45499" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Archaic Greek</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">*ennéwə</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">*ennéə</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45500" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Doric Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἐννῆ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ennê</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45501" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἐννέα</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45502" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">εννιά</span> / <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">εννέα</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">enniá</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">ennéa</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45503" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">ενενήντα εννέα</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">enenínta ennéa</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45504" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Romani</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rom-Latn">enia</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rom-Latn">enǎ</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rom-Latn">enja</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45505" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ennea-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="11021" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">hexahectaenneacontakaiheptagon</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> <li id="45506" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἐννῆμαρ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ennêmăr</span> <span class="meaning">for nine days</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45507" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hnáwa</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45508" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hnáwa</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45509" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">नव</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">nava</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45510" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Elu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="elu-Brah">𑀦𑀯</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="elu-Latn">nava</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45511" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Dhivehi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="div-Thaa">ނުވަ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="div-Latn">nuva</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45512" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sinhala</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sin-Sinh">නවය</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sin-Sinh">නමය</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="sin-Latn">nawaya</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="sin-Latn">namaya</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45513" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pka-Brah">𑀦𑀯</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pka-Brah">𑀦𑀅</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pka-Latn">nava</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pka-Latn">naa</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45514" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Assamese</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="asm-Beng">ন</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="asm-Latn">no</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45515" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">নয়</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">ন</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ben-Latn">noẏ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ben-Latn">no</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45516" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Odia</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ori-Orya">ନଅ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ori-Latn">naa</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45517" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Rohingya</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rhg-Rohg">𐴕𐴡</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rhg-Latn">no</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45518" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Maharashtri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pmh-Brah">𑀦𑀯</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pmh-Latn">nava</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45519" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Marathi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="mar-Deva">नऊ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="mar-Latn">nau</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45520" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="psu-Brah">𑀦𑀯</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="psu-Latn">nava</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45521" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">nau</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45522" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">नौ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">nau</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45523" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">نو</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">nau</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">no</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45524" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">नवनवतिः</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">navanavatiḥ</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45525" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45526" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45527" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">निन्यानवे</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">निनानवे</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">ninyānve</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">ninānve</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45528" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hnáwa</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45529" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬥𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">nauua</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45530" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">نه</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">نهه</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pus-Latn">në</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pus-Latn">ni</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pus-Latn">nëhë</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45531" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Scythian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45532" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Saka</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45533" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Khotani</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="kho-Latn">nau</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="kho-Latn">no</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45534" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sogdo-Bactrian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45535" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sogdian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="sog-Latn">naw</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="sog-Latn">nawa</span> </li> <li id="45536" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Yaghnobi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="yai-Cyrl">нав</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="yai-Latn">naw</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45537" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45538" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45539" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Balochi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="bal-Aran">نو</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="bal-Latn">no</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45540" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">نۆ</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">neh</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">no</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45541" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎴𐎺</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">nava</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45542" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Mani">𐫗𐫇𐫆</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Mani">𐫗𐫇𐫇</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">nwẖ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">nww</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45543" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">نه</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">nuh</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">noh</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45544" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">نود و نه</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">navad w noh</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45545" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Nuristani</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*no</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45546" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ashkun</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ask-Latn">nu</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ask-Latn">no</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45547" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kamviri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xvi-Latn">nu</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45548" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hnawatí</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hnawatíś</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45549" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hnawatíṣ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45550" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">नवतिः</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">navatiḥ</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45551" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Elu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45552" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Dhivehi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="div-Thaa">ނަވައި</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="div-Latn">navai</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> <li id="45553" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sinhala</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sin-Sinh">අනූව</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="sin-Latn">anūwa</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45554" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45555" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">নব্বই</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ben-Latn">nobboi</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> <li id="45556" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Rohingya</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rhg-Latn">nobboi</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45557" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45524" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">नवनवतिः</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">navanavatiḥ</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45525" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45526" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45527" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">निन्यानवे</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">निनानवे</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">ninyānve</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">ninānve</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45558" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45559" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">नव्वे</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">नब्बे</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">navve</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">nabbe</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> <li id="45560" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">نوے</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">navve</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45561" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45559" class="indoiranian borrowing possible"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">नव्वे</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">नब्बे</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">navve</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">nabbe</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> <li id="45562" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Punjabi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pan-Guru">ਨੱਬੇ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pan-Latn">nabbe</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45563" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hnawatí</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hnawatíh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45564" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬥𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">nauuaiti</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> <li id="45565" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">نوي</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pus-Latn">nawi</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> <li id="45566" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Scythian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45567" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Alanian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45568" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ossetian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="oss-Cyrl">нæуæдз</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="oss-Latn">næwædz</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45569" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45570" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45571" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">نەوەد</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">nehwed</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">nod</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">not</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45572" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45573" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">nawad</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45574" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">نود</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">navad</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45544" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">نود و نه</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">navad w noh</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45575" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*nowən</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19297" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*nowən-dinos</span> <span class="meaning">of nine days, ninth day</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19298" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">nūndinus</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">nūndinae</span> <span class="meaning">of nine days, every nine days, market-day</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="42459" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*nowən-mēnzris</span> <span class="meaning">ninth month</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42460" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*novem-mēmbris</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*nove-mēmbris</span> <span class="meaning">ninth month</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42461" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">November</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Novembrem</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42458" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">-ber</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20877" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">octōber</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Octōber</span> <span class="meaning">October</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="42462" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42463" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">novembre</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="42464" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42465" class="italic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">Nuembru</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="42466" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42467" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">novembre</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42468" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">novembre</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42469" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">novembre</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42470" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">نوامبر</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">novâmbr</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="42471" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Novembre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42472" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">November</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42473" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Dhivehi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="div-Thaa">ނޮވެމްބަރު</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="div-Latn">novem̊baru</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> <li id="42474" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">Nowemapa</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> <li id="42475" class="nigercongo borrowing"> <span class="language nigercongo">Swahili</span> <span class="orthography nigercongo" lang="swa-Latn">Novemba</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="42476" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">نوفمبر</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">nūfimbir</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> <li id="42477" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">november</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42478" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">November</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> <li id="42479" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">נאָוועמבער</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">november</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="42480" class="germanic borrowing possible"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂?</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">naubaimbair</span> <span class="meaning">November?</span> <span class="note">semi-legible hapax</span> </li> <li id="42481" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Koine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Νοέμβριος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Noémbrios</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42465" class="italic borrowing possible"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">Nuembru</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> <li id="42482" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">Νοέμβριος</span> / <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">Νοέμβρης</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">Noémvrios</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">Noémvris</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> <li id="42483" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">նոյեմբեր</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">noyember</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42484" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">նոյեմբեր</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">noyember</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> <li id="42485" class="kartvelian parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="kartvelian"> <span class="language kartvelian">Old Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="oge-Geor">ნოემბერი</span> <span class="transliteration kartvelian" lang="oge-Latn">noemberi</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42486" class="kartvelian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language kartvelian">Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="kat-Geor">ნოემბერი</span> <span class="transliteration kartvelian" lang="kat-Latn">noemberi</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="42485" class="kartvelian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="kartvelian"> <span class="language kartvelian">Old Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="oge-Geor">ნოემბერი</span> <span class="transliteration kartvelian" lang="oge-Latn">noemberi</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42486" class="kartvelian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language kartvelian">Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="kat-Geor">ნოემბერი</span> <span class="transliteration kartvelian" lang="kat-Latn">noemberi</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="42487" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Coptic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="cop-Copt">ⲛⲟⲉⲙⲃⲣⲓⲟⲥ</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="cop-Latn">noembrios</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> <li id="42488" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrl">ноѩбрь</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="chu-Latn">nojębrĭ</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42489" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">ноꙗбрь</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">nojabrʹĭ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42490" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">ноябрь</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">nojábrʹ</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="42491" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">noiembrie</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="42492" class="albanian calque"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">nëntor</span> <span class="meaning">November</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44972" class="italic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language italic">Umbrian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xum-Ital">𐌍𐌖𐌅𐌉𐌌𐌄</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="xum-Latn">nuvime</span> </li> <li id="45576" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">novem</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22270" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">nonaginta novem</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">novem et nonaginta</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> <li id="45577" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45578" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">nu</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45579" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">nove</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45580" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*nowã</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45581" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">noauã</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45582" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">nouă</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45583" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*nowādec-</span> <span class="meaning">nine-tens, ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45584" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45585" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">noe</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">noi</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45586" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45587" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">nuef</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">neuf</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">nof</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">neof</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45588" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">neuf</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45589" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">neuf</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45590" class="italic creole diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic creole">Haitian Creole</span> <span class="orthography italic creole" lang="hat-Latn">nèf</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45591" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">quatre-vingt-dix-neuf</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45592" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">neufyesme</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45593" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45594" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">neuvième</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45595" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">nueve</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45596" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="Latn">*ñäwä</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45597" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xto-Latn">ñu</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> <li id="45598" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">ñu</span> <span class="meaning">nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45599" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁newn̥ós</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁newn̥nós</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁newn̥éh₂</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁newn̥néh₂</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁newn̥óm</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁newn̥nóm</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45600" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*nawanos</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*nawametos</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*nowametos</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45601" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*nawβ̃ed</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45602" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">navet</span> / <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">naved</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45603" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Cornish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">nawves</span> / <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">nawhes</span> </li> <li id="45604" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">nawfed</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45605" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">nametos</span> </li> <li id="45606" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">nómet</span> / <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">nómad</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45607" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">nómad</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45608" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">naoú</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45609" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Manx</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="glv-Latn">nuyoo</span> </li> <li id="45610" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Scottish Gaelic</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gla-Latn">naoidheamh</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45611" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*newundô</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45612" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45613" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">niunda</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45614" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45615" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45616" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45617" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">niende</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45618" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">nionde</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45619" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">níundi</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45620" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Faroese</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="fao-Latn">níggjundi</span> </li> <li id="45621" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">níundi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45622" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*neundō</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*nigunþō</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45623" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">nigoþa</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45624" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">niȝende</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">nythe</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">nynthe</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45625" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45626" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">nint</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45627" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*nigundo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45628" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">negende</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45629" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">negende</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45630" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Afrikaans</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="afr-Latn">negende</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45631" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">niunto</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45632" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">niunte</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45633" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">neunte</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45634" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">נײַנט</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">naynt</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45635" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="osx-Latn">nigunda</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="osx-Latn">nigundo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45636" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gml-Latn">negende</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45637" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Plautdietsch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">näajenda</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45638" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*nowənos</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*nowənā</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*nowənom</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45639" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">South Picene</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spx-Ital">𐌍𐌏𐌞𐌝𐌍𐌉𐌔</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="spx-Latn">noúínis</span> </li> <li id="45640" class="italic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language italic">Umbrian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xum-Latn">Nonia</span> </li> <li id="45641" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">nōnus</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">nōna</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">nōnum</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">nōnae</span> <span class="meaning">ninth, the nones</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45642" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45643" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">nono</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45644" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45645" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">nono</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45646" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">nones</span> </li> <li id="45647" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">non-</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">nona-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45648" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">nonagon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45649" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">nōna hōra</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">nōna</span> <span class="meaning">the ninth hour (after sunrise), Nones</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45650" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">nōn</span> <span class="meaning">Nones, the ninth hour after sunrise</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45651" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">non</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">none</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">noon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4681" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">afternone</span> <span class="meaning">afternoon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45654" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">afternoon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45652" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">noon</span> </li> <li id="45653" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">none</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">nones</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45655" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ofernōn</span> <span class="meaning">afternoon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45656" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">nóin</span> <span class="meaning">nones, midafternoon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45657" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">nóin</span> <span class="meaning">nones, afternoon, noon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45658" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hnawamás</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45659" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45660" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">नवमः</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">नवमी</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">नवम्</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">navamaḥ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">navamī</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">navamam</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45661" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pka-Brah">𑀡𑀯𑀫</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pka-Latn">ṇavama</span> </li> <li id="45662" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀦𑀯𑀫</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pli-Latn">navama</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pli-Latn">navamo</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pli-Latn">navamī</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pli-Latn">navamaṃ</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45663" class="sinotibetan borrowing"> <span class="language sinotibetan">Burmese</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan" lang="mya-Mymr">နဝမ</span> <span class="transliteration sinotibetan" lang="mya-Latn">nawama</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45664" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45665" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Gujarati</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="guj-Gujr">નવમું</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="guj-Latn">navmũ</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45666" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45667" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">नवां</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">navā̃</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45668" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45669" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬥𐬁𐬎𐬨𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">naoma</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">nāuma</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45670" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45671" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45672" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Aran">نۆیەم</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">noyem</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45673" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎴𐎺𐎶</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">navama</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45674" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45675" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">نهم</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">nuhum</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">nohom</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45676" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*nowənsnos</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*nowənsnā</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*nowənsnom</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45677" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">novēnus</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">novēna</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">novēnum</span> <span class="meaning">nine each, ninefold, ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45678" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45679" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">noveno</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45680" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">novena</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45681" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁newn̥tós</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁newn̥téh₂</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁newn̥tóm</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45600" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*nawanos</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*nawametos</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*nowametos</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45601" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*nawβ̃ed</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45602" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">navet</span> / <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">naved</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45603" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Cornish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">nawves</span> / <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">nawhes</span> </li> <li id="45604" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">nawfed</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45605" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">nametos</span> </li> <li id="45606" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">nómet</span> / <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">nómad</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45607" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">nómad</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45608" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">naoú</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45609" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Manx</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="glv-Latn">nuyoo</span> </li> <li id="45610" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Scottish Gaelic</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gla-Latn">naoidheamh</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45611" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*newundô</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45612" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45613" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">niunda</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45614" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45615" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45616" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45617" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">niende</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45618" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">nionde</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45619" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">níundi</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45620" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Faroese</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="fao-Latn">níggjundi</span> </li> <li id="45621" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">níundi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45622" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*neundō</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*nigunþō</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45623" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">nigoþa</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45624" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">niȝende</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">nythe</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">nynthe</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45625" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45626" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">nint</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45627" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*nigundo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45628" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">negende</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45629" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">negende</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45630" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Afrikaans</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="afr-Latn">negende</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45631" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">niunto</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45632" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">niunte</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45633" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">neunte</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45634" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">נײַנט</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">naynt</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45635" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="osx-Latn">nigunda</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="osx-Latn">nigundo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45636" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gml-Latn">negende</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45637" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Plautdietsch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">näajenda</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45682" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*newintas</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*dewintas</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="45683" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45684" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45685" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Latvian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lav-Latn">devītais</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45686" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">devintas</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45687" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45688" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">newints</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45689" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*devę̃tъ</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45690" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">девѧтъ</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">devętŭ</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45691" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">девятый</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">devjatyj</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45692" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">дев'ятий</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">devʺjatyj</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45693" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45694" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Glag">ⰴⰵⰲⱔⱅⱏ</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrl">девѧтъ</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="chu-Latn">devętŭ</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45695" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">девети</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="bul-Latn">deveti</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45696" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">девети</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">deveti</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45697" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45698" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">devatý</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> <li id="45699" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">dziewiąty</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45700" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45701" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἔνατος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">énatos</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45702" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">ένατος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">énatos</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45703" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45704" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">ñunte</span> <span class="meaning">ninth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45705" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁néwn̥dḱomt</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁néwn̥h₁ḱm̥tom</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁néwn̥ḱm̥tom</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁néwn̥h₁ḱm̥th₂</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁néwn̥ḱm̥th₂</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁néwn̥ḱōmt</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁nunēḱomth₂</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁néwn̥ḱōmt</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45706" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">իննսուն</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">innsun</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45707" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">իննսուն</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">innsun</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45708" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*newintśimta</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*newinśimta</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45709" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*devętnòsъto</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*devęnòsъto</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45710" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">девѧносъто</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">девѧносто</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">девѧсто</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">devęnosŭto</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">devęnosto</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">devęsto</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45711" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">девяносто</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">devjanosto</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> <li id="45712" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">дев'яносто</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">devʺjanosto</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45713" class="baltoslavic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">дев'яносто дев'ять</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">devʺjanosto dévʺjatʹ</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45714" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45715" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">dziewiętnosto</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45716" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*naukontes</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45717" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">nócha</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45718" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">nócha</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45719" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">nócha</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45410" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">nócha naoi</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45720" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*newunhundą</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*newunthundą</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*newuntēhundą</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45721" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45722" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">niuntēhund</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45723" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*neuntāhund</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45457" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*neun tigiwi</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*hund neun tigiwi</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45458" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">hundnigontiġ</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">nigontiġ</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45431" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">nigon and hundnigontiġ</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> <li id="45459" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">nigenti</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">nineti</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">nynty</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45460" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45434" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45461" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*niguntig</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*antniguntig</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45462" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">negentich</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">tnegentich</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45463" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">negentig</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">tnegentig</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45464" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">niunzug</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="goh-Latn">*huntniunzug</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45465" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">niunzec</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">*huntniunzec</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">*hunderniunzec</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45466" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">neunzig</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">hunderneunzig</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45443" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">neunundneunzig</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45467" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">נײַנציק</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">nayntsik</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45468" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="osx-Latn">antniguntig</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45469" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gml-Latn">tnegentich</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45724" class="germanic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="osx-Latn">nigunta</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45725" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*enewnēkontə</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45726" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἐνενήκοντα</span> / <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἐννήκοντα</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">enenḗkonta</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ennḗkonta</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="11021" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">hexahectaenneacontakaiheptagon</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> <li id="45727" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">ενενήντα</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">enenínta</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45503" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">ενενήντα εννέα</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">enenínta ennéa</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45728" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hnawatí</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> <li id="45729" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*nounāgəmtā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45730" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">nonaginta</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*novaginta</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22270" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">nonaginta novem</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">novem et nonaginta</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> <li id="45731" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45732" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">novanta</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45733" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45734" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">nonanta</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">noranta</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45735" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45736" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">nonanta</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">noranta</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">novanta</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> <li id="45737" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45738" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45739" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">nonante</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45740" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">nonante-neuf</span> <span class="meaning">ninety-nine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45741" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">noventa</span> <span class="meaning">ninety</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45742" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="Latn">*ñäwäkā</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="Latn">*ñäwānkā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45743" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xto-Latn">nmuk</span> </li> <li id="45744" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">ñumka</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">ñuṅka</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/nine.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/nine.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-nine.html#45433">nine</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#45625">ninth</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#45484">nineteen</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#45460">ninety</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#45434">ninety-nine</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#42472">November</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#45647">non-</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#45648">nonagon</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#45652">noon</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#45654">afternoon</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#45646">nones</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#45653">none</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#45680">novena</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#11021">hexahectaenneacontakaiheptagon</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#45505">ennea-</a></p> <p><a href="/word-family-nine.html#12840">invent</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#12847">inventory</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#12850">inventor</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#56255">ensue</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#58857">instant</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#70926">envy</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#70928">Nvidia</a>, <a href="/word-family-nine.html#33660">anusvara</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>Balto-Slavic <span class="transliteration">*néwin</span>/<span class="transliteration">*déwin</span>: "nine" and <span class="transliteration">*newintas</span>/<span class="transliteration">*dewintas</span>: "ninth" come in both the expected <span class="transliteration">*n</span> forms, attested in West Baltic†, and irregular <span class="transliteration">*d</span> forms, in East Baltic and Slavic.</p> <p>It is unclear exactly why it became <span class="transliteration">*d</span>; some possibilities include change by analogy to <span class="transliteration">*déśimt</span>: "ten", articulatory dissimilation from the second <span class="transliteration">*n</span>, a blending of the features of [n] and [ʔ] (the likely value of <span class="transliteration">*h₁</span>) into [d], or maybe even some sort of reverse Kortlandt effect (the Kortlandt effect usually dissimilates <span class="transliteration">*d</span> into <span class="transliteration">*h₁</span> when followed by a dental).</p> <p>† Or rather, in Old Prussian. No other West Baltic language is preserved well enough to attest these words. The Narew glossary of an apparent West Baltic language (probably Sudovian) contains the numbers one through eight, but then stops just before nine—arguably the most interesting number to record in a West Baltic language!</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p><span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">hexahectaenneacontakaiheptagon</span> was coined humorously to refer to Colorado, which appears to be a rectangle on a map, but is technically defined by 697 survey points and the straight lines between them—a 697-gon.</p> <p>One shouldn't take it as a serious Classical Greek construction. For example, Greek numbers using <span class="transliteration">kai</span> ("and") I believe always go from low to high, like Herodotus's <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἑπτακαίδεκα καὶ ἑκατόν</span>, "seven-and-ten and hundred" for 117.</p> <p>Also it uses a mix of pure Greek and English Greek-derived morphemes: I don't think you can really say <span class="transliteration">kai</span> is a morpheme English has borrowed from Greek, but at the same time, the <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">hecta-</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">ennea-</span> are only the forms English would use here, not what Greek would use. In Classical Greek the number would be <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἑπτα καὶ ἐνενήκοντα καὶ ἑξακόσιοι</span> <span class="transliteration">hepta kaì enenḗkonta kaì hexakósioi</span>, and probably no one not playing word games would try to make a compound of it!</p> </li> </ol> 2026-02-27T00:00:00-08:002026-02-27T00:00:00-08:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2026-02-27:/word-family-sand.html

<h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-sand.html#52407">sand</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#63872">sandwich</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#52443">Psammead</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="52384" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">?</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*sam-ndʰ-?</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*psam-mbʰ-?</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*samh₂bʰ-?</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> <span class="note">European substrate?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52385" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Armenian</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*sabʰa-?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52386" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">աւազ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">awaz</span> <span class="meaning">sand, gravel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52387" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ավազ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">avaz</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52388" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*samdaz</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49265" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*kwikwasamdaz</span> <span class="meaning">living sand, quicksand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49266" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49267" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="non-Latn">*kviksandr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49268" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49269" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">kvicksand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="49270" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49271" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">kviksandur</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">kviksyndi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="49272" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West …</span></summary></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul>

<h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-sand.html#52407">sand</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#63872">sandwich</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#52443">Psammead</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="52384" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">?</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*sam-ndʰ-?</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*psam-mbʰ-?</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*samh₂bʰ-?</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> <span class="note">European substrate?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52385" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Armenian</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*sabʰa-?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52386" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">աւազ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">awaz</span> <span class="meaning">sand, gravel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52387" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ավազ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">avaz</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52388" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*samdaz</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49265" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*kwikwasamdaz</span> <span class="meaning">living sand, quicksand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49266" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49267" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="non-Latn">*kviksandr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49268" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49269" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">kvicksand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="49270" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49271" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">kviksandur</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">kviksyndi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="49272" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49273" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">cwecesand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49274" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">quyksond</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">qwykkesand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49275" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">quicksand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52389" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*sandaʀ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52390" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">sandr</span> <span class="meaning">sand, sandbank, sandy ground</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52391" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52392" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">sand</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> <li id="52393" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">sand</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52394" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52395" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Faroese</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="fao-Latn">sandur</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> <li id="52396" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">sandur</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52397" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">sandur</span> </li> <li id="52398" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Sander</span> <span class="meaning">sandur</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52399" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dalecarlian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52400" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Övdalian</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ovd-Latn">sand</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52401" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Samic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*sāntē</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*sāntōj</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52402" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Northern Sámi</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="sme-Latn">sáttu</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52403" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*samd</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*sand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52404" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">sand</span> <span class="meaning">sand, beach</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52405" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Sandƿic</span> <span class="meaning">Sand-(Habor)-Town</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="63870" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="63871" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Sandwich</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="2594" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Sandwich Islands</span> </li> <li id="63872" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">sandwich</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="63873" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">-wich</span> </li> <li id="63874" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">سَانْدْوِيتْش</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">sandwitš</span> </li> <li id="63875" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">sandwich</span> </li> <li id="63876" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">σάντουιτς</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">sántouits</span> </li> <li id="63877" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">kanauika</span> </li> <li id="63878" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Kana">サンドイッチ</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="jpn-Latn">sandoitchi</span> </li> <li id="63879" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">сандвич</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">sandvič</span> </li> <li id="63880" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">sándwich</span> </li> <li id="63881" class="sinotibetan borrowing"> <span class="language sinotibetan">Tibetan</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan" lang="bod-Tibt">སན་ཊ་ཝིཆི</span> <span class="transliteration sinotibetan" lang="bod-Latn">san ṭa wichi</span> </li> <li id="63882" class="austroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language austroasiatic">Vietnamese</span> <span class="orthography austroasiatic" lang="vie-Latn">xăng-uých</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52406" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">sond</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">sand</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">saunde</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52407" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">sand</span> </li> <li id="52408" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">sand</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">saun</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> <li id="52409" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">zoane</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52410" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*sant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52411" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">sant</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">zant</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52412" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">zand</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52413" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">sant</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="goh-Latn">*samt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52414" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">sant</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">sampt</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">sambt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52415" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Sand</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> <li id="52416" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">זאַמד</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">zamd</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52417" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="osx-Latn">sand</span> <span class="meaning">sand, beach</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52418" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gml-Latn">sant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52419" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">Sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52420" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*drībasand</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*driftisand</span> <span class="meaning">driven-sand, drift-sand, quicksand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52421" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52422" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">drifsant</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">driftzant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52423" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">drijfzand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52424" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52425" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">tripsant</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">trybsand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52426" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Treibsand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand, silt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52427" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52428" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gml-Latn">drifsant</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gml-Latn">dryffsandt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52425" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">tripsant</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">trybsand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52426" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Treibsand</span> <span class="meaning">quicksand, silt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52429" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">Driefsand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52430" class="hellenic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄμαθος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ámathos</span> <span class="meaning">sand, sandy ground</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52431" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ἀμαθοῦς</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Amathoûs</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Sandy, Amathus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52432" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Amathus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52433" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">amatho-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="40048" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">amathomancy</span> </li> <li id="52434" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">amathophobia</span> <span class="meaning">fear of dust, fear of sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52435" class="hellenic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄμμος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ámmos</span> <span class="meaning">sand, sandy ground</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="10131" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Ammoselinum</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic genus of sandparsleys</span> </li> <li id="52436" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ammo-</span> <span class="meaning">sand (in technical compounds)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52437" class="hellenic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ψάμμος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">psámmos</span> <span class="meaning">sand, desert</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52438" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ψαμαθία</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">psamathía</span> <span class="meaning">beach</span> </li> <li id="52439" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ψαμαθοῦς</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Psamathoûs</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Sandy, Psamathus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52440" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Psamathūs</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52441" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ψαμμοδύτης</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">psammodútēs</span> <span class="meaning">sand-diver, sand-burrower, a kind of fish</span> </li> <li id="52442" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">psammo-</span> </li> <li id="52443" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Psammead</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52444" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*saðol-</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*saβol-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52445" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">sabulō</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">sabulōnem</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">sabulum</span> <span class="meaning">sand, gravel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52446" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52447" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">sablaun</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> <li id="52448" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">sabbia</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52449" class="italic synchronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">sabbione</span> <span class="meaning">coarse sand, sandy soil</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52449" class="italic borrowing possible"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">sabbione</span> <span class="meaning">coarse sand, sandy soil</span> </li> <li id="52450" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52451" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">sable</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">sablon</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">sablun</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52452" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">sable</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">sablon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52453" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">sable</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">sablon</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52454" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">sablón</span> <span class="meaning">thick sand</span> </li> <li id="52455" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">sable</span> <span class="meaning">sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="52456" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">savel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52457" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">zavel</span> <span class="meaning">sandy soil, sand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/sand.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/sand.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-sand.html#10131">Ammoselinum</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#2594">Sandwich Islands</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#40048">amathomancy</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#49275">quicksand</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#52397">sandur</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#52407">sand</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#52433">amatho-</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#52434">amathophobia</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#52442">psammo-</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#52443">Psammead</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#63871">Sandwich</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#63872">sandwich</a>, <a href="/word-family-sand.html#63873">-wich</a></p> 2026-02-13T00:00:00-08:002026-02-13T00:00:00-08:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2026-02-13:/word-family-hoku.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>I made a map a couple of years back of this family when I went to see <a href="https://hokulea.com/">the Hōkūleʻa</a>. Then recently I was working on an upcoming family for another Austronesian root that I want to link to this one, it was time to make it a full family …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>I made a map a couple of years back of this family when I went to see <a href="https://hokulea.com/">the Hōkūleʻa</a>. Then recently I was working on an upcoming family for another Austronesian root that I want to link to this one, it was time to make it a full family!</p> <p><span class="transliteration">a href="{static}/images/voyage_of_hoku.png"</span><span class="transliteration">img src="{static}/images/voyage_of_hoku_small.png" alt="Map of reflexes of this etymon. The Voyage of Hōkū from Proto-Austronesian *bituqǝn to Hawaiʻian hōkū Austronesian words for 'star'. Made by Word Family Friday in honor of the Hōkūleʻa’s 2023-2027 Moananuiākea Voyage. hokulea.com" style="max-width: 80%;"</span><span class="transliteration">/a</span></p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-hoku.html#29932">Hōkūleʻa</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="29885" class="austronesian parent"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Austronesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*bituqən</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29886" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Northwest Formosan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29887" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Pazeh</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="uun-Latn">bintun</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29888" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Saisiyat</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="xsy-Latn">bintoe'aen</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29889" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Paiwan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="pwn-Latn">vitjuqan</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29890" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Puyuma</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="pyu-Latn">vituʔen</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29891" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*bituqən</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29892" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Chamorro</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="cha-Latn">putiʼon</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29893" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Sumbawan</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*bintaŋ</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29894" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*bintaŋ</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29895" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">bintang</span> <span class="meaning">star, asterisk, celebrity</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29896" class="austronesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Sumbawan</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*bintaŋ parih</span> <span class="meaning">the Star Rayfish, the Southern Cross (constellation)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29897" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Chamic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29898" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Aceh</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ace-Latn">bintang paròë</span> <span class="meaning">the Southern Cross (constellation)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29899" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29900" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Iban</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="iba-Latn">bintang pari</span> <span class="meaning">the Southern Cross (constellation)</span> </li> <li id="29901" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">bintang pari</span> <span class="meaning">the Southern Cross (constellation)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29902" class="austronesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Sumbawan</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*bintaŋ tujuh</span> <span class="meaning">the Seven Stars, the Pleiades (constellation)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29903" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Chamic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29904" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Aceh</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ace-Latn">bintang tujōh</span> <span class="meaning">the Pleiades (constellation)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29905" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29906" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">bintang tujuh</span> <span class="meaning">the Pleiades (constellation)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29907" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Mokenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29908" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Moken</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="mwt-Latn">bituek</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29909" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Oceanic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*pituqun</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29910" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Admiralty Islands</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29911" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Manus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29912" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Leipon</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="lek-Latn">piti</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29913" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Titan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ttv-Latn">pítuy</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29914" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Micronesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*fituu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29915" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Chuukese</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="chk-Latn">fúú</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29916" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Kiribati</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="gil-Latn">itoi</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29917" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Marshallese</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="mah-Latn">iju</span> <span class="meaning">star, comet, planet</span> </li> <li id="29918" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Woleai</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="woe-Latn">fius</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29919" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Papuan Tip</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29920" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Sinaugoro</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="snc-Latn">visiɣu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29921" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*fetuʔu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29922" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Niuafoʻou</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="num-Latn">fetuʻu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29923" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29924" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29925" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">fetū</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29926" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tokelauan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkl-Latn">fetuu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29927" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tuvaluan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tvl-Latn">fetuu</span> <span class="meaning">star, to shine (as a star)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29928" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29929" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Rapa Nui</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="rap-Latn">hetu'u</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29930" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29931" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">hōkū</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29932" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">Hōkūleʻa</span> <span class="meaning">Joy-Star, Arcturus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29933" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">hetuu</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">fetuu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29934" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29935" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Cook Islands Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="rar-Latn">ʻētū</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29936" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">whetū</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29937" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">fetū</span> <span class="meaning">sea star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29938" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">fetiʻa</span> <span class="meaning">star, medal</span> <span class="note">displaced original <span class="orthography" lang="tah-Latn">fetū</span> because of taboo avoidance</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29939" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Outlier Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29940" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Anuta</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="aud-Latn">petuu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29941" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Takuu</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="nho-Latn">fetuu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29942" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tikopia</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkp-Latn">fetuu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29943" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29944" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">fetuʻu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29945" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Niuēan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="niu-Latn">fetū</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29946" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Southeast Solomonic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29947" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Arosi</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="aia-Latn">hi'u</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29948" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Southern Oceanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29949" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">North Vanuatu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29950" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Mota</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="mtt-Latn">vitu</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29951" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Philippine</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*bituʔən</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29952" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Binukid</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="bkd-Latn">bituen</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29953" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Cebuano</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="bkd-Latn">bitùun</span> <span class="meaning">star, a kind of star-shaped fruit</span> </li> <li id="29954" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Central Philippine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29955" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">bitùin</span> <span class="meaning">star, celebrity</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29956" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Ilokano</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ilo-Latn">bituén</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29957" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Manobo</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="mbb-Latn">bituʔen</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> <li id="29958" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Sangir</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="sxn-Latn">bituiŋ</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29959" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">South Halmahera–West New Guinea</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29960" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Maʼya</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="slz-Latn">tuén</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="slz-Latn">tuin</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29961" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Timoric</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29962" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Luang</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="lex-Latn">witiona</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29963" class="austronesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Luang</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="lex-Latn">witiora woiti</span> <span class="meaning">the Seven Stars, Ursa Minor (constellation)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29964" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Tetun</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tdt-Latn">fitun</span> <span class="meaning">star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29965" class="austronesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Tetun</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tdt-Latn">fitun suar</span> <span class="meaning">comet</span> </li> <li id="29966" class="austronesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Tetun</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tdt-Latn">fitun loro teen</span> <span class="meaning">Venus as the evening star</span> </li> <li id="29967" class="austronesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Tetun</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tdt-Latn">fitun rai naroma</span> <span class="meaning">Venus as the morning star</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/hoku.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/hoku.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-hoku.html#29932">Hōkūleʻa</a></p> 2025-11-07T00:00:00-08:002025-11-07T00:00:00-08:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2025-11-07:/word-family-shepard.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>By Patreon request! This year, N7 day is a Friday, so we've got <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Shepard</span>. I'm Word Family Friday, and this is my favorite Indo-European root on the Citadel.</p> <p>This root appears in many forms in Germanic and Balto-Slavic, but has only marginal/uncertain presence outside those two branches.</p> <p>(Family …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>By Patreon request! This year, N7 day is a Friday, so we've got <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Shepard</span>. I'm Word Family Friday, and this is my favorite Indo-European root on the Citadel.</p> <p>This root appears in many forms in Germanic and Balto-Slavic, but has only marginal/uncertain presence outside those two branches.</p> <p>(Family of <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">sheep</span> not included ... it's a huge mess!)</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-shepard.html#29320">Shepherd</a>, <a href="/word-family-shepard.html#45213">Oxnard</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="29208" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*kerdʰ-</span> <span class="meaning">row, herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29209" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*kerdʰos</span> <span class="note">action/result noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29210" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*kerdas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29211" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29212" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29213" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">kērdan</span> <span class="meaning">time</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29214" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*čẽrdъ</span> <span class="meaning">turn, sequence</span> <span class="note">Slavic first palatalization, not from <span class="transliteration">*ḱ-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29215" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29216" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">черёд</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">čerjod</span> <span class="meaning">turn, course</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29217" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*kordʰos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29218" class="parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Illyric</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29219" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Proto-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*škerdā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29220" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">herdhe</span> <span class="meaning">nest</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="29221" class="albanian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">çuherdhe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29222" class="albanian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">çerdhe</span> <span class="meaning">nest, home, daycare, litter of animals, word family</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29223" class="albanian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">çerdhukël</span> <span class="meaning">lark</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29224" class="parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Illyrian</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="xil-Latn">*skerd-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29225" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Illyrian</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="xil-Latn">*Skerdilaidas?</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Herd-Leader??</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29226" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Σκερδιλαΐδας</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Skerdilaïdas</span> <span class="meaning">an Illyrian personal name</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29227" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29228" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*korð</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29229" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">cordd</span> <span class="meaning">tribe, clan, family</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29230" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">corlan</span> <span class="meaning">pen, enclosure, sheepfold</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29231" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*ćárdʰas</span> <span class="note">as if <span class="transliteration">*ḱordʰos</span>, which the Balto-Slavic contradicts</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="29232" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*śárdʰas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29233" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀰𑀭𑁆𑀥𑀂</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">शर्धः</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">śardhaḥ</span> <span class="meaning">multitude, troop</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29234" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29235" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">sarəδa</span> <span class="meaning">kind, type, breed</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29236" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*kordʰus?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29237" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29238" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">κόρθυς</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">kórthus</span> <span class="meaning">heap, pile, sheaf</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29239" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*kr̥dʰós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29240" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*kurdá</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29241" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*kъrdo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29242" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29243" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Macedonian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="mkd-Cyrl">крдо</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="mkd-Latn">krdo</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </li> <li id="29244" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">крдо</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">krdo</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </li> <li id="29245" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">cârd</span> <span class="meaning">herd, flock, swarm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29246" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29247" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">kierda</span> <span class="meaning">boar, hog</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29248" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*kъrdelь</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29249" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29250" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slovak</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="slk-Latn">kŕdeľ</span> <span class="meaning">flock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29251" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">kierdel</span> <span class="meaning">flock of sheep</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29252" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*kerdʰéh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29253" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*kerdāˀ</span> <span class="meaning">row, sequence, herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29254" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*čērdà</span> <span class="meaning">file, herd</span> <span class="note">Slavic first palatalization, not from <span class="transliteration">*ḱ-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29255" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">череда</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">čereda</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29256" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">череда</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">čereda</span> <span class="meaning">train, procession, sequence, time, turn</span> </li> <li id="29257" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">череда</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">čereda</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29258" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">czereda</span> <span class="meaning">crowd, host, pack</span> </li> <li id="29259" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">טשערעדע</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">tsherede</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29260" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29261" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrl">чрѣда</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="chu-Latn">črěda</span> <span class="meaning">flock, herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29262" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">чреда</span> <span class="meaning">sequence, turn</span> </li> <li id="29263" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">cireadă</span> <span class="meaning">herd, flock, drove</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29264" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">csorda</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29265" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">ciurdă</span> <span class="meaning">herd, flock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29266" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">чредо</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">čredo</span> <span class="meaning">flock, herd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29267" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29268" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">třída</span> <span class="meaning">class (most meanings), classroom, avenue</span> </li> <li id="29269" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">trzoda</span> <span class="meaning">herd, crowd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29270" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*herdō</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29271" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29272" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">hairda</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29273" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29274" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">hjǫrð</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29275" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29276" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">hjord</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29277" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29278" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">hjörð</span> <span class="meaning">herd, flock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29279" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*herdu</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29280" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">heord</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">hierd</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29281" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">herde</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">heerd</span> <span class="meaning">herd, flock, swarm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29282" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">herd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29283" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*herda</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29284" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">herde</span> </li> <li id="29285" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">herde</span> <span class="meaning">herd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29286" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">harde</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29287" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">harde</span> <span class="meaning">herd, pack</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29288" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">herta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29289" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">hërt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29290" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Herde</span> <span class="meaning">herd, flock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29291" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*kerdʰh₂yós</span> <span class="meaning">herder</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29292" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29293" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29294" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">kerdžius</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">skerdžius</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="29295" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">skierdź</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd, herdsman (dialectal)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29296" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*hirdijaz</span> <span class="meaning">herder</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29297" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29298" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">hairdeis</span> <span class="meaning">herdsman, pastor</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29299" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29300" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">hirðir</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29301" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29302" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">hyrde</span> <span class="meaning">herder, herdsman, shepherd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29303" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29304" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">hirðir</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29305" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*hirdī</span> <span class="meaning">herdsman, herder</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29306" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">hierde</span> <span class="meaning">herdsman, guardian, keeper</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29307" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">herde</span> <span class="meaning">herdsman, herder, ruler, guide</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29308" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">herd</span> </li> <li id="29309" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">oxeherde</span> <span class="meaning">oxherd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45211" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">oxherd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29310" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">māþmhierde</span> <span class="meaning">treasurer</span> </li> <li id="29311" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">oxanhierde</span> <span class="meaning">oxherd, oxherder</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29309" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">oxeherde</span> <span class="meaning">oxherd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45211" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">oxherd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="45212" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Oxnaherde</span> <span class="meaning">occupational surname: Oxherd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45213" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Oxnard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29312" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*hirdi</span> </li> <li id="29313" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">hirti</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd, herdsman</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29314" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29315" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Hirte</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Hirt</span> <span class="meaning">herdsman, herder, shepherd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29316" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*skāpahirdī</span> <span class="meaning">sheep-herder</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29317" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">sċēaphierde</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29318" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">schepherde</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29319" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">shepherd</span> </li> <li id="29320" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Shepherd</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Shepperd</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Sheppard</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Shepard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="29321" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="29322" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Schafhirte</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/shepard.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/shepard.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-shepard.html#29282">herd</a>, <a href="/word-family-shepard.html#29308">herd</a>, <a href="/word-family-shepard.html#29319">shepherd</a>, <a href="/word-family-shepard.html#29320">Shepherd</a>, <a href="/word-family-shepard.html#45211">oxherd</a>, <a href="/word-family-shepard.html#45213">Oxnard</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>Indo-Iranian <span class="transliteration">*ćárdʰas</span> (appearing in Sanskrit <span class="transliteration">śardhaḥ</span> and Avestan <span class="transliteration">sarəδa</span>) requires a PIE <span class="transliteration">*ḱerdʰ-</span>, which cannot be formally reconciled with all the Balto-Slavic forms that show <span class="transliteration">*kerdʰ-</span>.</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p>Lithuanian has variants <span class="orthography" lang="lit-Latn">kerdžius</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="lit-Latn">skerdžius</span>, which looks like s-mobile, but since no other languages shows the <span class="transliteration">s</span>†, I am assuming for now that this is a Lithuanian innovation, perhaps influence from <span class="transliteration">*(s)ker-</span>: "to cut, to seperate". But Lithuanian is famously conservative, and <span class="transliteration">-*dʰ-</span> is an extremely productive root extension, so <span class="transliteration">*kerdʰ-</span> might actually be <span class="transliteration">*(s)kerdʰ-</span> and might be a derivative of <span class="transliteration">*(s)ker-</span>.</p> <p>† Unless Albanian <span class="orthography" lang="sqi-Latn">herdhe</span>: "nest" is related. Albanian <span class="orthography" lang="sqi-Latn">h-</span> usually reflects PIE <span class="transliteration">*sk-</span>. And then since <span class="orthography" lang="sqi-Latn">herdhe</span> implies Proto-Albanian <span class="transliteration">*škerdā</span>, that raises the possibility of a connection in the Illyrian king recorded in Greek as <span class="orthography" lang="">Σκερδιλαΐδας</span> <span class="transliteration">Skerdilaïdas</span>.</p> </li> </ol> 2025-09-26T00:00:00-07:002025-09-26T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2025-09-26:/word-family-millenial.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>In each Hellenic, Indo-Iranian, and Italic the word for "thousand" is derived from Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*ǵʰéslo-</span>—apparently "handful"?—but in different forms.</p> <p>Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χίλιοι</span> <span class="transliteration">khílioi</span> (<span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">kilo-</span>) seems to derive from <span class="transliteration">*ǵʰesliyoy</span>, possibly a plural adjective form?</p> <p>In Indo-Iranian it's prefixed with <span class="transliteration">*sem-</span> as <span class="transliteration">*sm̥-ǵʰéslom</span>, which could be translated as …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>In each Hellenic, Indo-Iranian, and Italic the word for "thousand" is derived from Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*ǵʰéslo-</span>—apparently "handful"?—but in different forms.</p> <p>Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χίλιοι</span> <span class="transliteration">khílioi</span> (<span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">kilo-</span>) seems to derive from <span class="transliteration">*ǵʰesliyoy</span>, possibly a plural adjective form?</p> <p>In Indo-Iranian it's prefixed with <span class="transliteration">*sem-</span> as <span class="transliteration">*sm̥-ǵʰéslom</span>, which could be translated as "one handful", but I think perhaps better rendered here as "a whole handful". This becomes forms like Sanskrit <span class="transliteration">sahásram</span> and Persian <span class="transliteration">hazāra</span>.</p> <p>Italic also uses the <span class="transliteration">*sm̥-</span>, but makes the whole thing feminine-collective as <span class="transliteration">*smih₂-ǵʰéslih₂</span>, whence Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">mille</span> (<span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">milli-</span>).</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57132">surgery</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57174">garter</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57281">milli-</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57288">kilo-</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57277">millennial</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#68882">chrono-</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#68977">yard</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#39640">Midgard</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="57110" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰes-</span> <span class="meaning">hand, take</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57111" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰésōr</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> <span class="note">primary noun, gen. and abl. <span class="transliteration">*ǵʰsrés</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57112" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="Latn">*ǵésōr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57113" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Hittite</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hit-Xsux">𒆠𒌍𒊬</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="hit-Latn">ke-eš-šar</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="hit-Latn">késːar</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> <li id="57114" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Luwic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57115" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Luwian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57116" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Cuneiform Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlu-Xsux">𒄿𒅖𒊭𒊑𒅖</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xlu-Latn">i-iš-ša-ri-iš</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xlu-Latn">īssaris</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57117" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Lycian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlc-Lyci">𐊆𐊈𐊕𐊁𐊅𐊆</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xlc-Latn">izredi</span> <span class="meaning">by hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57118" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">ձեռն</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">jeṙn</span> <span class="meaning">hand, first, arm, strength, force</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57119" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ձեռք</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">jeṙkʻ</span> <span class="meaning">hand, arm</span> </li> <li id="57120" class="armenian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">*jeṙnuk</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </li> <li id="57121" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">زرنوك</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">zarnūk</span> <span class="meaning">handle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57122" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*kʰéhər</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57123" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χείρ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">kheír</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="10435" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἑκατόγχειρος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">hekatónkheiros</span> <span class="meaning">hundred-handed</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="10436" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἑκατὸν μὲν χεῖρες</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">hekatòn mèn kheîres</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">*Hekatónkheires</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="10437" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Hecatoncheires</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="48381" class="parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Chiroptera</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic order of bats</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57143" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">chiropteran</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57124" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Koine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χέριον</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">khérion</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57125" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">χέρι</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">chéri</span> <span class="meaning">hand, arm, handle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57126" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χειρουργός</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">kheirourgós</span> <span class="meaning">craftsman, surgeon</span> <span class="note">"hand-worker"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57127" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">chīrūrgus</span> <span class="meaning">surgeon</span> </li> <li id="57128" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χειρουργία</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">kheirourgíā</span> <span class="meaning">handiwork, handicraft, surgery</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57129" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">chīrūrgia</span> <span class="meaning">surgery</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57130" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57131" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">surgie</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57132" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">surgery</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57133" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*chīrurgiānus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57134" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57135" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">cerorgien</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">surgien</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">cirurgiien</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57136" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">chirurgien</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57137" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">chirurgien</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57138" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">cirurgijn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57139" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">chirurgijn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57140" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">surgien</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">cirurgien</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57141" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">surgeon</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">chirurgeon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57142" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">chiro-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57144" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*kʰéhr-nikʷs</span> <span class="meaning">hand-wash</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57145" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀐𐀛𐀣</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="gmy-Latn">ke-ni-qa</span> </li> <li id="57146" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χέρνιψ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">khérnips</span> <span class="meaning">water for handwashing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57147" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χέρνιβον</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">khérnibon</span> <span class="meaning">wash basin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57148" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">كرنيب</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">kirnīb</span> <span class="meaning">wash basin, bath, dipper</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57149" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*hezor</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57150" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">hir</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57151" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="Latn">*ṣar</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57152" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xto-Latn">tsar</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> <li id="57153" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">ṣar</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57154" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰēsreh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57155" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*dāsrā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57156" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">dorë</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57157" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰr̥sós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57158" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*garros</span> <span class="meaning">leg, calf</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57159" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*garr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57160" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">gar</span> <span class="meaning">leg</span> </li> <li id="57161" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Cornish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">garr</span> <span class="meaning">leg</span> </li> <li id="57162" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">gar</span> <span class="meaning">leg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57163" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">gairr</span> <span class="meaning">calf</span> </li> <li id="57164" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">*garrā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57165" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*garra</span> <span class="meaning">leg, calf</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57166" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">gare</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57167" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">garet</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57168" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">jarret</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57169" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">jarret</span> <span class="meaning">back of the knee, leg joint of meat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57170" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">gareter</span> <span class="meaning">garter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57171" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">jarretier</span> <span class="meaning">garter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57172" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">jarretière</span> <span class="meaning">garter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57173" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">garter</span> <span class="meaning">garter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57174" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">garter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57175" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰéslom</span> <span class="meaning">numerous, thousand, handful?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="52364" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*sm̥ǵʰéslom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57176" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*saȷ́ʰásram</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57177" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*saźʰásram</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57178" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">sahásram</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">सहस्रम्</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57179" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Prakrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pra-Latn">sahasra</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pra-Latn">sahassa</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pra-Latn">śahaśśa</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pra-Latn">sahasira</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57180" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Prakrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pra-Latn">sāsira</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57181" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Kannada</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="kan-Knda">ಸಾವಿರ</span> <span class="transliteration dravidian" lang="kan-Latn">sāvira</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="57182" class="dravidian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="dravidian"> <span class="language dravidian">Old Tamil</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57183" class="dravidian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language dravidian">Tamil</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tam-Taml">ஆயிரம்</span> <span class="transliteration dravidian" lang="tam-Latn">āyiram</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="57184" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Malayalam</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="mal-Mlym">ആയിരം</span> <span class="transliteration dravidian" lang="mal-Latn">āyiraṁ</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57185" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Elu</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="elu-Latn">*sahasa</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57186" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Dhivehi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="div-Thaa">ހާސް</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="div-Latn">hās</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57187" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57188" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57189" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kashmiri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kas-Aran">ساس</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="kas-Latn">sās</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57190" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">सहस्र</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">sahasra</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="57191" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">సహస్రము</span> <span class="transliteration dravidian" lang="tel-Latn">sahasramu</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57192" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*hajáhram</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57193" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬢𐬭𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">hazaŋra</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="57194" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">زر</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pus-Latn">zër</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="57195" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sogdo-Bactrian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57196" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bactrian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xbc-Grek">υαζαρο</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xbc-Latn">uazaro</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57197" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*hazáram</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47957" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*hazára-pátiš</span> <span class="meaning">thousand-commander</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57209" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57210" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xme-Latn">*hazārapatiš</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="57211" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">*hazārapatiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57212" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭧𐭦𐭠𐭫𐭥𐭯𐭲</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">ḥzārāpt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57213" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">هزاربد</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">hezârbod</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57214" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀζαραπατεῖς</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">azarapateîs</span> </li> <li id="57215" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀζαβαρίτης</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">azabarítēs</span> </li> <li id="57216" class="hellenic parent calque"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χιλίαρχος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">khilíarkhos</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand, tribune, chiliarch</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="10550" class="germanic calque"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">þūsundifaþs</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand, tribune, chiliarch</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </li> <li id="57285" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">chiliarchus</span> </li> <li id="57286" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Classical Syriac</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="syc-Syrc">ܟܝܠܝܪܟܐ</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="syc-Latn">kilirka</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57217" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭇𐭆𐭓𐭅𐭐𐭕</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xpr-Latn">hazārpet</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57218" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">հազարապետ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">hazarapet</span> <span class="meaning">chiliarch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57219" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">հազարապետ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">hazarapet</span> <span class="meaning">chiliarch</span> </li> <li id="57220" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="kat-Geor">ჰაზარაპეტი</span> <span class="transliteration kartvelian" lang="kat-Latn">hazaraṗeṭi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57198" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57199" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xme-Latn">*hazāram</span> </li> <li id="57200" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">hezar</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="57201" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭇𐭆𐭀𐭓</span> / <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭀𐭋𐭐𐭉𐭍</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xpr-Latn">hzār</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xpr-Latn">ālpin</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> <span class="note"><span class="transliteration">ālpin</span> as an Aramaeogram</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57202" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Mani">𐫍𐫉𐫀𐫡</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">hzār</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57203" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">هزار</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">hazâr</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="14542" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">هزاردستان</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">hezâr-dastân</span> <span class="meaning">nightingale</span> <span class="note">lit. "thousand songs"</span> </li> <li id="57204" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57205" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">हज़ार</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">hazār</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="57206" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">ہزار</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">hazār</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57207" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">*hadāram</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57208" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Elamite</span> <span class="orthography" lang="elx-Xsux">𒄩𒆪𒊏</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="elx-Latn">ha-da-ra</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57221" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*smih₂-ǵʰéslih₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57222" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*smīɣeslī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57223" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mīlle</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="2270" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mīllennis</span> <span class="meaning">thousand-years</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57274" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mīllennium</span> <span class="meaning">millennium</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57275" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">millennium</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57276" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Kana">ミレニアム</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="jpn-Latn">mireniamu</span> <span class="meaning">millennium</span> </li> <li id="57277" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">millennial</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57278" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">millennio</span> <span class="meaning">millennium</span> </li> <li id="57279" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">milenio</span> <span class="meaning">millennium</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="48570" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mīlle passūs</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mīlle</span> <span class="meaning">a thousand paces, a mile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="11456" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cis tertium lapidem miliarium</span> <span class="meaning">this side of the third milestone</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="11457" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Cistercium</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="11458" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="11459" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="11460" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="11461" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Cîteaux</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="11462" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Cîteaux</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="11463" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cisterciensis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="11464" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">cistercien</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="11465" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Cistercian</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57257" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57258" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">miglio</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57259" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57260" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mille</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57261" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μίλιον</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">mílion</span> <span class="meaning">Roman mile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57262" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">μίλι</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">míli</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57263" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*mīliju</span> <span class="meaning">a mile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57264" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">mīl</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57265" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">myle</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57266" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56239" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">milestone</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57267" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*mīla</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57268" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">mijl</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57269" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">mīla</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57270" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">mīle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57271" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Meile</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </li> <li id="57272" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">מײַל</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">mayl</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </li> <li id="57273" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">mila</span> <span class="meaning">mile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57224" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57225" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">mel</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="57226" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mille</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57227" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">milione</span> <span class="meaning">million</span> <span class="note">augmentive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57228" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">million</span> <span class="meaning">million</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57229" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">million</span> <span class="meaning">million</span> </li> <li id="57230" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">million</span> </li> <li id="57231" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">-illion</span> <span class="note">back-formed</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57232" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">billion</span> <span class="meaning">billion (long-scale, 10^12)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57233" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">billion</span> <span class="meaning">billion (long-scale, 10^12)</span> </li> <li id="57234" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">billion</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57235" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">trillion</span> <span class="meaning">billion (long-scale, 10^18)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57236" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">trillion</span> <span class="meaning">trillion (long-scale, 10^18)</span> </li> <li id="57237" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">trillion</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57238" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57239" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">njilje</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="57240" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">mie</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="57241" class="albanian borrowing"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">mijë</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57242" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57243" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">mile</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57244" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">mille</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57245" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mille</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57246" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mil</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57247" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Navajo</span> <span class="orthography" lang="nav-Latn">mííl</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57248" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Basque</span> <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">mila</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="57249" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*mil</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57250" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">mil</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="57251" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Cornish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">mil</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="57252" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">mil</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57253" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">míle</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57254" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57255" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">míle</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> <li id="57256" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Scottish Gaelic</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gla-Latn">mìle</span> <span class="meaning">thousand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57280" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">milli-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57281" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">milli-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57282" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰesliyoy</span> <span class="note">plural adjective form?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57283" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*kʰehliyoi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57284" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χίλιοι</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">khílioi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57216" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χιλίαρχος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">khilíarkhos</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand, tribune, chiliarch</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="10550" class="germanic calque"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">þūsundifaþs</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand, tribune, chiliarch</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </li> <li id="57285" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">chiliarchus</span> </li> <li id="57286" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Classical Syriac</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="syc-Syrc">ܟܝܠܝܪܟܐ</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="syc-Latn">kilirka</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57287" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">kilo-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57288" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">kilo-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57289" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰóstos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57290" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*ȷ́ʰástas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57291" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*źʰástas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57292" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀳𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀂</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">hástaḥ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">हस्तः</span> <span class="meaning">hand, elephant trunk, cubit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57293" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Elu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57294" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Dhivehi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="div-Thaa">އަތް</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="div-Latn">at̊</span> <span class="meaning">hand, palm, side, direction</span> </li> <li id="57295" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sinhala</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sin-Sinh">අත</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="sin-Latn">ata</span> <span class="meaning">hand, side, direction</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57296" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀳𑀢𑁆𑀣</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pli-Latn">hattha</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57297" class="austroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language austroasiatic">Khmer</span> <span class="orthography austroasiatic" lang="khm-Khmr">ហត្ថ</span> <span class="transliteration austroasiatic" lang="khm-Latn">hat</span> <span class="meaning">hand, arm, elephant trunk, lock of hair, cubit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57298" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57299" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57300" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">हाथ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">hāth</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> <li id="57301" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">ہَاتھ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">hāth</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57302" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57303" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Punjabi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pan-Guru">ਹੱਥ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pan-Latn">hatthă</span> <span class="meaning">hand, forearm, cubit</span> </li> <li id="57304" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kashmiri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kas-Aran">اَتھٕ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="kas-Latn">athụ</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57305" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57306" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Gujarati</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="guj-Gujr">હાથ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="guj-Latn">hāth</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> <li id="57307" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Romani</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rom-Latn">vast</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57308" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">hasta</span> <span class="meaning">cubit</span> </li> <li id="57309" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Malayalam</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="mal-Mlym">ഹസ്തം</span> <span class="transliteration dravidian" lang="mal-Latn">hastaṁ</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> <li id="57310" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">హస్తము</span> <span class="transliteration dravidian" lang="tel-Latn">hastamu</span> <span class="meaning">hand, forearm, elephant trunk, cubit</span> </li> <li id="57311" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀳𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">hastī́</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">हस्ती</span> <span class="meaning">elephant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47708" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">hastināpuraḥ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Deva">हस्तिनापुरः</span> <span class="meaning">place name: City of Elephants, Hastinapura</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57329" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57330" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">हस्तिनापुर</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">hastināpur</span> </li> <li id="57331" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Hastinapur</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57312" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Prakrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pra-Brah">𑀳𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pra-Latn">hatthi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57313" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Elu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57314" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Dhivehi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="div-Thaa">އެތް</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="div-Latn">et̊</span> <span class="meaning">elephant, palm flower</span> </li> <li id="57315" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sinhala</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sin-Sinh">ඇත්</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="sin-Latn">æt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57316" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57317" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali-Assamese</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57318" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Assamese</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="asm-Beng">হাতী</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="asm-Latn">hati</span> <span class="meaning">elephant</span> </li> <li id="57319" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">হাতি</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ben-Latn">hati</span> <span class="meaning">elephant, bishop (chess)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57320" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sylheti</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="syl-Sylo">ꠀꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="syl-Latn">atti</span> </li> <li id="57321" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Rohingya</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="rhg-Latn">háñti</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57322" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57323" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57324" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">हाथी</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">hāthī</span> <span class="meaning">elephant, rook (chess)</span> </li> <li id="57325" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">ہاتھی</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">hāthī</span> <span class="meaning">elephant</span> </li> <li id="57326" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">hathi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57327" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57328" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Punjabi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pan-Guru">ਹਾਥੀ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pan-Latn">hāthī</span> <span class="meaning">elephant, rook (chess)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57332" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*jástah</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57333" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬰𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">zasta</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57334" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*dʰástas</span> <span class="note">probably dissimilation, or by association with <span class="transliteration">*dáwš</span>: "arm"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57335" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*dástah</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57336" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">لاس</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pus-Latn">lâs</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> <li id="57337" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sogdo-Bactrian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57338" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bactrian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xbc-Grek">λιστο</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xbc-Latn">listo</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> <li id="57339" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sogdian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="sog-Grek">*δast-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47494" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sogdian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sog-Syrc">ܕܣܦܪܛܪ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="sog-Grek">δsprtr</span> <span class="meaning">hand towel, handkerchief</span> <span class="note">"hand-full-wipe"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="61713" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">لسپردرک</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">laspardarak</span> <span class="meaning">hand towel, handkerchief</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="61714" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">לאַפּסערדאַק</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">lapserdak</span> <span class="meaning">A traditional Jewish black kaftan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="61715" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">lapserdak</span> </li> <li id="61716" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">лапсердак</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">lapserdak</span> <span class="meaning">lapserdak</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57340" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57341" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57342" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">dest</span> <span class="meaning">hand, start</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57343" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎭𐎿𐎫</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">d-s-t</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57344" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭩𐭣𐭤</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">YDE</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> <span class="note">Aramaeogram</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57345" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">دست</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">dast</span> <span class="meaning">hand, arm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57346" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57347" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">दस्त</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">dast</span> <span class="meaning">hand, cubit</span> </li> <li id="57348" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">دست</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">dast</span> <span class="meaning">hand, cubit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57349" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">دستگاه</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">dastgâh</span> <span class="meaning">machine, apparatus, workbench, system, dastgah</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57350" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">dastgah</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57351" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭣𐭮𐭲𐭪</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">dstk</span> <span class="meaning">handful, handle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57352" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">دسته</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">daste</span> <span class="meaning">handle, handful, group, variety</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57353" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57354" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">दस्ता</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">dastā</span> <span class="meaning">group, cohort, military unit, handhold</span> </li> <li id="57355" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">دستہ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">dasta</span> <span class="meaning">group, cohort, military unit, bundle of arrows, bouquet, handle, hilt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="23302" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">دستہ دار</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">dasta-dār</span> <span class="meaning">captain</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57356" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">دسته</span> <span class="transliteration turkic" lang="ota-Latn">deste</span> <span class="meaning">bundle, bunch, pack, dozen, handle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57357" class="turkic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">deste</span> <span class="meaning">bunch, bundle, set of ten, deck of cards, handle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="2313" class="turkic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">güldeste</span> <span class="meaning">bouquet, anthology</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57358" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Nuristani</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*dásta</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57359" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ashkun</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ask-Latn">dóst</span> </li> <li id="57360" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kamviri</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xvi-Latn">dǘšt</span> <span class="meaning">hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57361" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*hostos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57362" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">hostus</span> <span class="meaning">yield of an olive tree</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57363" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰostiyos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57364" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*źastijas</span> <span class="meaning">arm?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57365" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pa-źastijas</span> <span class="meaning">under arm?</span> <span class="note">with *pa-: "under"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57366" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57367" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">pažastìs</span> <span class="meaning">armpit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57368" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57369" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57370" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">paže</span> <span class="meaning">arm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57371" class="baltoslavic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">podpaží</span> <span class="meaning">armpit</span> <span class="note">re-preffixed with <span class="orthography" lang="ces-Latn">pod-</span> : "under", probably cognate to the previous *pa- prefix</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57372" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57373" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">hostia</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice, offering, victim, host (consecrated bread)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57374" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57375" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">oiste</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="57376" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">host</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57377" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰer-</span> <span class="meaning">to enclose</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="16336" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*gʰer-dʰ-</span> <span class="meaning">to enclose, to encircle, enclosure, belt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68885" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*gʰerdʰeti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68886" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gerdaną</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68887" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68888" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">*gairdan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68889" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">bigairdan</span> <span class="meaning">to gird</span> </li> <li id="68890" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌿𐍆𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">ufgairdan</span> <span class="meaning">to gird</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68891" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*gʰr̥dʰyeti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68892" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gurdijaną</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68893" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68894" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">gyrða</span> <span class="meaning">to gird, to girth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68895" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gurdijan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68896" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">gyrdan</span> <span class="meaning">to gird</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68897" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">gurden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68898" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">gird</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68899" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gurdilaz</span> <span class="meaning">girdle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68900" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68901" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">gyrðill</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68902" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">gyrðill</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68903" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gurdil</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68904" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">gyrdel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68905" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">girdle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68906" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*gurdel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68907" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">gordel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68908" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">gurtil</span> <span class="meaning">girtle, girth, band</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68909" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Gürtel</span> <span class="meaning">belt, strip</span> </li> <li id="68910" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">גאַרטל</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">gartl</span> <span class="meaning">belt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68911" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*gʰordʰs</span> <span class="note">root noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68912" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*ɣorðs</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*ɣorβs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68913" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">urbs</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">urbem</span> <span class="meaning">city, walled town, the City (Rome)</span> <span class="note">irregular, <span class="transliteration">*horbs</span> would be expected</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4343" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ab Urbe condita</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68914" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*ɣorβālis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68587" class="italic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language italic">Umbrian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xum-Ital">𐌖𐌄𐌓𐌚𐌀𐌋𐌄</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="xum-Latn">uerfale</span> <span class="meaning">temple</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68915" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*gʰórtos</span> <span class="meaning">enclosure, enclosed pasture?</span> <span class="note">thematicization? with devoicing from previous <span class="transliteration">*dʰs</span> cluster?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68916" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*gortos</span> </li> <li id="68917" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*kʰórtos</span> </li> <li id="68918" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*hortos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31467" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*komhortis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68919" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cohors</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cohortem</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cōrs</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cōrtem</span> <span class="meaning">court, farmyard, retinue, cohort</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="65201" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cōrtīna</span> <span class="meaning">curtain</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68943" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68944" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">cortina</span> <span class="meaning">curtain</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68945" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68946" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">cortine</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">curtine</span> <span class="meaning">curtain</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68947" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">courtine</span> <span class="meaning">curtain</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68948" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">courtine</span> <span class="meaning">curtain, curtain wall</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68949" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">curtine</span> <span class="meaning">curtain</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68950" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">curtain</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68951" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">gordine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68952" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">gordijn</span> <span class="meaning">curtain</span> </li> <li id="68953" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Gardine</span> <span class="meaning">a thin, translucent curtain</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68920" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68921" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">corte</span> <span class="meaning">court, courtyard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68922" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68923" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">curti</span> <span class="meaning">yard, courtyard</span> </li> <li id="68924" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">curte</span> <span class="meaning">court, yard, courtyard</span> </li> <li id="68925" class="albanian borrowing"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">kurt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68926" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68927" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">colte</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">corte</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">corti</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68928" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68929" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">cort</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">curt</span> <span class="meaning">court</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19502" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">Aisincurt</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Aizino's farmstead</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19503" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19504" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Azincourt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19505" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19506" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Agincourt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68930" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">court</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68931" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">cour</span> <span class="meaning">court, yard, courtyard, courtship</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68932" class="italic creole parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic creole"> <span class="language italic creole">Haitian Creole</span> <span class="orthography italic creole" lang="hat-Latn">lakou</span> <span class="meaning">courtyard, yard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68933" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">lakou</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68934" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">court</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">cort</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">curt</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">courte</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68935" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">court</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68936" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">courtyard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68937" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">cúirt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68938" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">cúirt</span> <span class="meaning">court, courtyard, courthouse, manor house</span> </li> <li id="68939" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Manx</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="glv-Latn">cooyrt</span> <span class="meaning">court</span> </li> <li id="68940" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Scottish Gaelic</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gla-Latn">cùirt</span> <span class="meaning">court, yard, palace, privilege, circus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68941" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">corte</span> <span class="meaning">court</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68942" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">cuirt</span> </li> <li id="68954" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cōrtīna</span> <span class="meaning">bit of enclosed land</span> <span class="note">late</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68955" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68956" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">cortina</span> <span class="meaning">hinterland, adjacent territory to a town</span> <span class="note">archaic, dialectal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47381" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">Cortina d'Ampezzo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39614" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">Milano Cortina 2026</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68957" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68958" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">kerccī</span> <span class="meaning">palace</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="69016" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68959" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*gʰórdʰos</span> <span class="meaning">enclosure</span> <span class="note">action/result noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68960" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">gardh</span> <span class="meaning">fence</span> </li> <li id="68961" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*gárdas</span> <span class="meaning">enclosure</span> </li> <li id="68962" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gardaz</span> <span class="meaning">enclosure, court, yard, garden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39631" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*midjagardaz</span> <span class="meaning">the middle enclosure, the world, Midgard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39632" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39633" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">midjungards</span> <span class="meaning">the inhabited world, ecumene</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="39634" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39635" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">Miðgarðr</span> <span class="meaning">the Earth, Midgard, the inhabited world</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39636" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39637" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">Midgård</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="39638" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39639" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">Miðgarður</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39640" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Midgard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="39641" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39642" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Middanġeard</span> <span class="meaning">the world, the inhabited world</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="2873" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Middaneard</span> <span class="meaning">the world, the inhabited world</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18798" class="germanic calque"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Middle Earth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="51467" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*urtgardaz</span> <span class="meaning">garden, orchard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="51468" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="51469" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">aurtigards</span> <span class="meaning">orchard, garden</span> </li> <li id="51470" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrl">врътоградъ</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="chu-Latn">vrŭtogradŭ</span> <span class="meaning">herb garden, kitchen garden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="51471" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="51472" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="non-Latn">*urtgarðr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="51473" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">örtagård</span> <span class="meaning">herb garden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="51474" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*ortgard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="51475" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ortġeard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="51476" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">orchard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68963" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68964" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">gards</span> <span class="meaning">yard, court, house, household, family</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68965" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">þiudangardi</span> <span class="meaning">kingdom</span> <span class="note">lit. "~household of a people"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68966" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68967" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">garðr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68968" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">gård</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="34899" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">Kierkegaard</span> <span class="meaning">surname: Church-Yard</span> <span class="note">pre-1948 orthography retained in proper nouns</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68969" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">garður</span> </li> <li id="68970" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">garrda</span> </li> <li id="68971" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="wlm-Latn">garð</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68972" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Samic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*kārtē</span> <span class="meaning">fenced enclosure, corral</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68973" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Northern Sámi</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="sme-Latn">gárdi</span> </li> <li id="68974" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">Útgarðar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68975" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68976" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ġeard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68977" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">yard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68936" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">courtyard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68978" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*gard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68979" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">gaard</span> </li> <li id="68980" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">gart</span> <span class="meaning">garden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68981" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">gart</span> <span class="meaning">enclosure, plot of land, circle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68982" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gardô</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gardan-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68983" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gardō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68984" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*gardo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68985" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">gaard</span> <span class="meaning">garden, yard</span> </li> <li id="68986" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">gardin</span> <span class="meaning">garden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68987" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">jardin</span> <span class="meaning">garden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68988" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">jardin</span> <span class="meaning">garden</span> </li> <li id="68989" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">giardino</span> <span class="meaning">garden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68990" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">gardyn</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">garden</span> <span class="meaning">garden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68991" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">garden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49391" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">zoological garden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="49392" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">zoo</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68992" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">jardín</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68993" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">garto</span> <span class="meaning">garden, paradise</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68994" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">garte</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68995" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Garten</span> <span class="meaning">garden, yard, orchard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="26186" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Kindergarten</span> <span class="meaning">nursery school, kindergarten</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="26187" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">kindergarten</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68996" class="diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Phrygian</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="xpg-Latn">-gordum</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="xpg-Latn">-zordum</span> <span class="meaning">-city</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68997" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*gʰordʰéh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68998" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gerdō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68999" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="69000" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">gairda</span> <span class="meaning">girdle, purse</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="69001" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="69002" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">gjǫrð</span> <span class="meaning">belt, girdle, saddle girth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="69003" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">gjord</span> </li> <li id="69004" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">gjörð</span> </li> <li id="69005" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">gerth</span> <span class="meaning">girth, barrel hoop</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="69006" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">girth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="69007" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Samic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="69008" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Northern Sámi</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="sme-Latn">gierdu</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="69009" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*gʰr̥dʰós</span> <span class="meaning">enclosure? having enclosures?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68915" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*gʰórtos</span> <span class="meaning">enclosure, enclosed pasture?</span> <span class="note">thematicization? with devoicing from previous <span class="transliteration">*dʰs</span> cluster?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68916" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*gortos</span> </li> <li id="68917" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*kʰórtos</span> </li> <li id="68918" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*hortos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31467" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*komhortis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68919" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cohors</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cohortem</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cōrs</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cōrtem</span> <span class="meaning">court, farmyard, retinue, cohort</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="65201" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cōrtīna</span> <span class="meaning">curtain</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68943" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68944" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">cortina</span> <span class="meaning">curtain</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68945" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68946" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">cortine</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">curtine</span> <span class="meaning">curtain</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68947" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">courtine</span> <span class="meaning">curtain</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68948" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">courtine</span> <span class="meaning">curtain, curtain wall</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68949" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">curtine</span> <span class="meaning">curtain</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68950" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">curtain</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68951" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">gordine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68952" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">gordijn</span> <span class="meaning">curtain</span> </li> <li id="68953" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Gardine</span> <span class="meaning">a thin, translucent curtain</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68920" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68921" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">corte</span> <span class="meaning">court, courtyard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68922" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68923" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">curti</span> <span class="meaning">yard, courtyard</span> </li> <li id="68924" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">curte</span> <span class="meaning">court, yard, courtyard</span> </li> <li id="68925" class="albanian borrowing"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">kurt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68926" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68927" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">colte</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">corte</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">corti</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68928" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68929" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">cort</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">curt</span> <span class="meaning">court</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19502" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">Aisincurt</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Aizino's farmstead</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19503" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19504" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Azincourt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19505" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19506" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Agincourt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68930" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">court</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68931" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">cour</span> <span class="meaning">court, yard, courtyard, courtship</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68932" class="italic creole parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic creole"> <span class="language italic creole">Haitian Creole</span> <span class="orthography italic creole" lang="hat-Latn">lakou</span> <span class="meaning">courtyard, yard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68933" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">lakou</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68934" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">court</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">cort</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">curt</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">courte</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68935" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">court</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68936" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">courtyard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68937" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">cúirt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68938" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">cúirt</span> <span class="meaning">court, courtyard, courthouse, manor house</span> </li> <li id="68939" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Manx</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="glv-Latn">cooyrt</span> <span class="meaning">court</span> </li> <li id="68940" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Scottish Gaelic</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gla-Latn">cùirt</span> <span class="meaning">court, yard, palace, privilege, circus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68941" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">corte</span> <span class="meaning">court</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68942" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">cuirt</span> </li> <li id="68954" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cōrtīna</span> <span class="meaning">bit of enclosed land</span> <span class="note">late</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68955" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68956" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">cortina</span> <span class="meaning">hinterland, adjacent territory to a town</span> <span class="note">archaic, dialectal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47381" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">Cortina d'Ampezzo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39614" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">Milano Cortina 2026</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="68957" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68958" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">kerccī</span> <span class="meaning">palace</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="69016" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="69010" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="69011" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Hittite</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hit-Xsux">𒄥𒋫𒀸</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="hit-Latn">gurtaš</span> <span class="meaning">fortress</span> </li> <li id="69012" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Luwic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="69013" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Luwian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="69014" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Cuneiform Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlu-Xsux">𒄥𒋫</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xlu-Latn">gurta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="69015" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*gʰr̥dʰás</span> <span class="meaning">enclosure, house</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="57378" class="synchronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰer-</span> <span class="meaning">intestines, bowels, gut (as a material)</span> </li> <li id="68877" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ǵʰronos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68878" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*kʰrónos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68879" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χρόνος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">khrónos</span> <span class="meaning">time, a period of time, a lifetime, a delay</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68880" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">χρόνος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">chrónos</span> <span class="meaning">time, year, tense</span> </li> <li id="68881" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Coptic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="cop-Copt">ⲭⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="cop-Latn">khronos</span> <span class="meaning">time, a period of time, a lifetime, age, duration</span> </li> <li id="68882" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">chrono-</span> </li> <li id="68883" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Χρόνος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Khrónos</span> <span class="meaning">personification of time</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68884" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Chronos</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/millenial.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/millenial.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-millenial.html#10437">Hecatoncheires</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#11462">Cîteaux</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#11465">Cistercian</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#18798">Middle Earth</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#19506">Agincourt</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#26187">kindergarten</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#39640">Midgard</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#48381">Chiroptera</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#49391">zoological garden</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#49392">zoo</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#51476">orchard</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#56239">milestone</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57132">surgery</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57141">surgeon</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57142">chiro-</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57143">chiropteran</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57174">garter</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57230">million</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57234">billion</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57237">trillion</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57266">mile</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57275">millennium</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57277">millennial</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57281">milli-</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57288">kilo-</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57326">hathi</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57331">Hastinapur</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57350">dastgah</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#57376">host</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#61715">lapserdak</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#68882">chrono-</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#68884">Chronos</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#68898">gird</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#68905">girdle</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#68933">lakou</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#68935">court</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#68936">courtyard</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#68950">curtain</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#68977">yard</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#68991">garden</a>, <a href="/word-family-millenial.html#69006">girth</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>the Old Medean military title *hazārapatiš: "commander of a thousand" was both borrowed into Greek as <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἀζαραπατεῖς</span> <span class="transliteration">azarapateîs</span>/ἀζαβαρίτης <span class="transliteration">azabarítēs</span> and also calqued as <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χιλίαρχος</span> <span class="transliteration">khilíarkhos</span>. Though the Greeks probably couldn't have known it, their word for a "thousand" that they used in the calque—<span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χίλιοι</span>—is a cognate to the Medean word *hazāram!</p> <p>And then! Gothic calqued the Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χιλίαρχος</span> <span class="transliteration">khilíarkhos</span> as <span class="orthography" lang="got-Goth">𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">þūsundifaþs</span>, with a completely different word for "thousand"… but returning to a cognate of the Medean word for commander: <a href="/word-family-potis.html"><span class="transliteration">faþs</span>/<span class="transliteration">patiš</span></a>!</p> </li> </ol> 2025-08-08T00:00:00-07:002025-08-08T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2025-08-08:/word-family-anthology.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂endʰ-</span>: "to bloom" is represented almost entirely by Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἄνθος</span> <span class="transliteration">ánthos</span>, but there's just enough smattering across other branches to demonstrate that it's not something the Greeks picked up after they split from the rest of IE.</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1764">anthology</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#7637">chrysanthemum</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#49727">Ianthe</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="1732" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂endʰ-</span> <span class="meaning">to bloom</span> <span class="note">Late …</span></summary></details></li></ul>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂endʰ-</span>: "to bloom" is represented almost entirely by Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἄνθος</span> <span class="transliteration">ánthos</span>, but there's just enough smattering across other branches to demonstrate that it's not something the Greeks picked up after they split from the rest of IE.</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1764">anthology</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#7637">chrysanthemum</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#49727">Ianthe</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="1732" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂endʰ-</span> <span class="meaning">to bloom</span> <span class="note">Late Central</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1733" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂endʰti</span> <span class="meaning">blooms</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1734" class="albanian diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">end</span> <span class="meaning">to bloom</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1735" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*h₂éndʰos</span> <span class="meaning">a bloom, a flower</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1736" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">անդ</span> <span class="transliteration">and</span> <span class="meaning">field, field of grain, arable land</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1737" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">հանդ</span> <span class="transliteration">hand</span> <span class="meaning">field, arable land, pasture land</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1738" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ántʰos</span> <span class="meaning">flower, blossom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1739" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄνθος</span> <span class="transliteration">ánthos</span> <span class="meaning">flower, bloom, brilliance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1740" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄθος</span> <span class="transliteration">áthos</span> <span class="meaning">flower, blossom, ornament</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1741" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">άνθος</span> <span class="transliteration">ánthos</span> <span class="meaning">flower, bloom</span> <span class="note">re-classicized</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1742" class="germanic borrowing possible"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Anthony</span> <span class="note">modified from <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Antony</span>/<span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">Antonius</span> by association with Greek <span class="transliteration">anthos</span></span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </li> <li id="1743" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">antho-</span> </li> <li id="1744" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">-anthous</span> </li> <li id="1745" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ianthe</span> <span class="meaning">divine name, personal name: Violet, Violet-Flower</span> </li> <li id="1746" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Εὐανθής</span> <span class="transliteration">Euanthēs</span> <span class="meaning">divine name, personal name: Well-Blooming</span> </li> <li id="1747" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Χρύσανθος</span> <span class="transliteration">Khrusánthos</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Gold-Flower</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="7635" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Chrysanthos</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1748" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄκᾰνθος</span> <span class="transliteration">ákanthos</span> <span class="meaning">acanthus, thorn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="13364" class="parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Acanthus</span> <span class="meaning">a taxonomic genus of prickly herbs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="13365" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Pyracantha</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic genus of the firethorn shrubs</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1749" class="parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Calanthe</span> <span class="meaning">a genus of Christmas orchids</span> <span class="note">as if <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">καλἄνθη</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1750" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">calanthe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1751" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Dianthus</span> <span class="meaning">genus of carnations and pinks</span> <span class="note">as if <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">δῖἄνθος</span></span> </li> <li id="1752" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄνθος</span> <span class="transliteration">ánthos</span> <span class="meaning">a small bird, the yellow wagtail?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1753" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Anthus</span> <span class="meaning">genus of pipits</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1754" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνθίας</span> <span class="transliteration">anthías</span> <span class="meaning">swallowtail sea perch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1755" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Anthias anthias</span> <span class="meaning">species name of the swallowtail sea perch</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1756" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνθηρός</span> <span class="transliteration">anthērós</span> <span class="meaning">flowery, blooming, splendid</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1757" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">anthēra</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1758" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">anthère</span> <span class="meaning">anther</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1759" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anther</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1760" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ἀνθεία</span> <span class="transliteration">Antheia</span> <span class="meaning">divine epithet: Flower-Goddess (of Aphrodite, Hera)</span> </li> <li id="1761" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνθολογία</span> <span class="transliteration">anthologíā</span> <span class="meaning">flower-picking, bouquet, collection of poems</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="1762" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">ανθολογία</span> <span class="transliteration">anthología</span> <span class="meaning">anthology</span> </li> <li id="1763" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">anthologia</span> <span class="meaning">collection of poems, anthology</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="1764" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anthology</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> <li id="1765" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">アンソロジー</span> <span class="transliteration">ansorojī</span> <span class="meaning">anthology</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1766" class="italic parent calque"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">flōrilegium</span> <span class="meaning">anthology (Renaissance)</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="1767" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">florilège</span> <span class="meaning">anthology</span> </li> <li id="1768" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">florilegio</span> <span class="meaning">anthology</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1769" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνθέω</span> <span class="transliteration">anthéō</span> <span class="meaning">to flower, to blossom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1770" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄνθεμον</span> <span class="transliteration">ánthemon</span> <span class="meaning">flower</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1771" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ἀνθεμοῦς</span> <span class="transliteration">Anthemoûs</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Flowerful</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1772" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">Ανθεμούντας</span> <span class="transliteration">Anthemountas</span> </li> <li id="1773" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Anthemūs</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1774" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνθέμιον</span> <span class="transliteration">anthémion</span> <span class="meaning">anthemion, little? flower</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1775" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">ανθέμιο</span> <span class="transliteration">anthémio</span> <span class="meaning">floral pattern, anthemion</span> </li> <li id="1776" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anthemion</span> </li> <li id="1777" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ανθέμιος</span> <span class="transliteration">Anthémios</span> <span class="meaning">Little Flower</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1778" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Anthemius</span> </li> <li id="1779" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">Онѳимє</span> <span class="transliteration">Onthime</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1780" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">Онфим</span> <span class="transliteration">Onfim</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1781" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Onfim</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1782" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χρυσάνθεμον</span> <span class="transliteration">khrusánthemon</span> <span class="meaning">gold-flower, buttercup</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="7636" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">chrȳsanthemum</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="7637" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">chrysanthemum</span> </li> <li id="7638" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Chrysanthemum</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic genus of chrysanthemums</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1783" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hándʰas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1784" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hándʰas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1785" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀥𑀂</span> <span class="transliteration">ándhaḥ</span> <span class="meaning">Soma, herb</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/anthology.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/anthology.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-anthology.html#13364">Acanthus</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#13365">Pyracantha</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1742">Anthony</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1743">antho-</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1744">-anthous</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1749">Calanthe</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1750">calanthe</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1751">Dianthus</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1753">Anthus</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1755">Anthias anthias</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1759">anther</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1764">anthology</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1776">anthemion</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#1781">Onfim</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#7637">chrysanthemum</a>, <a href="/word-family-anthology.html#7638">Chrysanthemum</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>The name <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Anthony</span> is a hyper-correction of <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">Antony</span> (from Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">Antonius</span>) under the influence of Greek <span class="transliteration">anthos</span> and/or <span class="transliteration">anthros</span>.</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p>Classical Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνθολογία</span> <span class="transliteration">anthologíā</span> literally means "flower-collecting, flower-picking, a bouquet". Meleager of Gadara put together an anthology of poetry which he named <span class="orthography" lang="gr-Grek">Στέφανος</span>, "The Garland" with the analogy of the collected poems/poets as flowers. This was later expanded as the Anthologia Graeca, "the Greek Flower-Collection, or Greek Anthology". Its many centuries of popularity eventually led to the adoption of the word <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνθολογία</span>/<span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">anthologia</span> to mean things like it. Some Romance languages translate this as <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">flōrilegium</span>, <span class="orthography" lang="fra-Latn">florilège</span>, etc.</p> </li> </ol> 2025-05-02T00:00:00-07:002025-05-02T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2025-05-02:/word-family-barrel.html

<h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46343">barrel</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46393">metaphor</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46402">Veronica</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46426">amphora</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46542">offer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#35636">Lucifer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46647">ferret</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46768">wheelbarrow</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46789">tidal bore</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46968">birthday</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="4994" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰer-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4995" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰers-</span> <span class="meaning">top, tip, point</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4996" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰars</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰores</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰr̥es</span> <span class="meaning">spiky leaves</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4997" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">bar</span> </li> <li id="4998" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*buras</span> </li> <li id="4999" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*bar-</span> <span class="meaning">grain?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5000" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*bargos</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*barginā</span> <span class="meaning">bread, cake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5001" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*baraz</span> <span class="meaning">spiky leaves, awn, barley</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5002" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*barizaz</span> <span class="meaning">barley</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5003" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East …</span></summary></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul>

<h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46343">barrel</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46393">metaphor</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46402">Veronica</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46426">amphora</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46542">offer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#35636">Lucifer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46647">ferret</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46768">wheelbarrow</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46789">tidal bore</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46968">birthday</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="4994" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰer-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4995" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰers-</span> <span class="meaning">top, tip, point</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4996" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰars</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰores</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰr̥es</span> <span class="meaning">spiky leaves</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4997" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">bar</span> </li> <li id="4998" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*buras</span> </li> <li id="4999" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*bar-</span> <span class="meaning">grain?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5000" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*bargos</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*barginā</span> <span class="meaning">bread, cake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5001" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*baraz</span> <span class="meaning">spiky leaves, awn, barley</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5002" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*barizaz</span> <span class="meaning">barley</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5003" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5004" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">*bariz</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5005" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">barizeins</span> <span class="meaning">made of barley</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5006" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*barī</span> <span class="meaning">barley</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5007" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">bere</span> <span class="meaning">barley</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5008" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">bærlīċ</span> <span class="meaning">barley-like</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5009" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">barly</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">barlych</span> <span class="meaning">barley</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5010" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">barley</span> </li> <li id="5011" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">baarich</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">barlich</span> <span class="meaning">barley</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5012" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">bereærn</span> <span class="meaning">barley-house, granary, barn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5013" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">bern</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">bærn</span> <span class="meaning">barn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5014" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">barn</span> </li> <li id="5015" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">bern</span> <span class="meaning">barn</span> </li> <li id="5016" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">barrn</span> <span class="meaning">barn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5017" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Grek">*βars</span> <span class="meaning">flour, grain</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5018" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰrosdʰos</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰrosdʰh₁os</span> <span class="meaning">thorn, spike</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5019" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*brazdos</span> <span class="meaning">thorn, spike</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5020" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">brot</span> <span class="meaning">goad, spike</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5021" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5022" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">brod</span> <span class="meaning">goad</span> </li> <li id="5023" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Manx</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="glv-Latn">brod</span> <span class="meaning">goad, prick, nudge</span> </li> <li id="5024" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Scottish Gaelic</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gla-Latn">brod</span> <span class="meaning">goad, spear, best part</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5025" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*brazdaz</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*bruzdaz</span> <span class="meaning">point, spike, thorn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5432" class="parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Northwestern Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰordʰéh₂</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰardʰéh₂</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5433" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*bardā́ˀ</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5434" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5435" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5436" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Latvian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lav-Latn">bārda</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </li> <li id="5437" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">barzda</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </li> <li id="5438" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*parta</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5439" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Estonian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="ekk-Latn">pard</span> </li> <li id="5440" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">parta</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5441" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5442" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">bordus</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5443" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*bordà</span> <span class="meaning">beard, chin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5444" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*bardō</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*bardǭ</span> <span class="meaning">axe</span> <span class="note">this is the expected Germanic reflex of <span class="transliteration">*bʰardʰéh₂</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5445" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </li> <li id="5446" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*bardā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5447" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">barta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5448" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">barte</span> <span class="meaning">axe, hatchet</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5449" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Barte</span> <span class="meaning">axe, halberd</span> </li> <li id="5450" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">helmbarte</span> <span class="meaning">long-handled axe, halberd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5451" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">alabarda</span> <span class="meaning">halberd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5452" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">alabarde</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5453" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">hallebarde</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5454" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">hallebarde</span> </li> <li id="5455" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">halberd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5456" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5457" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">hellebaard</span> <span class="meaning">halberd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5458" class="germanic synchronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*bardaz</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5459" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*bardaz</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> <span class="note">changed to masculine?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5460" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5461" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Crimean Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Latn">bars</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5462" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*bardaʀ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5463" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="non-Latn">*barðr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5464" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">Hárbarðr</span> <span class="meaning">Grey-Beard, epithet of Odin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5465" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*bard</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5466" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">beard</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5467" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">berd</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">bard</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">bærd</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5468" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">beard</span> </li> <li id="5469" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">beird</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </li> <li id="5470" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">bearde</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5471" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*bart</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5472" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">baert</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5473" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">baard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5474" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">bart</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5475" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">bart</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5476" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Bart</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </li> <li id="5477" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">באָרד</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">bord</span> <span class="meaning">beard, chin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5478" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*langabardaz</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5479" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5480" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">Langbarðr</span> <span class="meaning">Long-Beard, epithet of Odin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5481" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*langabard</span> <span class="meaning">ethnonym: Longbeard, Lombard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5482" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Langbeardas</span> <span class="meaning">Lombards</span> </li> <li id="5483" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">langbarðar</span> <span class="meaning">Lombards</span> </li> <li id="5484" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">langobardus</span> <span class="meaning">Lombard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5485" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5486" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">lombardo</span> <span class="meaning">Lombard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5487" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5488" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">lombard</span> <span class="meaning">Lombard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5489" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">lombard</span> <span class="meaning">Lombard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5490" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">lombard</span> <span class="meaning">Lombard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5491" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Lombard</span> <span class="meaning">Lombard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5492" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Lombard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5493" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Langobardia</span> <span class="meaning">Lombardy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5494" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5495" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">Lombardia</span> <span class="meaning">Lombardy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5496" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Kana">ロンバルディア</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="jpn-Latn">Ronbarudia</span> <span class="meaning">Lombardy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5497" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5498" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">Lombardie</span> <span class="meaning">Lombardy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5499" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">Lombardie</span> <span class="meaning">Lombardy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5500" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Lombardie</span> <span class="meaning">Lombardy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5501" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Lombardie</span> <span class="meaning">Lombardy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5502" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Lombardy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5503" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*bardą</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5504" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*bardą</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5505" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">barð</span> <span class="meaning">edge, border, comb, beard, ridge, cliff, beach</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5506" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5507" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">bård</span> <span class="meaning">border, edging</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5508" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5509" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">barð</span> <span class="meaning">brim, edge, ridge, prow</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5510" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*bordō</span> <span class="meaning">border, edge, trim</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5511" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">borda</span> <span class="meaning">border, fringe, embroidery</span> </li> <li id="5512" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*bordo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5513" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">borde</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">boerde</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5514" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">boord</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5515" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">borde</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">bourde</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5516" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">borde</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">bord</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5517" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">bord</span> <span class="meaning">border, limit, side, rim, shore</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5518" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">bordeure</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5519" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">bordure</span> <span class="meaning">edge, boundary, border</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5520" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">border</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5521" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*farðā</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*farβā</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5522" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">barba</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> <span class="note">secondary assimilation to <span class="transliteration">b</span>??</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5523" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5524" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">barba</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5525" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5526" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">barbã</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </li> <li id="5527" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">barbă</span> <span class="meaning">beard, chin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5528" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5529" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">barbe</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5530" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">barbe</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5531" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">barbe</span> <span class="meaning">beard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5532" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">barbe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5533" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">barb</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5534" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">barbeor</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">barbier</span> <span class="meaning">barber</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5535" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">barbier</span> <span class="meaning">barber</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5536" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">barbier</span> <span class="meaning">barber</span> </li> <li id="5537" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Barbier</span> <span class="meaning">barber</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5538" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">borbély</span> <span class="meaning">barber</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5539" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">babour</span> <span class="meaning">barber</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5540" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">barber</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5541" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">barbātus</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*barbūtus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5542" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5543" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Portuguese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="por-Latn">barbado</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="por-Latn">barbudo</span> <span class="meaning">bearded</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5544" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Portuguese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="por-Latn">Barbados</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5545" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Barbados</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5546" class="italic synchronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*farðakelos?</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*farβakelos?</span> </li> <li id="5547" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Oscan</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="osc-Latn">*farfekola?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5548" class="italic borrowing possible"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> </li> <li id="5549" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5550" class="italic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">farfecchia</span> <span class="meaning">mustache</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46252" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰer-</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to carry</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31384" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ed-bʰer-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46864" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ed-bʰerteh₂</span> <span class="meaning">carry toward ness, offering</span> <span class="note">noun of state</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47004" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*adbertā</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice, offering</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47005" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*aberθ</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47006" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">aberth</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47007" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47008" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">idbart</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice, offering</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47009" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">íobairt</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice, offering, religious, pious</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47010" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ed-bʰereti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47011" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*atberaną</span> <span class="meaning">to bring to, to bring forward</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47012" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47013" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">atbairan</span> <span class="meaning">to bring to, to offer, to present</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47014" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47015" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="non-Latn">*atbera</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47016" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">atbæra</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47017" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*atberan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47018" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ætberan</span> <span class="meaning">to bring, to carry, to bear away</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47019" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47020" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">adferre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47021" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">affere</span> <span class="meaning">to bring forth, to report, to offer, to deliver, to produce</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47022" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">afferēns</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47023" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">afferent</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47024" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">allātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47025" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">allātīvus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47026" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">allative</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47027" class="diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Phrygian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="xpg-Grek">αββερετ</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="xpg-Latn">abberet</span> <span class="meaning">brings, carries</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47028" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ed-bʰertōr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47029" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*adβertōr</span> <span class="meaning">offerer, conductor, one who bears toward</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47030" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Umbrian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xum-Ital">𐌀𐌛𐌚𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌖𐌓</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="xum-Latn">arfertur</span> <span class="meaning">lead priest, flamen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46253" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰéreti</span> <span class="meaning">bears, carries</span> <span class="note">thematic imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46254" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">բերեմ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">berem</span> <span class="meaning">to carry, to bring, to bear, to produce</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46255" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">բերել</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">berel</span> <span class="meaning">to bring, to fetch</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46256" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46257" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46258" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">berti</span> <span class="meaning">to strew, to scatter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46259" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*bьrati</span> <span class="meaning">to pick up, to take</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46260" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">бьрати</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">bĭrati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46261" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">брать</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">bratʹ</span> <span class="meaning">to take</span> </li> <li id="46262" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">брати</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">braty</span> <span class="meaning">to take, to grab</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46263" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46264" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">бера</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="bul-Latn">bera</span> <span class="meaning">to pick, to gather</span> </li> <li id="46265" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">брати</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">brati</span> <span class="meaning">to pick up, to pick</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46266" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46267" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">brát</span> <span class="meaning">to take, to marry</span> </li> <li id="46268" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">brać</span> <span class="meaning">to take</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46269" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*bereti</span> <span class="meaning">to carry, to bear, to flow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31461" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*kombereti</span> <span class="meaning">to use</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46288" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*kummėrɨd</span> <span class="meaning">to seize, to take possession, to take away</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46289" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Welsh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46290" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">cymryd</span> <span class="meaning">to take, to accept</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31783" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*ɸarebereti</span> <span class="meaning">to use</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46291" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*ėrβėrɨd</span> <span class="meaning">to use, to employ, to take</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46292" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Welsh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46293" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">arfer</span> <span class="meaning">to use, to be used to, custom, habit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46294" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">ar·beir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46295" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">do·airbir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46296" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46297" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">toirbhir</span> <span class="meaning">to hand over, to deliver, to offer, to dedicate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46270" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*bėrɨd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46271" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*diβėrɨd</span> <span class="meaning">to trickle, to drip</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46272" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Welsh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46273" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">diferu</span> <span class="meaning">to drop, to drip</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46274" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*ėdβėrɨd</span> <span class="meaning">to reclaim, to recover</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46275" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Welsh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46276" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">adfer</span> <span class="meaning">to reinstate, to restore, to recover</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46277" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">beirid</span> <span class="meaning">to carry, to bring, to bear, to give</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31554" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">as·beir</span> <span class="meaning">to disclose, to say, to speak</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46283" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46284" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">abair</span> <span class="meaning">to say, to mean, to refer, to suppose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46278" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46279" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">beir</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to win, to bring, to proceed</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46280" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">imm·beir</span> <span class="meaning">to carry around, to handle, to play</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46281" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46282" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">imir</span> <span class="meaning">to play, to cheat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46285" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">do·beir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46286" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46287" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">tabhair</span> <span class="meaning">to give, to bring</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46298" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*beraną</span> <span class="meaning">to carry, to bear</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31466" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gaberaną</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to give birth, to beget, to bring forth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46374" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46375" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">gabairan</span> <span class="meaning">to bear (children), to give birth, to beget, to compare</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46376" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gaberan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46377" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ġeberan</span> <span class="meaning">to bear (children), to give birth, to bring forth, to support, to sustain</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46378" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46308" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46379" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">giberan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46380" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46381" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">gebären</span> <span class="meaning">to give birth, to bear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46382" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gaburþiz</span> <span class="meaning">birth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46958" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46959" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">gabaurþs</span> <span class="meaning">birth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46960" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gaburthi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="15134" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gaburdidag</span> <span class="meaning">birthday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46967" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ġebyrddæġ</span> <span class="meaning">birthday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46968" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">birthday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46969" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">giburtitag</span> <span class="meaning">birthday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46970" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Geburtstag</span> <span class="meaning">birthday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46961" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ġebyrd</span> <span class="meaning">birth, parentage, nature</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46954" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">birth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46962" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*geburd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46963" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">geboorte</span> <span class="meaning">birth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46964" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">giburt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46965" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Geburt</span> <span class="meaning">birth</span> </li> <li id="46966" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">געבורט</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">geburt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46299" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46300" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">bairan</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to carry, to bring forth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46301" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46302" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">bera</span> <span class="meaning">to carry, to bear</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46303" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">bære</span> <span class="meaning">to carry, to bear</span> </li> <li id="46304" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">bera</span> <span class="meaning">to carry, to bear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46305" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*beran</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46306" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">beran</span> <span class="meaning">to carry, to bear, to wear</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46307" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">beren</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">bearen</span> <span class="meaning">to bear</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46308" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46309" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">bere</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">beir</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to carry</span> </li> <li id="46310" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">ber</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">baar</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to carry</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46311" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*beran</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46312" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">beren</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46313" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">beran</span> <span class="meaning">to bear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46314" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*bēriz</span> <span class="meaning">bearable, viable, fruitful, of bearing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46315" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46316" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">bærr</span> <span class="meaning">appropriate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46317" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*-bāri</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46318" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">-bǣre</span> <span class="meaning">-bearing, -like, -ly</span> </li> <li id="46319" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*-bāri</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46320" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46321" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">-baar</span> <span class="meaning">-able</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46322" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">-bari</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46323" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">-bære</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46324" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">-bar</span> <span class="meaning">-able</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46325" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="goh-Latn">*wunterbāri</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62991" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">wunderbære</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62992" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">wunderbar</span> <span class="meaning">wonderful</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62993" class="germanic calque"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">underbar</span> <span class="meaning">wonderful, marvelous</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62994" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">wonderbaer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62995" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">wonderbaar</span> <span class="meaning">wonderful, marvelous</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46326" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*berilaz</span> <span class="meaning">tool for carrying, container, stretcher</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46327" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46328" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">*bērils</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46329" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46330" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">berill</span> <span class="meaning">vessel, barrel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46331" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*baril</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46332" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*baril</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46333" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*barillus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46334" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46335" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">barile</span> <span class="meaning">barrel, cask</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46336" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">baryła</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46337" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">барило</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">barylo</span> <span class="meaning">small barrel, rundlet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46338" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46339" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">baril</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46340" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46341" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">baril</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46342" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">barel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46343" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">barrel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46344" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46345" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">barel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46346" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*barô</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*baranų</span> <span class="meaning">carrier, bearer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46347" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*barō</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*baran</span> <span class="meaning">servant, man</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46348" class="germanic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">beorn</span> <span class="meaning">man, warrior</span> </li> <li id="46349" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">baro</span> <span class="meaning">human, man, freeman</span> </li> <li id="46350" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*barō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46351" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46352" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">barō</span> <span class="meaning">man, mercenary, servant, famous man, vassal, baron</span> <span class="note">acc. <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">barōnem</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46353" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46354" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron, husband</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46355" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46356" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron, lord, landowner</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46357" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">بارون</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">bārōn</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> <li id="46358" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">барон</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46359" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">բարոն</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46360" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">պարոն</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">paron</span> <span class="meaning">gentleman, sir</span> </li> <li id="46361" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46358" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">барон</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46359" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">բարոն</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46362" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">baroen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46363" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron, magnate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46364" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">baroun</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46365" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46366" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">barone</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> <li id="46367" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">barún</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46368" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">barún</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46369" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osp-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46370" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">barón</span> <span class="meaning">baron, magnate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46371" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osp-Latn">varon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46372" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">varón</span> <span class="meaning">man</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46373" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">báró</span> <span class="meaning">baron": "baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46383" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pʰérō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46384" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φέρω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">phérō</span> <span class="meaning">I bring, I bear, I carry</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31631" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μεταφέρω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">metaphérō</span> <span class="meaning">I carry over, I transfer, I change, I use metaphorically</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46389" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μεταφορά</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">metaphorá</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46390" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">μεταφορά</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">metaforá</span> </li> <li id="46391" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">metaphora</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46392" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">métaphore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46393" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">metaphor</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="43729" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Φερενίκη</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Phereníkē</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Brings-Victory</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46400" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">Φερενίκη</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">Fereníki</span> </li> <li id="46401" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Veronīca</span> <span class="note">late variant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46402" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Veronica</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46385" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">φέρνω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">férno</span> </li> <li id="46386" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀναφέρω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">anaphérō</span> <span class="meaning">to carry upwards, to carry back, to report, to restore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46387" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀναφορά</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">anaphorā</span> <span class="meaning">reference to a standard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46388" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anaphora</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46394" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">περιφέρω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">periphérō</span> <span class="meaning">I carry around, I carry about, I go around</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46395" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">περιφερής</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">peripherḗs</span> <span class="meaning">circular, round</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46396" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">περιφέρεια</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">periphéreia</span> <span class="meaning">periphery, outer bound, circumference, curvature</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46397" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">peripherīa</span> <span class="meaning">circumference, periphery</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46398" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">périphérie</span> <span class="meaning">perimeter, outskirts</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46399" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">periphery</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46403" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Ancient Macedonian</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="xmk-Latn">*berō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="43747" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Ancient Macedonian</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="xmk-Grek">Βερενίκη</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="xmk-Latn">Bereníkē</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Brings-Victory</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46404" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Βερενίκη</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Bereníkē</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46405" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Berenīcē</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46406" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Berenice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46407" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">βερονίκιον</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">bereníkion</span> <span class="note">substance from Bereníkē?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46408" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">βερονίκη</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">beroníkē</span> <span class="meaning">resin amber</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46409" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Medieval Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">vernix</span> <span class="meaning">varnish, resin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46410" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">vernis</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">verniz</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46411" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46412" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">vernis</span> <span class="meaning">varnish, nail polish, veneer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46413" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">vernish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46414" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">varnish</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46415" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">verniz</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">firnis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46416" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Firnis</span> <span class="meaning">varnish</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46417" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">vernice</span> <span class="meaning">paint, varnish, veneer, preview</span> </li> <li id="46418" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">barniz</span> <span class="meaning">varnish, gloss</span> </li> <li id="46419" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">vernix</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46420" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pʰorewos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46421" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φορεύς</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">phoreús</span> <span class="meaning">bearer, carrier</span> </li> <li id="46422" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*ampʰípʰorewos</span> <span class="meaning">carried on both sides, two-handed, amphora</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46423" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀀𐀠𐀡𐀩𐀸</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="gmy-Latn">a-pi-po-re-we</span> <span class="meaning">amphoras</span> </li> <li id="46424" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀμφορεύς</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">amphora</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46425" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">amphora</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46426" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">amphora</span> </li> <li id="46427" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*ambrī</span> <span class="meaning">bucket, basket</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46428" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">amber</span> <span class="meaning">bucket</span> </li> <li id="46429" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*embar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46430" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46431" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">emmer</span> <span class="meaning">bucket</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46432" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Afrikaans</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="afr-Latn">emmer</span> <span class="meaning">bucket</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46433" class="nigercongo borrowing"> <span class="language nigercongo">Xhosa</span> <span class="orthography nigercongo" lang="xho-Latn">i-emele</span> <span class="meaning">bucket</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46434" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">ember</span> <span class="meaning">bucket</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46435" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">amber</span> <span class="meaning">bucket</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46436" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46437" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Eimer</span> <span class="meaning">bucket</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46438" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ampulla</span> <span class="meaning">liturgical flask</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46439" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46440" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">ampolla</span> <span class="meaning">blister, small bottle, ampoule</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46441" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">ampolle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46442" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46443" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">ampoule</span> <span class="meaning">light bulb, ampoule, blister</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46444" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ampoule</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46445" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*ampullā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46446" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ampella</span> <span class="meaning">flask, bottle, vial</span> </li> <li id="46447" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*ampulla</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46448" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46449" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">ampul</span> <span class="meaning">ampule, liturgical flask</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46450" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ampla</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46451" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46452" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Ampel</span> <span class="meaning">ceiling lamp, traffic light</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46453" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*bʰárati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46454" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*bʰárati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46455" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑀭𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">bhárati</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to carry, to support</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46456" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46457" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">ভরা</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ben-Latn">bhora</span> <span class="meaning">to fill, to stuff, to pack</span> </li> <li id="46458" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sylheti</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="syl-Sylo">ꠜꠞꠣ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="syl-Latn">bóra</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46459" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="psu-Brah">𑀪𑀭𑀇</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="psu-Latn">bharaï</span> <span class="meaning">to fill, to support</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46460" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46461" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">भरना</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">bharnā</span> <span class="meaning">to fill, to load, to pour, to stuff, to complete</span> </li> <li id="46462" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Arab">بَھرْنا</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">bharnā</span> <span class="meaning">to fill, to fulfil</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46463" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46464" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Gujarati</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="guj-Gujr">ભરવું</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="guj-Latn">bharvũ</span> <span class="meaning">to fill, to pour, to pay</span> </li> <li id="46465" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Romani</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rom-Latn">pherel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46466" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*bárati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46467" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">baraiti</span> <span class="meaning">bears, carries</span> </li> <li id="46468" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">وړل</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pus-Latn">wṛəl</span> </li> <li id="46469" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46470" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46471" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">birin</span> <span class="meaning">to take away</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46472" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎲𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">brtiy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46473" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭡𐭥𐭫𐭲𐭭</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">burtn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46474" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">بردن</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">bordan</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to carry, to take, to win</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46475" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">*bāra</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21211" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎠𐎿𐎲𐎠𐎼</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">asabāra</span> <span class="meaning">horseman</span> <span class="note">lit. "horse-borne"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21212" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21213" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">سوار</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">sovâr</span> <span class="meaning">horseman, rider, cavalry</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21209" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">اسواران</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">Asvaran</span> <span class="meaning">mounted police</span> <span class="note">blended word of <span class="orthography" lang="far-Aran">اسب</span> <span class="transliteration">asb</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="far-Aran">سوار</span> <span class="transliteration">sovâr</span></span> </li> <li id="21214" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21215" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">सवार</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">savār</span> <span class="meaning">rider, horseman</span> </li> <li id="21216" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">sowar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21217" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">أَسْوَار</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">ʾaswār</span> <span class="meaning">Aswaran</span> </li> <li id="21218" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Aswaran</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46476" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46477" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">بر</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">bar</span> <span class="meaning">carrying, carried, borne</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46478" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">انگشتر</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">angoštar</span> <span class="meaning">ring</span> <span class="note">"finger-borne"</span> </li> <li id="46479" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">دلبر</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">delbar</span> <span class="meaning">beloved, sweetheart</span> <span class="note">"heart-borne"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46480" class="diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Messapian</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="cms-Latn">beran</span> <span class="meaning">let them bring</span> <span class="note">attested as 3PS present conjunctive</span> </li> <li id="46481" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46482" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xto-Latn">pär-</span> </li> <li id="46483" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">pär-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46484" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰéronts</span> <span class="meaning">bearing, carrying</span> <span class="note">participle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46485" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰérontih₂</span> <span class="meaning">bearing, pregnant</span> <span class="note">feminine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46486" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46487" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">preṃtsa</span> <span class="meaning">pregnant, fertile, virile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46488" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰérti</span> <span class="meaning">bears, carries</span> <span class="note">athematic imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46489" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Grek">*βerzi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46490" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ferre</span> <span class="meaning">to bear, to carry, to bring, to support</span> <span class="note">suppletive with <span class="orthography" lang="">tul-</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="">lāt-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31508" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dēferre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46511" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">deferer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46512" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">déférer</span> <span class="meaning">to submit, to refer to, to remand</span> </li> <li id="46513" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">defer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31525" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">differre</span> <span class="meaning">to carry apart, to spread out, to scatter, to distract, to differ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46514" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">differer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46515" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">différer</span> <span class="meaning">to differ, to defer (postpone)</span> </li> <li id="46516" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">differ</span> </li> <li id="46517" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">defer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46518" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">differēns</span> <span class="meaning">spreading, separating, differing, different</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46519" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">different</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46520" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">différent</span> <span class="meaning">different</span> </li> <li id="46521" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">different</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31559" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">efferre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46522" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">efferēns</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46523" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">efferent</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46524" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ēlātus</span> <span class="meaning">taken out, brought forth, transported, lifted up</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46525" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">elate</span> </li> <li id="46526" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ēlātīvus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46527" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">elative</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31605" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">īnferre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46528" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">infer</span> </li> <li id="46529" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">īnferēns</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46530" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">inference</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46531" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">illātus</span> <span class="meaning">brought in, inserted, interred, offered, introduced</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46532" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">illātīvus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46533" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">illative</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31767" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">prōferre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46555" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">proferer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46556" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">proférer</span> </li> <li id="46557" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">profer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46558" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">prōlātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46559" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">prolate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31776" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">praeferre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46547" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">preferer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46548" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">préférer</span> </li> <li id="46549" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">prefereren</span> <span class="meaning">to prefer</span> </li> <li id="46550" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">prefer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46551" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">paeferēns</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46552" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">preference</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46553" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">praelātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46554" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">prelate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31790" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">referre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46560" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">referer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46561" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">refer</span> </li> <li id="46562" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">referé</span> <span class="meaning">referred (to)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46563" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">referee</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46564" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">relātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46565" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">relate</span> </li> <li id="46566" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">relātīvus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46567" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">relative</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31829" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">trānsferre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46581" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">transfer</span> </li> <li id="46582" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">translātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46583" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">traslàre</span> </li> <li id="46584" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">traslado</span> </li> <li id="46585" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">translater</span> <span class="meaning">to translate</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46586" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">translater</span> <span class="meaning">to translate</span> </li> <li id="46587" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">translate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46491" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46492" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">ferrere</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46493" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auferre</span> <span class="meaning">to take away, to remove, to carry off</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46494" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ablātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46495" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ablate</span> </li> <li id="46496" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ablātīvus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46497" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ablative</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46498" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">circumferre</span> <span class="meaning">to carry around, to move in a circle, to publish, to circulate</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46499" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">circumferentia</span> <span class="meaning">circumference, circle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46500" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">circumference</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46501" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cōnferre</span> <span class="meaning">to bring together, to connect, to compare, to consult, to confer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46502" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">cf.</span> </li> <li id="46503" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">conferer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46504" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46505" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">conférer</span> <span class="meaning">to confer</span> </li> <li id="46506" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">confer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46507" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cōnferēns</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46508" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">conference</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46509" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">collātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46510" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">collate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46534" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">offerre</span> <span class="meaning">to bring before, to show, to offer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46535" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46536" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">ofrir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46537" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">offrir</span> <span class="meaning">to offer, to provide</span> </li> <li id="46538" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">offren</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46542" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">offer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46539" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">ofráil</span> <span class="meaning">to offer, offering</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46540" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*offrōn</span> <span class="meaning">to offer, to sacrifice</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46541" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">offrian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46538" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">offren</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46542" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">offer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46543" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">oblātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46544" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">oblate</span> </li> <li id="46545" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">oblātīvus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46546" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">oblative</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46568" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">sufferre</span> <span class="meaning">to place under, to hold up, to support, to endure</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46569" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46570" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">soffrire</span> <span class="meaning">to suffer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46571" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46572" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">suferi</span> <span class="meaning">to suffer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46573" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46574" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">sofrir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46575" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">souffrir</span> </li> <li id="46576" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">suffer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46577" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">sufrir</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46578" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">sublātus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46579" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">sublātīvus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46580" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">sublative</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46588" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">fertilis</span> <span class="meaning">productive, fertile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46589" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">fertile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46590" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Grek">*-βeros</span> <span class="meaning">-bearing, -carrying</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46591" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">-fer</span> <span class="meaning">-bearing, -carrying, bringing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="35635" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Lūcifer</span> <span class="meaning">light bringer, morning star (Venus)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="35636" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Lucifer</span> </li> <li id="35637" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">lucifer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="35638" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">lucifer</span> <span class="meaning">match</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46592" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cōnifer</span> <span class="meaning">cone-bearing, coniferous</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46593" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">conifer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46594" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰéryeti</span> <span class="note">ye- imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46595" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*berja</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46596" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">bie</span> <span class="meaning">I bring, I deliver</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46597" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰroytos?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46598" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*braidaz</span> <span class="meaning">broad, wide, scattered?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46599" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*braid</span> <span class="meaning">broad, wide</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46600" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">brād</span> <span class="meaning">broad, wide</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="35726" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Brādlēah</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Broad-Meadow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="35727" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="35728" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Bradley</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46601" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">brod</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">brood</span> <span class="meaning">broad</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46602" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">broad</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46603" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰr̥yéti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46604" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*burjaną</span> <span class="meaning">to lift up, to levy, to be fitting</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46605" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46606" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">byrja</span> <span class="meaning">to originate, to begin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46607" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">burde</span> <span class="meaning">ought</span> </li> <li id="46608" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">byrja</span> <span class="meaning">to begin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46609" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*burjan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46610" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">byrian</span> <span class="meaning">to come up, to occur</span> </li> <li id="46611" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*burien</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46612" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">beuren</span> <span class="meaning">to life, to raise, to receive, to happen, to befall</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46613" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">burien</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46614" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gaburjaną</span> <span class="meaning">to be due, to rise, to emerge, to occur, to happen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46615" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰoréyeti</span> <span class="note">frequentive/causative/iterative</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46616" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pʰoréyō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46617" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φορέω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">phoréō</span> <span class="meaning">bear repeatedly, bear constantly, to wear, suffer, extend, be carried away</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46618" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φόρησις</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">phórēsis</span> <span class="meaning">wearing, being borne</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46619" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">phoresis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46620" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">electrophoresis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46621" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*bʰāráyati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46622" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46623" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑀸𑀭𑀬𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">bhāráyati</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46624" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰéristHos</span> <span class="meaning">the carrying one (contrastive), the stronger?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46625" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pʰéristeros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46626" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φέρτερος</span> <span class="meaning">better, braver</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46627" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰéristHos</span> <span class="meaning">carrying-est, strongest?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46628" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pʰéristos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46629" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φέριστος</span> <span class="meaning">best, bravest</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46630" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*bʰárištʰas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46631" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*bárištah</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46632" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">bairišta</span> <span class="meaning">most helpful</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46633" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰṓr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46634" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pʰṓr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46635" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φώρ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">phṓr</span> <span class="meaning">thief</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46636" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Grek">*βōr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46637" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">fur</span> <span class="meaning">thief</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46638" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">furo</span> <span class="meaning">thief</span> <span class="note">variant, oblique stem <span class="orthography" lang="">fūrōn-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46639" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46640" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">fuiron</span> <span class="meaning">ferret, weasel</span> </li> <li id="46641" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">hurón</span> <span class="meaning">ferret</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46642" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*furittum</span> <span class="meaning">little thief, petty thief, ferret</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46643" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46644" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">furetto</span> <span class="meaning">ferret</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46645" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46646" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">furet</span> <span class="meaning">weasel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46647" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ferret</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46648" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">fūrtīvus</span> <span class="meaning">stolen, hidden, furtive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46649" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46650" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">furtivo</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46651" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">furtif</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46652" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">furtive</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46653" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰóros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46346" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*barô</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*baranų</span> <span class="meaning">carrier, bearer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46347" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*barō</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*baran</span> <span class="meaning">servant, man</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46348" class="germanic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">beorn</span> <span class="meaning">man, warrior</span> </li> <li id="46349" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">baro</span> <span class="meaning">human, man, freeman</span> </li> <li id="46350" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*barō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46351" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46352" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">barō</span> <span class="meaning">man, mercenary, servant, famous man, vassal, baron</span> <span class="note">acc. <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">barōnem</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46353" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46354" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron, husband</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46355" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46356" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron, lord, landowner</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46357" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">بارون</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">bārōn</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> <li id="46358" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">барон</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46359" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">բարոն</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46360" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">պարոն</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">paron</span> <span class="meaning">gentleman, sir</span> </li> <li id="46361" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46358" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">барон</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46359" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">բարոն</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46362" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">baroen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46363" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron, magnate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46364" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">baroun</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46365" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46366" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">barone</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> <li id="46367" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">barún</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46368" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">barún</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46369" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osp-Latn">baron</span> <span class="meaning">baron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46370" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">barón</span> <span class="meaning">baron, magnate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46371" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osp-Latn">varon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46372" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">varón</span> <span class="meaning">man</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46373" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">báró</span> <span class="meaning">baron": "baron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46654" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pʰóros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46655" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">-φόρος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">-phóros</span> <span class="meaning">-bearing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18861" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ἑωσφόρος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Heōsphóros</span> <span class="meaning">Morning Star, Venus</span> </li> <li id="21497" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">εὔφορος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">eúphoros</span> <span class="meaning">well-bearing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46672" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">εὐφορία</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">euphoría</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46673" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">euphoria</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="27789" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Koine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Χριστόφορος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Khristóphoros</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Christ-Bearing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46657" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">Χριστόφορος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">Christóforos</span> <span class="meaning">Christopher</span> </li> <li id="46658" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">كريستوفر</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">krīstūfar</span> <span class="meaning">Christopher</span> </li> <li id="46659" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Christophorus</span> <span class="meaning">Christopher</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46660" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46661" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">Cristoforo</span> <span class="meaning">Christopher</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46662" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">Christoffel</span> <span class="meaning">Christopher</span> </li> <li id="46663" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Christopher</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46664" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Chris</span> </li> <li id="46665" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Kit</span> </li> <li id="46666" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Topher</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46667" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Chrīstophanus</span> <span class="meaning">Christopher</span> <span class="note">variant, perhaps influenced by <span class="orthography" lang="">Stephanus</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46668" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46669" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Portuguese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="por-Latn">Cristóvão</span> <span class="meaning">Christopher</span> </li> <li id="46670" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Cristóbal</span> <span class="meaning">Christopher</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46671" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">Христофор</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">Xrystofor</span> <span class="meaning">Christopher</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46656" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φωσφόρος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">phōsphóros</span> <span class="meaning">light-bearing, torch-bearing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47200" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">New Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">phōsphorus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47201" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">P</span> </li> <li id="47202" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">phosphorus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47203" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Φωσφόρος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Phōsphóros</span> <span class="meaning">Lightbringer, Venus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="35635" class="italic parent calque"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Lūcifer</span> <span class="meaning">light bringer, morning star (Venus)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="35636" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Lucifer</span> </li> <li id="35637" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">lucifer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="35638" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">lucifer</span> <span class="meaning">match</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46674" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δύσφορος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">dúsphoros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46675" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δυσφορία</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">dŭsphoría</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46676" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">dysphoria</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46677" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">-phore</span> </li> <li id="46678" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">-phore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46679" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">sémaphore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46680" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">semaphore</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46681" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*bʰáras</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46682" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*bʰáras</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46683" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">bháraḥ</span> <span class="meaning">bearing, carrying, supporting, a carrying, a prize, a burden, abundance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46684" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">nirbharaḥ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">nirbharā</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">nirbharam</span> <span class="meaning">full of, deep, vehement, dependent</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46685" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Maharashtri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pmh-Brah">𑀡𑀺𑀩𑁆𑀪𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pmh-Latn">ṇibbhara</span> <span class="meaning">full</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46686" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Marathi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="mar-Deva">निबर</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="mar-Latn">nibar</span> <span class="meaning">old, tough</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46687" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">निर्भर</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">nirbhar</span> <span class="meaning">dependent, reliant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46688" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰorós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46689" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pʰorós</span> </li> <li id="46690" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*bʰārás</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31809" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*sambʰārás</span> <span class="meaning">storage, warehouse, provisions</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46722" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*sambʰārás</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46723" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀲𑀫𑁆𑀪𑀸𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">sambhāra</span> <span class="meaning">collection, preparation, wealth, completion, abundance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46724" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Maharashtri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pmh-Brah">𑀲𑀁𑀪𑀸𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pmh-Latn">saṃbhāra</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46725" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Marathi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="mar-Deva">सांबार</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="mar-Latn">sāmbār</span> <span class="meaning">sambar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46726" class="dravidian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="dravidian"> <span class="language dravidian">Tamil</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tam-Taml">சாம்பார்</span> <span class="transliteration dravidian" lang="tam-Latn">cāmpār</span> <span class="meaning">sambar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46727" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">sambar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46728" class="parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mon-Cyrl">самбар</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="mon-Latn">sambar</span> <span class="meaning">writing board, billboard</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46729" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mon-Cyrl">ангийн самбар</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="mon-Latn">angiin sambar</span> <span class="meaning">blackboard</span> <span class="note">lit. "class writing-board"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46730" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*hambāráh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46731" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬵𐬅𐬨𐬠𐬀𐬭</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">hą̇mbar</span> </li> <li id="46732" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46733" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46734" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xpr-Latn">*ambār</span> <span class="meaning">granary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46735" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ամբար</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">ambar</span> <span class="meaning">granary, barn</span> </li> <li id="46736" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Classical Syriac</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="syc-Syrc">ܐܡܒܪܐ</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="syc-Latn">ambra</span> <span class="meaning">granary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46737" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">*hambārah</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46738" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Prti">𐭤𐭬𐭡𐭠𐭫</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">hmbār</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46739" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">انبار</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">anbâr</span> <span class="meaning">store, warehouse, granary, depot</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46740" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">عنبر</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">ʿanbar</span> <span class="meaning">storeroom, depot, hangar</span> </li> <li id="46741" class="parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Middle Mongolian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="xng-Mong">ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠷ ᠠ</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="xng-Latn">ambar-a</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46742" class="diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mon-Cyrl">амбаар</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="mon-Latn">ambaar</span> <span class="meaning">barn, granary, warehouse</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46743" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46744" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">انبار</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">ambār</span> <span class="meaning">pile, hoard, collection</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46745" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">انبار</span> <span class="transliteration turkic" lang="ota-Latn">ambar</span> <span class="meaning">storehouse, magazine, granary, hold (cargo space)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46746" class="turkic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">ambar</span> <span class="meaning">barn, granary, hold (cargo space)</span> </li> <li id="46747" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αμπάρι</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">ampári</span> <span class="meaning">hold (cargo space)</span> </li> <li id="46748" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">hombár</span> <span class="meaning">granary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46749" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">hambar</span> <span class="meaning">barn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46750" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">(х)амбар</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">(h)ambar</span> <span class="meaning">barn, granary, silo</span> </li> <li id="46751" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">амбар</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">ambar</span> <span class="meaning">barn, granary, warehouse</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46752" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">الأنبار</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">al-Anbār</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Anbar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46753" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Anbar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46691" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*bʰārás</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46692" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">bhāráḥ</span> <span class="meaning">bearing, carrying, burdened</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46693" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑀭𑀢</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">bharatá</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46694" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑀸𑀭𑀢</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">bhā́rata</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46695" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46696" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">भारत</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">bhārat</span> <span class="meaning">India</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46697" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Bharat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46698" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">بھارَت</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">bhārat</span> <span class="meaning">India, Hindustan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46699" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*bāráh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46700" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬠𐬁𐬭𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">bāra</span> </li> <li id="46701" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46702" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46703" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xme-Latn">*barah</span> <span class="meaning">bearer, bearing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46704" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xme-Latn">*ganzabarah</span> <span class="meaning">treasurer</span> <span class="note">lit. "treasure-bearer"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46705" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">*ganzabaraʰ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46706" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46707" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">گنجور</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">ganjur</span> <span class="meaning">treasurer</span> </li> <li id="46708" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">գանձաւոր</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">ganjawor</span> <span class="meaning">treasurer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46709" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">գանձավոր</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">ganjavor</span> <span class="meaning">treasurer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46710" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Akkadian</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="akk-Xsux">𒃶𒍝𒁀𒊒</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="akk-Latn">gan-za-ba-ru</span> </li> <li id="46711" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="arc-Armi">𐡂𐡍𐡆𐡁𐡓</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="arc-Latn">gnzbr</span> <span class="meaning">treasurer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46712" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Hebrew</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="heb-Hebr">גזבר</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="heb-Latn">gizbár</span> <span class="meaning">treasurer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46713" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46714" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Gaspar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46715" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">Jesper</span> </li> <li id="46716" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Gaspar</span> </li> <li id="46717" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Casper</span> </li> <li id="46718" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Jasper</span> </li> <li id="46719" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Gaspard</span> </li> <li id="46720" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">Gáspár</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46721" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Elamite</span> <span class="orthography" lang="elx-Xsux">𒋡𒀭𒍝𒁀𒊏</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="elx-Latn">ka₄-an-za-ba-ra</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46754" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰériyos?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46755" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">բերրի</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">berri</span> <span class="meaning">fruitful, fertile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46756" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">բերրի</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">berri</span> <span class="meaning">fruitful, fertile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46757" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*barijǭ</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*barwijǭ</span> <span class="meaning">bier, stretcher, barrow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46758" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46759" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">barar</span> <span class="meaning">barrow, stretcher, bier</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46760" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46761" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">börur</span> <span class="meaning">stretcher, bier</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46762" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46763" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">bara</span> <span class="meaning">barrow, cart</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46764" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*barwijā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46765" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">bearwe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46766" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46767" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">barrow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46768" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">wheelbarrow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46769" class="nigercongo borrowing"> <span class="language nigercongo">Zulu</span> <span class="orthography nigercongo" lang="zul-Latn">ibhala</span> <span class="meaning">wheelbarrow</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46770" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*beria</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46771" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">barot</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46772" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">baroueste</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46773" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46774" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">brouette</span> <span class="meaning">barrow, wheelbarrow</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46775" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">baroccio</span> <span class="meaning">cart, cartload</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46776" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">bera</span> </li> <li id="46777" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="osx-Latn">*buri</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46778" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">bør</span> <span class="meaning">wheelbarrow</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46779" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰériteros</span> <span class="meaning">the bearing one (contrastive)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46780" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">բերիւր</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">beriwr</span> <span class="meaning">fruitful, fertile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46756" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">բերրի</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">berri</span> <span class="meaning">fruitful, fertile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46781" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰēroh₁</span> <span class="meaning">bearer</span> <span class="note">noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46782" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*bērō</span> <span class="meaning">bearer, stretcher, bier</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46783" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46784" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">bára</span> <span class="meaning">bearer, stretcher, wave, undertow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46785" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">båre</span> <span class="meaning">stretcher, bier</span> </li> <li id="46786" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">bára</span> <span class="meaning">wave</span> </li> <li id="46787" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46788" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46789" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">tidal bore</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46790" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*bāru</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46791" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">bēr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46792" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bier</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46793" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*bāra</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46794" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">baar</span> <span class="meaning">bier, stretcher, litter</span> </li> <li id="46795" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">biere</span> <span class="meaning">bier, casket</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46796" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">bière</span> <span class="meaning">bier, coffin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46797" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">bara</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46798" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Bahre</span> <span class="meaning">bier, litter, stretcher</span> </li> <li id="46799" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">bara</span> <span class="meaning">bier, coffin, litter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46800" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">barella</span> <span class="meaning">stretcher</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46801" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰoréh</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*-bʰoréh</span> <span class="meaning">a burden, a bearing</span> <span class="note">action/abstract noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46802" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*barā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46803" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">barrë</span> </li> <li id="46804" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">-ւոր</span> / <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">-աւոր</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">-wor</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">-awor</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46805" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pʰorā́</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46806" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φορά</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">phorá</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46807" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">New Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">-phora</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22860" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Ctenophora</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic phylum of comb jellies</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46808" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰoreh₂teh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31585" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">mbratë</span> <span class="meaning">pregnant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46809" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰérmn̥</span> <span class="meaning">a carrying, a thing which is carried</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46810" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pʰérmə</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46811" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φέρμα</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">phérma</span> <span class="meaning">what is borne, child, fruit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46812" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰerHmen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46813" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46814" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*bèrmę</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46815" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">беремѧ</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">beremę</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46816" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">беремя</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">beremja</span> <span class="meaning">burden, load, weight (archaic)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46817" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46818" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrl">брѣмѧ</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="chu-Latn">brěmę</span> <span class="meaning">load, burden</span> </li> <li id="46819" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">бреме</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">breme</span> <span class="meaning">burden, load</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46820" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46821" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">břímě</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46822" class="baltoslavic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">břemeno</span> <span class="meaning">burden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46823" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">brzemię</span> <span class="meaning">burden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46824" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*bermenьnъ</span> <span class="meaning">burdened, pregnant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46825" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46826" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">беременный</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">beremennyj</span> <span class="meaning">pregnant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46827" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46828" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">brzemienny</span> <span class="meaning">burdened, pregnant, fraught</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46829" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*bʰárHmā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46830" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*bʰárHmā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46831" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑀭𑀻𑀫𑀦𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">bhárīman</span> <span class="meaning">supporting, nourishing, nourishment, household, family</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46832" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰértrom</span> <span class="meaning">thing for carrying with</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46833" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*berdrą</span> </li> <li id="46834" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pʰértron</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46835" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰérh₁trom</span> <span class="meaning">thing for carrying with</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46836" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pʰéretron</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46837" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φέρετρον</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">phéretron</span> <span class="meaning">bier, litter, frame</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46838" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">φέρετρο</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">féretro</span> <span class="meaning">coffin, casket</span> </li> <li id="46839" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">feretrum</span> <span class="meaning">funeral litter, bier</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46840" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46841" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">fiertre</span> <span class="meaning">portable reliquary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46842" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">fert</span> <span class="meaning">grave</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46843" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">feretro</span> <span class="meaning">coffin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46844" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φαρέτρα</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">pharétrā</span> <span class="meaning">quiver</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46845" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*bʰárHtram</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46846" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*bʰárHtram</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46847" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑀭𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">bharítra</span> <span class="meaning">arm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46848" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰernéh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46849" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pʰernā́</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46850" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φερνή</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">phernḗ</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46851" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰorneh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46852" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*barnā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46853" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">barrë</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46854" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰerteh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46855" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*bertā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46856" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">*berta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46857" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*bertium</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46858" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">berciolum</span> <span class="meaning">cradle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46859" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46860" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">berçuel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46861" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">berceau</span> <span class="meaning">cradle, crib, birthplace</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46862" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">bert</span> <span class="meaning">burden, load, clothing, dead, action, game</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46863" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">beart</span> <span class="meaning">bundle, parcel, clothing</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46864" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ed-bʰerteh₂</span> <span class="meaning">carry toward ness, offering</span> <span class="note">noun of state</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47004" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*adbertā</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice, offering</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47005" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*aberθ</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47006" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">aberth</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47007" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47008" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">idbart</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice, offering</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47009" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">íobairt</span> <span class="meaning">sacrifice, offering, religious, pious</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46865" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰerno-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46866" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">բեռն</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">beṙn</span> </li> <li id="46867" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*bernas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46868" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46869" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46870" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">bernas</span> <span class="meaning">lad, servant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46871" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46872" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Sudovian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="xsv-Latn">barnaj</span> <span class="meaning">children</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46873" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰernyós</span> <span class="meaning">carrying (adjective)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46874" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰernyom</span> <span class="meaning">thing that carries</span> <span class="note">neuter substantive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46875" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pʰérnyom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46876" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φέρνιον</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">phérnion</span> <span class="meaning">fish-basket</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46877" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰornom</span> <span class="meaning">carried thing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46878" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*barną</span> <span class="meaning">child</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46879" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46880" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">barn</span> <span class="meaning">child</span> </li> <li id="46881" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Crimean Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Latn">baar</span> <span class="meaning">child</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46882" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46883" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">barn</span> <span class="meaning">child</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46884" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">barn</span> <span class="meaning">child</span> </li> <li id="46885" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">barn</span> <span class="meaning">child</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46886" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*barn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46887" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">bearn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46888" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">barn</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">bern</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46889" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">bairn</span> <span class="meaning">child</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46890" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bairn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46891" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">barrn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46892" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*barn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46893" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">baren</span> <span class="meaning">child, hero</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46894" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">barn</span> <span class="meaning">child</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46895" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Samic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*pārnē</span> <span class="meaning">child, boy, son</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46896" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Northern Sámi</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="sme-Latn">bárdni</span> <span class="meaning">son, boy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46897" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰrom?</span> <span class="meaning">carried thing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31755" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*probʰrom?</span> <span class="meaning">thing carried forward</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46898" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*probrom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46899" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">probrum</span> <span class="meaning">disgrace, shame, insult</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31548" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">opprobrāre</span> <span class="meaning">to reproach, to taunt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46900" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">opprobrium</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46901" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">opprobrium</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46902" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰorideh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46903" class="italic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Grek">*βorᶤdā</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46904" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰormos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46905" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*barmaz</span> <span class="meaning">lap, bosom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46906" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46907" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">barms</span> <span class="meaning">bosom</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46908" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46909" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">barmr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46910" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">barm</span> <span class="meaning">bosom</span> </li> <li id="46911" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">baðmur</span> <span class="meaning">bosom</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46912" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*barm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46913" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">bearm</span> <span class="meaning">bosom, lap, possession</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46914" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">barm</span> <span class="meaning">bosom, lap</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46915" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">barmcloth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46916" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">barm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46917" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Barm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46918" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pʰormos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46919" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φορμός</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">phormós</span> <span class="meaning">basket for carrying corn, sieve, mat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46920" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰr̥is?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46921" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">bir</span> <span class="meaning">son</span> </li> <li id="46922" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*buriz</span> <span class="meaning">son</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46923" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46924" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">baur</span> <span class="meaning">child, son</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46925" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46926" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">burr</span> <span class="meaning">son, poet, Thor</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46927" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">bur</span> <span class="meaning">son</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46928" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*burī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46929" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">byre</span> <span class="meaning">child, son, descendant, youth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46930" class="germanic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*buriz</span> <span class="meaning">elevation, hill</span> </li> <li id="46931" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*buriz</span> <span class="meaning">a favorable wind</span> <span class="note">or from <span class="transliteration">*bʰerH-</span>?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46932" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46933" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">byrr</span> <span class="meaning">a fair wind</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46934" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">bør</span> <span class="meaning">wind, fair wind</span> </li> <li id="46935" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">byr</span> <span class="meaning">tail wind, fair wind</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46936" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finno-Samic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*purješ</span> <span class="meaning">sail</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46937" class="uralic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*purjëh</span> <span class="meaning">sail</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46938" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">purje</span> <span class="meaning">sail</span> </li> <li id="46939" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46940" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">bùrė</span> <span class="meaning">sail</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46941" class="uralic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Samic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*porjës</span> <span class="meaning">sail</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46942" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Northern Sámi</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="sme-Latn">borjjas</span> <span class="meaning">sail</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46943" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46944" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">byre</span> <span class="meaning">strong wind, storm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46945" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">bir</span> <span class="meaning">strong or favorable wind, attack, charge, fury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46946" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰertis</span> <span class="meaning">a bearing, an act of carrying</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46947" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*burþiz</span> <span class="meaning">a bearing, pregnancy, birth</span> <span class="note">from zero-grade</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46382" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gaburþiz</span> <span class="meaning">birth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46958" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46959" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">gabaurþs</span> <span class="meaning">birth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46960" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gaburthi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="15134" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*gaburdidag</span> <span class="meaning">birthday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46967" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ġebyrddæġ</span> <span class="meaning">birthday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46968" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">birthday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46969" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">giburtitag</span> <span class="meaning">birthday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46970" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Geburtstag</span> <span class="meaning">birthday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46961" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ġebyrd</span> <span class="meaning">birth, parentage, nature</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46954" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">birth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46962" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*geburd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46963" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">geboorte</span> <span class="meaning">birth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46964" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">giburt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46965" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Geburt</span> <span class="meaning">birth</span> </li> <li id="46966" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">געבורט</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">geburt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46948" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46949" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">burðr</span> <span class="meaning">carriage, bearing, birth, newborn, offspring</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46950" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">byrd</span> <span class="meaning">descent, birth, heritage</span> </li> <li id="46951" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">burður</span> <span class="meaning">birth, burden, an act of carrying, strength</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46952" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*burþi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46953" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">byrþ</span> <span class="meaning">birth, a bearing, burden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46954" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">birth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46955" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*burt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46956" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">boort</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46957" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">burt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46971" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*bʰr̥tíš</span> <span class="note">from zero-grade</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46972" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46973" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑀾𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="meaning">a bearing, support, maintenance, wages</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46974" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Grek">*βortis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46975" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">fors</span> <span class="meaning">luck, chance</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46976" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰértih₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46977" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*burþį̄</span> <span class="meaning">burden</span> <span class="note">from zero-grade</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46978" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*burþī</span> <span class="meaning">burden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46979" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*burthi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46980" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">borde</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46981" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">burdi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46982" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Bürde</span> <span class="meaning">burden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46983" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*burþini</span> <span class="meaning">burden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46984" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">byrþen</span> <span class="meaning">burden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46985" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">burden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46986" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰer-h₁dyeh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46987" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*berˀdjāˀ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46988" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*berďa</span> <span class="meaning">pregnant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46989" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Grek">*βorᶤda</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46990" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">forda</span> <span class="meaning">a pregnant cow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46991" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Fordicīdia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46992" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰor-uko-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46993" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*báruka</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46994" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">bark</span> <span class="meaning">belly</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46995" class="parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Messapic</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*baruka</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46996" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">βάρυκα</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">báruka</span> <span class="meaning">genitals, pin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="46997" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰr̥tus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46998" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰr̥tewnos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="46999" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Grek">*βortūnus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47000" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Grek">*βortūnā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47001" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">fortūna</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47002" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">fortune</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47003" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">fortune</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47031" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰer-h₂nḱ-</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰer-h₂neḱ-</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰer-h₁nḱ-</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰer-h₁neḱ-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47032" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰrenḱ-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47033" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰrn̥ḱeti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47034" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*bringaną</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47035" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47036" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">briggan</span> <span class="meaning">to bring, to lead, to make, to render</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47037" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*bringan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47038" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">bringan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47039" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bring</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47040" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*bringan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47041" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">brengen</span> <span class="meaning">to bring, to carry, to supply</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47042" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">bringan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47043" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">bringen</span> <span class="meaning">to bring, to fetch, to guide, to get, to cause</span> </li> <li id="47044" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">ברענגען</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">brengen</span> <span class="meaning">to bring</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47045" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*brunketi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31807" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*sembrunketi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47046" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*hembrüngɨd</span> <span class="meaning">to accompany, to escort</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47047" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">hebrwng</span> <span class="meaning">to bring, to lead</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47048" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47049" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">pränk-</span> <span class="meaning">to stay away, to keep away</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47050" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰrew-</span> <span class="meaning">belly, abdomen, chest</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47051" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰrews-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47052" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰrewstom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47053" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*breustą</span> <span class="meaning">breast, chest</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47054" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*breust</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47055" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">brēost</span> <span class="meaning">breast, chest, heart</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47056" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">breast</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47057" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*bʰrussth₂o</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47058" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*brusts</span> <span class="meaning">breast, chest</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47059" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47060" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐍂𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">brusts</span> <span class="meaning">breast, chest</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47061" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*brust</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47062" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*brust</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47063" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">borst</span> <span class="meaning">chest, thorax, breast</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="47064" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">brust</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="47065" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Brust</span> <span class="meaning">chest, breast</span> </li> <li id="47066" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">ברוסט</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">brust</span> <span class="meaning">breast</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/barrel.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/barrel.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-barrel.html#21216">sowar</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#21218">Aswaran</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#22860">Ctenophora</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#35636">Lucifer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#35637">lucifer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#35728">Bradley</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46308">bear</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46343">barrel</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46365">baron</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46388">anaphora</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46393">metaphor</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46399">periphery</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46402">Veronica</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46406">Berenice</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46414">varnish</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46419">vernix</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46426">amphora</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46444">ampoule</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46495">ablate</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46497">ablative</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46500">circumference</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46502">cf.</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46506">confer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46508">conference</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46510">collate</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46513">defer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46516">differ</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46517">defer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46521">different</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46523">efferent</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46525">elate</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46527">elative</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46528">infer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46530">inference</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46533">illative</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46542">offer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46544">oblate</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46546">oblative</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46550">prefer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46552">preference</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46554">prelate</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46557">profer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46559">prolate</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46561">refer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46563">referee</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46565">relate</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46567">relative</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46576">suffer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46580">sublative</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46581">transfer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46587">translate</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46589">fertile</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46593">conifer</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46602">broad</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46619">phoresis</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46620">electrophoresis</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46647">ferret</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46652">furtive</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46663">Christopher</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46664">Chris</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46665">Kit</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46666">Topher</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46673">euphoria</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46676">dysphoria</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46677">-phore</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46680">semaphore</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46697">Bharat</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46716">Gaspar</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46717">Casper</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46718">Jasper</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46727">sambar</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46753">Anbar</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46767">barrow</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46768">wheelbarrow</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46788">bore</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46789">tidal bore</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46792">bier</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46890">bairn</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46901">opprobrium</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46914">barm</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46915">barmcloth</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46954">birth</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46968">birthday</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#46985">burden</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#47003">fortune</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#47023">afferent</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#47026">allative</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#47039">bring</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#47056">breast</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#47201">P</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#47202">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#5010">barley</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#5014">barn</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#5455">halberd</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#5468">beard</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#5492">Lombard</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#5502">Lombardy</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#5520">border</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#5533">barb</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#5540">barber</a>, <a href="/word-family-barrel.html#5545">Barbados</a></p> 2025-03-21T00:00:00-07:002025-03-21T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2025-03-21:/word-family-potis.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*pótis</span>: "head of household, master, husband"—which I have a tendency to anglicize as a homophone of POTUS—is the origin of words like "despot", "non compos mentis", and "nepotism".</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-potis.html#8924">Poseidon</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9089">power</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9097">possible</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9097">possible</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#5099">hospitality</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#10005">possess</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9245">nephew</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9236">nepotism</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9252">Neptune</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="8917" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*pótis</span> <span class="meaning">husband, master of household …</span></summary></details></li></ul>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*pótis</span>: "head of household, master, husband"—which I have a tendency to anglicize as a homophone of POTUS—is the origin of words like "despot", "non compos mentis", and "nepotism".</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-potis.html#8924">Poseidon</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9089">power</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9097">possible</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9097">possible</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#5099">hospitality</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#10005">possess</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9245">nephew</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9236">nepotism</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9252">Neptune</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="8917" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*pótis</span> <span class="meaning">husband, master of household, self?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8918" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*pati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8919" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">pata</span> <span class="meaning">had</span> <span class="note">suppletive aorist, optative, and admirative forms of <span class="orthography" lang="sqi-Latn">kam</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8920" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pótis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5491" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*Poti Gdaone</span> <span class="meaning">Divine name: Husband of the Earth?</span> <span class="note">vocative</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="8922" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀡𐀮𐀆𐀺𐀚</span> <span class="transliteration">po-se-da-wo-ne</span> <span class="meaning">Divine name: Poseidon</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="8923" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ποσειδῶν</span> <span class="transliteration">Poseidôn</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="8924" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Poseidon</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8921" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πόσις</span> <span class="transliteration">pósis</span> <span class="meaning">husband</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8925" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*pátiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8926" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*pátiṣ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8927" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀧𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">pati</span> <span class="meaning">husband, lord, master, owner, sovereign</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8928" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8929" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Assamese</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="asm-Beng">পৈ</span> <span class="transliteration">poi</span> <span class="meaning">husband</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8930" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8931" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Nepali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="npi-Deva">पोइ</span> <span class="transliteration">poi</span> <span class="meaning">husband</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8932" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">पति</span> <span class="transliteration">pati</span> <span class="meaning">husband, master, lord</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8933" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">करोड़पति</span> <span class="transliteration">karoṛpati</span> <span class="meaning">person worth more than 10 million (crore) rupees, millionaire</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8934" class="austronesian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Kawi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8935" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Javanese</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="jav-Java">ꦥꦠꦶꦃ</span> <span class="transliteration">patih</span> <span class="meaning">vizier, queen (chess)</span> </li> <li id="8936" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">patih</span> <span class="meaning">mister, vizier, prime minister</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8937" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀧𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">pati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8938" class="austroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language austroasiatic">Khmer</span> <span class="orthography austroasiatic" lang="khm-Khmr">ប្ដី</span> <span class="transliteration">pdəy</span> <span class="meaning">husband</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8939" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀥𑀺𑀧𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">adhipati</span> <span class="meaning">ruler, commander, king</span> <span class="note">lit. "over-lord"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8940" class="austronesian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Kawi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8941" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Javanese</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="jav-Java">ꦲꦢꦶꦥꦠꦶ</span> <span class="transliteration">adipati</span> <span class="meaning">king, regent, sovereign</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8942" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀅𑀥𑀺𑀧𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">adhipati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8943" class="austroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language austroasiatic">Khmer</span> <span class="orthography austroasiatic" lang="khm-Khmr">អធិបតី</span> <span class="transliteration">ʼaʼthipaʼdəy</span> <span class="meaning">chief, chairman, president</span> </li> <li id="8944" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Thai</span> <span class="orthography" lang="tha-Thai">อธิบดี</span> <span class="transliteration">à-típ-bɔɔ-dii</span> <span class="meaning">overlord, king of kings, suzerain, supervisor, chief executive, chief justice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8945" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*pátiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8946" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌</span> <span class="transliteration">paiti</span> <span class="meaning">husband, lord, master</span> </li> <li id="8947" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*patiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8948" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8949" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration">*patiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8950" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Elamite</span> <span class="orthography" lang="elx-Xsux">𒁁𒋾𒆜</span> <span class="transliteration">bat-ti-iš</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8951" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭐𐭕𐭉</span> <span class="transliteration">pty</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8952" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">պետ</span> <span class="transliteration">pet</span> <span class="meaning">chief, commander</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8953" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">պետ</span> <span class="transliteration">pet</span> <span class="meaning">chief, commander</span> </li> <li id="8954" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Old Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="oge-Geor">პეტობა</span> <span class="transliteration">ṗeṭoba</span> <span class="meaning">lordship, supremacy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8955" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8956" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*padi-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8957" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">pādišāh</span> </li> <li id="8958" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">-𐭯𐭲𐭩</span> <span class="transliteration">-pty</span> <span class="meaning">-lord, -master</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8959" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">ـبد</span> <span class="transliteration">-bod</span> <span class="meaning">-lord, -master</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8960" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dasa-patiš</span> <span class="meaning">ten-commander</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8961" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration">*δasapatiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8962" class="calque"> <span class="language">Elamite</span> <span class="orthography" lang="elx-Xsux">𒆪𒐼𒁁𒋾𒆜</span> <span class="transliteration">da-šá-bat-ti-iš</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8963" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*daθapatiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8964" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Elamite</span> <span class="orthography" lang="elx-Xsux">𒆪𒊓𒁁𒋾𒆜</span> <span class="transliteration">da-sa-bat-ti-iš</span> </li> <li id="8965" class="hellenic calque"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δεκάρχος</span> <span class="transliteration">dekárkhos</span> </li> <li id="8966" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*pašcadaθapatiš</span> <span class="meaning">deputy ten-commander</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8967" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Elamite</span> <span class="transliteration">bašzadasabattišbe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8968" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*sata-patiš</span> <span class="meaning">hundred-commander</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8969" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*θata-patiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8970" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Elamite</span> <span class="orthography" lang="elx-Xsux">𒊓𒀜𒆪𒁁𒋾𒆜</span> <span class="transliteration">sa-ad-da-bat-ti-iš</span> </li> <li id="8971" class="hellenic calque"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἑκατόνταρχος</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a hundred, centurion</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8972" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*hazára-pátiš</span> <span class="meaning">thousand-commander</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8973" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8974" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration">*hazārapatiš</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="8975" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*hazārapatiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8976" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭧𐭦𐭠𐭫𐭥𐭯𐭲</span> <span class="transliteration">ḥzʾlʿpt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8977" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">هزاربد</span> <span class="transliteration">hezârbod</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8978" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀζαραπατεῖς</span> <span class="transliteration">azarapateîs</span> </li> <li id="8979" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀζαβαρίτης</span> <span class="transliteration">azabarítēs</span> </li> <li id="8980" class="hellenic parent calque"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">χιλίαρχος</span> <span class="transliteration">khilíarkhos</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand, tribune, chiliarch</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9068" class="germanic calque"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">þūsundifaþs</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand, tribune</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> <li id="10929" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">chiliarchus</span> </li> <li id="10930" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Classical Syriac</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="syc-Syrc">ܟܝܠܝܪܟܐ</span> <span class="transliteration">kilirka</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8981" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭇𐭆𐭓𐭅𐭐𐭕</span> <span class="transliteration">hazārpet</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8982" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">հազարապետ</span> <span class="transliteration">hazarapet</span> <span class="meaning">chiliarch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8983" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">հազարապետ</span> <span class="transliteration">hazarapet</span> <span class="meaning">chiliarch</span> </li> <li id="8984" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="kat-Geor">ჰაზარაპეტი</span> <span class="transliteration">hazaraṗeṭi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8985" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*fšu-pátiš</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd, sheep-commander</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8986" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8987" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">շպետ</span> <span class="transliteration">špet</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8988" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="kat-Geor">შპეტი</span> <span class="transliteration">šṗeṭi</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8989" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*magu-pátiš</span> <span class="meaning">head magus, high priest</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8990" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8991" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration">*magu-patiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8992" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8993" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭬𐭢𐭥𐭯𐭲</span> <span class="transliteration">mgwpt</span> <span class="meaning">Zoroastrian priest, mobad</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8994" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">موبد</span> <span class="transliteration">mobad</span> <span class="meaning">mobad</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8995" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mobad</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8996" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*špada-patiš</span> <span class="meaning">general, army-commander</span> <span class="note">add more descendants and borrowings</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8997" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8998" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Medean</span> <span class="transliteration">*aspāδapatiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8999" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">ասպարապետ</span> <span class="transliteration">asparapet</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9000" class="armenian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">սպարապետ</span> <span class="transliteration">sparapet</span> </li> <li id="9001" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">sparapet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9002" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭎𐭐𐭀𐭃𐭐𐭕𐭉</span> <span class="transliteration">spʾdpty</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9000" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">սպարապետ</span> <span class="transliteration">sparapet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9003" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9004" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧𐭯𐭲</span> <span class="transliteration">spʾḥpt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9005" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">سپهبد</span> <span class="transliteration">sepahbod</span> </li> <li id="9006" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">اسپهبد</span> <span class="transliteration">espahbod</span> </li> <li id="9007" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">սպայապետ</span> <span class="transliteration">spayapet</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9008" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Old Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="oge-Geor">სპაჲპეტი</span> <span class="transliteration">sṗayṗeṭi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9009" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">spahbed</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9010" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*pótnih₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9011" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*patī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9012" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9013" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9014" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">pati</span> <span class="meaning">wife, oneself, myself, herself</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9015" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pótnia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9016" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊</span> <span class="transliteration">po-ti-ni-ja</span> <span class="meaning">lady, divine name/epithet: Lady</span> </li> <li id="9017" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πότνια</span> <span class="transliteration">pótnia</span> <span class="meaning">mistress, lady</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9018" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*pátniH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9019" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9020" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀧𑀢𑁆𑀦𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">pátnī</span> <span class="meaning">wife, mistress, lady</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9021" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">পত্নী</span> <span class="transliteration">potni</span> <span class="meaning">wife</span> </li> <li id="9022" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">पत्नी</span> <span class="transliteration">patnī</span> <span class="meaning">wife</span> </li> <li id="9023" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">పత్ని</span> <span class="transliteration">patni</span> <span class="meaning">wife</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9024" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*sapátniH</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9025" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*sapátniH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9026" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀲𑀧𑀢𑁆𑀦𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">sapátnī</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9027" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Maharashtri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pmh-Brah">𑀲𑀯𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">savattī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9028" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Marathi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="mar-Deva">सवत</span> <span class="transliteration">savat</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9029" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀲𑀧𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">sapattī</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </li> <li id="9030" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="psu-Brah">𑀲𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">saüttī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9031" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Madhya Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9032" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">सौत</span> <span class="transliteration">saut</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9033" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">सौतेला</span> <span class="transliteration">sautelā</span> <span class="meaning">from a different wife, step-, half-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9034" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*hapáθniH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9035" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬵𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬚𐬥𐬍</span> <span class="transliteration">hapaθnī</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife, concubine</span> </li> <li id="9036" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9037" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ossetian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="oss-Cyrl">бин</span> <span class="transliteration">bin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9038" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">بن</span> <span class="transliteration">ben</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </li> <li id="9039" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9040" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9041" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">ھەوێ</span> <span class="transliteration">hewê</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </li> <li id="9042" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭀𐭁𐭅𐭂</span> <span class="transliteration">ābūg</span> </li> <li id="9043" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">آموسنی</span> <span class="transliteration">āmwisnī</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9044" class="armenian parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">ամուսին</span> <span class="transliteration">amusin</span> <span class="meaning">consort, spouse, married</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9045" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ամուսին</span> <span class="transliteration">amusin</span> <span class="meaning">husband, spouse</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9046" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9047" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭤𐭡𐭥𐭪</span> <span class="transliteration">hbok</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9048" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">هوو</span> <span class="transliteration">havu</span> <span class="meaning">co-wife</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9049" class="parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Northwest Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*potis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5054" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Northwest Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*gʰóstipotis</span> <span class="meaning">guest-master, host</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5055" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5056" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*gospodь</span> <span class="meaning">lord, liege</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5057" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">господь</span> <span class="transliteration">gospodĭ</span> <span class="meaning">lord, master</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5058" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">Госпо́дь</span> <span class="transliteration">Gospódʹ</span> <span class="meaning">Lord, God</span> </li> <li id="5059" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">осподи́н</span> <span class="transliteration">gospodín</span> <span class="meaning">gentleman, Mr., master</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5060" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5061" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrs">господь</span> <span class="transliteration">gospodĭ</span> <span class="meaning">lord, master</span> </li> <li id="5062" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">Го̏спод</span> <span class="transliteration">Gȍspod</span> <span class="meaning">Lord, God, Jesus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5063" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*hostipotis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5064" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">hospes</span> <span class="meaning">host, guest, visitor, stranger</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5065" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5066" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ospite</span> <span class="meaning">host, guest</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5067" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5068" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">oaspete</span> <span class="meaning">guest</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5069" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5070" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">oste</span> <span class="meaning">innkeeper, landlord, host</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5071" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">hôte</span> <span class="meaning">host, guest, innkeeper</span> </li> <li id="5072" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">host</span> <span class="note">someone giving hospitality</span> </li> <li id="5073" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">oste</span> <span class="meaning">innkeeper</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5074" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">huésped</span> <span class="meaning">guest, lodger</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5075" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">hospitālis</span> <span class="meaning">hospitable, generous, pertaining to hospitality or hosts</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5076" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">hospitāle</span> <span class="meaning">guesthouse, guestroom, hospital</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5077" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5078" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ospedale</span> <span class="meaning">hospital</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5079" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5080" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">ostel</span> <span class="meaning">shelter, place to stay</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5081" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">hôtel</span> <span class="meaning">mansion, townhouse, hotel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5082" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">hotel</span> </li> <li id="5083" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">hotel</span> <span class="meaning">hotel</span> </li> <li id="5084" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">hotel</span> <span class="meaning">hotel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5085" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">hostel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5086" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Occitan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="pro-Latn">ostal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5087" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Occitan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="oci-Latn">ostal</span> <span class="meaning">house</span> </li> <li id="5088" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">hostal</span> <span class="meaning">hostel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5089" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">hospital</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5090" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">hôpital</span> </li> <li id="5091" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">hospital</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5092" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ospitale</span> <span class="meaning">hospitable, friendly, welcome</span> </li> <li id="5093" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">hospital</span> <span class="meaning">hospital</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5094" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">hospitalitas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5095" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5096" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ospitalità</span> <span class="meaning">hospitality</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5097" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5098" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">hospitalité</span> <span class="meaning">hospitality</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5099" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">hospitality</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5100" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">hospitalidad</span> <span class="meaning">hospitality</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5101" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">hospitium</span> <span class="meaning">hospitality, friendship, lodgings, poor-house</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5102" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5103" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ospizio</span> <span class="meaning">nursing home, hospice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5104" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5105" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">ospăț</span> <span class="meaning">feast, banquet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5106" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5107" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">hospice</span> <span class="meaning">hospice</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5108" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">hospice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5109" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Koine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὁσπίτιον</span> <span class="transliteration">hospítion</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5110" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">σπίτιν</span> <span class="transliteration">spítin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="5111" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">σπίτι</span> <span class="transliteration">spíti</span> <span class="meaning">house, home</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="5112" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">ysbyty</span> <span class="meaning">hospital</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9050" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*patis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9051" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9052" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9053" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">pàts</span> <span class="meaning">husband, oneself, myself, himself</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9054" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pati-bḗˀgāˀ</span> <span class="meaning">husband-fleeing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9055" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*potьběga</span> <span class="meaning">divorced woman</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9056" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9057" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">подпега</span> <span class="transliteration">podpega</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9058" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9059" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrs">подъбѣга</span> <span class="transliteration">podŭběga</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9060" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9061" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">podběha</span> <span class="meaning">concubine</span> </li> <li id="9062" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">poćbiega</span> <span class="meaning">tramp, vagabond</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9063" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*fadiz</span> <span class="meaning">master, commander, lord, husband</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9064" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9065" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="transliteration">*faþs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9066" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌸𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">brūþfaþs</span> <span class="meaning">bridegroom</span> </li> <li id="9067" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">hundafaþs</span> <span class="meaning">centurion</span> </li> <li id="9068" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">þūsundifaþs</span> <span class="meaning">commander of a thousand, tribune</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9069" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9070" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="transliteration">*fǫðr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9071" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">Alfǫðr</span> <span class="meaning">divine epithet: Mighty Lord or Lord of All (of Odin)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9072" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*potis</span> <span class="meaning">master, in control of, able</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9073" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">potis</span> <span class="meaning">able, possible</span> </li> <li id="9074" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pot-essi</span> <span class="meaning">to be master of, to be able</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9075" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Oscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osc-Ital">𐌐𐌖𐌕𐌉𐌉𐌀𐌃</span> <span class="transliteration">putiiad</span> <span class="meaning">may he be able to</span> <span class="note">attested in 3sg subjunctive, equivalent to Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">possit</span></span> </li> <li id="9076" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">potesse</span> <span class="meaning">to be able, can, may</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9077" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">potere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9078" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9079" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">potar</span> <span class="meaning">can, to be able</span> </li> <li id="9080" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">potere</span> <span class="meaning">can, may, to be able, to be possible</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9081" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9082" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">a putea</span> <span class="meaning">to be able, can, may, to be possible</span> </li> <li id="9083" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">putere</span> <span class="meaning">ability, power, strength, means</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9084" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9085" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">podi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9086" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9087" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">pooir</span> <span class="meaning">can, to be able</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9088" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">pouvoir</span> <span class="meaning">can, to be able, may</span> </li> <li id="9089" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">power</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9090" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">pŵer</span> <span class="meaning">power</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9091" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">poder</span> <span class="meaning">to be able, can</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9092" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">posse</span> <span class="meaning">ability, power, force</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9093" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">posse comitatus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9094" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">posse</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9095" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pot-iðlis</span> <span class="meaning">masterable</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9096" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">possibilis</span> <span class="meaning">possible</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9097" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">possible</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9098" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*potistāts</span> <span class="meaning">mastery</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9099" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">potestas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9100" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9101" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">potestà</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9102" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">podestà</span> </li> <li id="9103" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">Podestà</span> <span class="meaning">occupational surname: Mayor</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9104" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Podesta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9105" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*poti-sedezi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="10000" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">possidere</span> <span class="meaning">to have, to own, to possess, to occupy, to control</span> <span class="note">literally "able to sit (on</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="10001" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="10002" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">possedere</span> <span class="meaning">to possess, to own, to master</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="10003" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="10004" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">posseoir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="10005" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">possess</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="10006" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">poseer</span> <span class="meaning">to possess, to own</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="10007" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">posséder</span> <span class="meaning">to own, to possess</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9106" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*potēnts</span> <span class="meaning">able, masterful</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9107" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">potens</span> <span class="meaning">able, powerful, potent</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9108" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">potent</span> </li> <li id="9109" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">potentatus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9110" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">potentate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9111" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Oscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osc-Ital">𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌝𐌀𐌍𐌔</span> <span class="transliteration">pútíans</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9112" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*kompotis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9113" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">compos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9114" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">non compos mentis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9115" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*wiḱpótis</span> <span class="meaning">head of household, lord, chief</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12708" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dzwāpt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12709" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">zot</span> <span class="meaning">master, boss, lord, sir, Mr.</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12710" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*wiśpatis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12711" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12712" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">viēšpats</span> <span class="meaning">lord</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12713" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*wićpátiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12714" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*wiśpátiṣ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12715" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀯𑀺𑀰𑁆𑀧𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">viśpáti</span> <span class="meaning">chief, headman</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12716" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*wicpátih</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12717" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌</span> <span class="transliteration">vīspaiti</span> <span class="meaning">chief, master</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12718" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12719" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration">wikpots</span> <span class="meaning">chief, master</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12720" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*wiḱpótnih</span> <span class="meaning">mistress of the settlement, lady</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12721" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dzwāptnjā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12722" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">zonjë</span> <span class="meaning">lady, Mrs.</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12723" class="albanian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">zonjë e mirë</span> <span class="meaning">smallpox</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12724" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12725" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12726" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12727" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">viēšpati</span> <span class="meaning">lady, mistress, queen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12728" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12729" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">waispattin</span> <span class="meaning">mistress of household</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12730" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*wićpátniH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12731" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*wiśpátniH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12732" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀯𑀺𑀰𑁆𑀧𑀢𑁆𑀦𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">viśpátnī</span> <span class="meaning">mistress of household, lady</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9116" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*déms pótis</span> <span class="meaning">master of the house</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9117" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*déspotis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9118" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δεσπότης</span> <span class="transliteration">despotes</span> <span class="meaning">house-master, slave-owner</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9119" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">δεσπότης</span> <span class="transliteration">despótis</span> <span class="meaning">despot, tyrant, lord, bishop, master</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9120" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Medieval Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">despota</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9121" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">despote</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9122" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">despot</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9123" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀδέσποτος</span> <span class="transliteration">adéspotos</span> <span class="meaning">without master or owner, authorless, ungovernable</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9124" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αδέσποτος</span> <span class="transliteration">adéspotos</span> <span class="meaning">ownerless, stray (animal), undirected, stray (projectile)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9125" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dámspatiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9126" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*dámspatiṣ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9127" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀤𑀫𑁆𑀧𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">dámpati</span> <span class="meaning">master of the house</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9128" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀤𑀫𑁆𑀧𑀢𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">dampatī</span> <span class="meaning">husband and wife</span> <span class="note">dual</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9129" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">दंपति</span> <span class="transliteration">dampati</span> <span class="meaning">husband and wife, married couple</span> </li> <li id="9130" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Kawi</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="kaw-Kawi">𑼣𑼪𑽁𑼦𑼡𑼷</span> <span class="transliteration">dampatī</span> <span class="meaning">husband and wife, a couple, a pair</span> </li> <li id="9131" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">దంపతులు</span> <span class="transliteration">dampatulu</span> <span class="meaning">husband and wife</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9132" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dámspatiṣ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9133" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬛𐬇𐬧𐬔⸱𐬞𐬀𐬙𐬋𐬌𐬴</span> <span class="transliteration">də̄ṇg.patōiṣ̌</span> <span class="meaning">master of the house</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9134" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*déms potnih₂</span> <span class="meaning">mistress of the house</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9135" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*déspoňňa</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9136" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δέσποινα</span> <span class="transliteration">déspoina</span> <span class="meaning">lady, mistress, queen, princess</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9137" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">δέσποινα</span> <span class="transliteration">déspoina</span> <span class="meaning">Miss (style of address), hostess, lady</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9138" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">δεσποινίς</span> <span class="transliteration">desponís</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9139" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">δις</span> <span class="transliteration">dis</span> <span class="meaning">Miss, Ms. (abbreviation)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9140" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Δέσποινα</span> <span class="transliteration">Déspoina</span> <span class="meaning">divine epithet, daughter of Demeter and Poseidon</span> </li> <li id="9141" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">Δέσποινα</span> <span class="transliteration">Déspoina</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Lady, divine epithet: Our Lady (of Mary)</span> </li> <li id="9142" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Despoina</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9143" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dmáHnas pátniH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9144" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dmaHnapaθniH</span> <span class="meaning">mistress of the house</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9145" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬛𐬆𐬨𐬄𐬥𐬋⸱𐬞𐬀𐬚𐬥𐬍</span> <span class="transliteration">dəmąnō.paθnī</span> </li> <li id="9146" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9147" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sogdian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sog-Mani">𐫔𐫂𐫀𐫖𐫁𐫀𐫗</span> <span class="transliteration">δβʾmbʾn</span> <span class="meaning">lady, queen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9148" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">مېرمنه</span> <span class="transliteration">mermëna</span> <span class="meaning">lady, woman, wife</span> </li> <li id="9149" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*manapaθni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9150" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9151" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭁𐭀𐭌𐭁𐭉𐭔𐭍</span> <span class="transliteration">bāmbīšn</span> <span class="meaning">lady, queen</span> <span class="note">more often written as an aramaeogram: <span class="orthography" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭌𐭋𐭊𐭕𐭄</span> <span class="transliteration">mlkth</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9152" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">բամբիշ(ն)</span> <span class="transliteration">bambiš(n)</span> <span class="meaning">lady, queen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9153" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">բամբիշ</span> <span class="transliteration">bambiš</span> <span class="meaning">lady, queen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9154" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*mānapašnī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9155" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭡𐭠𐭬𐭡𐭱𐭭</span> <span class="transliteration">bāmbšn</span> <span class="meaning">queen</span> <span class="note">more often written as an aramaeogram: <span class="orthography" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭲𐭠</span> <span class="transliteration">mlkta</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9156" class="sinotibetan sintic borrowing"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Middle Chinese</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="ltc-Hant">防步率</span> <span class="transliteration">buaŋ bɔh ʂwih</span> <span class="meaning">Sasanian royal wife or concubine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9157" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*(h₂)népōt(iyo)s</span> <span class="meaning">grandson, descendant</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9158" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*nepō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9159" class="albanian diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">nip</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, grandson</span> </li> <li id="9160" class="albanian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration">*nepōtś(i)ā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9161" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">mbesë</span> <span class="meaning">niece, grandaughter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9162" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*hənepťios?</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9163" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνεψιός</span> <span class="transliteration">anepsiós</span> <span class="meaning">(first) cousin</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9166" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">ανιψιός</span> <span class="transliteration">anipsiós</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </li> <li id="9167" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνεψιν</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, niece</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9168" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">ανίψι</span> <span class="transliteration">anípsi</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, niece</span> </li> <li id="9169" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Pontic Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="pnt-Grek">ανέψι</span> <span class="transliteration">anépši</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9170" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Laz</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="lzz-Geor">ანიმსე</span> <span class="transliteration">animse</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, niece</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9164" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nepťios?</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9165" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*he-nepťios?</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9163" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνεψιός</span> <span class="transliteration">anepsiós</span> <span class="meaning">(first) cousin</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9166" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">ανιψιός</span> <span class="transliteration">anipsiós</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </li> <li id="9167" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνεψιν</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, niece</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9168" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">ανίψι</span> <span class="transliteration">anípsi</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, niece</span> </li> <li id="9169" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Pontic Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="pnt-Grek">ανέψι</span> <span class="transliteration">anépši</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9170" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Laz</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="lzz-Geor">ანიმსე</span> <span class="transliteration">animse</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, niece</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9171" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*(H)nápāts</span> <span class="meaning">grandson, descendant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9172" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9173" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀦𑀧𑀸𑀢𑁆</span> <span class="meaning">descendant, grandson, son</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9174" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9175" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kalasha</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kls-Latn">nawáw</span> <span class="meaning">grandchild</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9176" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">nápāth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9177" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬁𐬝</span> <span class="transliteration">napāt̰</span> </li> <li id="9178" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9179" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9180" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">nevî</span> <span class="meaning">grandchild</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9181" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎴𐎱𐎠</span> <span class="transliteration">n-p-a</span> <span class="meaning">grandson</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9182" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭭𐭡</span> <span class="transliteration">nb</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9183" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">نوه</span> <span class="transliteration">nave</span> <span class="meaning">grandchild</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9184" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*(H)nápātkás</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9185" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Nuristani</span> <span class="transliteration">*napāká</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9186" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ashkun</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ask">nëvë</span> <span class="meaning">grandson</span> </li> <li id="9187" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kamviri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xvi">navo</span> <span class="meaning">grandson</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9188" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*HápaHam nápāts</span> <span class="meaning">divine name: descendant of waters</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9189" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hapā́m nápāts</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9190" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Vedic Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah-vaidika">𑀅𑀧𑀸𑀁 𑀦𑀧𑀸𑀢𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration">apā́ṃ nápāt</span> <span class="meaning">Apam Napat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9191" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*Hapā́m napāts</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9192" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬀𐬞𐬄𐬨 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬁𐬙</span> <span class="transliteration">apąm napāt</span> <span class="meaning">Apam Napat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9193" class="parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Northwest Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">népōt(iyo)s</span> <span class="meaning">grandson, nephew</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9194" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nepātjas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9195" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9196" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9197" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="olt-Latn">nepuotis</span> <span class="meaning">grandchild</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9198" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nëpada</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9199" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Estonian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="ekk-Latn">nõbu</span> <span class="meaning">cousin</span> </li> <li id="9200" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">nepaa</span> <span class="meaning">cousin (archaic)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9201" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*ne(p)tьjь</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9202" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9203" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">нетии</span> <span class="transliteration">netyy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9204" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9205" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">нећак</span> <span class="transliteration">nećak</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9206" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9207" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">nieć</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9208" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*neɸūts</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9209" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nei</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9210" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">nai</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9211" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">neigarwch</span> <span class="meaning">nepotism</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9212" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Primitive Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="pgl-Ogam">ᚅᚔᚑᚈᚈᚐ</span> <span class="transliteration">niotta</span> <span class="meaning">(sororal) nephew's</span> <span class="note">attested in genitive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9213" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">nia</span> <span class="meaning">(sororal) nephew</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9214" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">nia</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9215" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*kom-neɸūts</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9216" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*köβ̃n</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9217" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">caifn</span> <span class="meaning">distant cousin (archaic)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9218" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nefōd</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9219" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nefô</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, grandson</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9220" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9221" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">nefi</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, kinsman</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9222" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nefō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9223" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">nefa</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, grandson, stepson</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9224" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">neve</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9225" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*nevo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9226" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">neef</span> <span class="meaning">cousin, nephew</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9227" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">nevo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9228" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Neffe</span> <span class="meaning">nephew</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9229" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nepōts</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9230" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">nepos</span> <span class="meaning">grandson, nephew, descendant</span> <span class="note">oblique <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">nepot-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9231" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9232" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">nepaut</span> <span class="meaning">grandson, nephew</span> </li> <li id="9233" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">nipote</span> <span class="meaning">grandchild, nephew or niece</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9234" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">nepotismo</span> <span class="meaning">nepotism</span> <span class="note">originally, the phenomenon of popes appointing their nephews as cardinals</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9235" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">népotisme</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9236" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">nepotism</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9237" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9238" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">nepot</span> <span class="meaning">grandson, nephew, descendant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9239" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9240" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">nabodi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9241" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9242" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">nevod</span> <span class="note">early Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9243" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">neveu</span> <span class="note">late Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9244" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">neveu</span> </li> <li id="9245" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">nephew</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9246" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Nechtan nepos Uerb</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9247" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*neptōnos</span> <span class="note">or <span class="transliteration">*neptūnos</span> if not from <span class="transliteration">*nepōts</span></span> <sup id="footnote-link-4-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9159" class="albanian borrowing possible"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">nip</span> <span class="meaning">nephew, grandson</span> </li> <li id="9248" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Neptunus</span> <span class="meaning">divine name: Neptune</span> <sup id="footnote-link-4-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="9249" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9250" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">netun</span> <span class="meaning">marine monster</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9251" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">lutin</span> <span class="meaning">imp, pixie</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9252" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Neptune</span> <sup id="footnote-link-4-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9253" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*néptih₂</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9254" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*náptiH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9255" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration">*naptíH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9256" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀦𑀧𑁆𑀢𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">naptī́</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9257" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Prakrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pra-Brah">𑀡𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀻</span> <span class="transliteration">ṇattī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9258" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Maharashtri</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9259" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Marathi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="mar-Deva">नात</span> <span class="transliteration">nāt</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9260" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*náptiH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9261" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬍</span> <span class="transliteration">naptī</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9262" class="parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Northwest Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*neptis</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter, niece</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9263" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nextī</span> <span class="meaning">niece</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9264" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nėθ</span> <span class="meaning">niece</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9265" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">nith</span> <span class="meaning">niece</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9266" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">necht</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9267" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">neacht</span> <span class="meaning">niece</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9268" class="celtic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Pictish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="xpi">ᚅᚓᚆᚆᚈᚑᚅᚅ</span> <span class="transliteration">nehhtonn</span> <span class="meaning">personal name</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9269" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">Nechtan</span> <span class="meaning">divine name</span> </li> <li id="9270" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="transliteration">*Nechtan aue Uerb</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9246" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Nechtan nepos Uerb</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9271" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*niftiz</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter, niece</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9272" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9273" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">nipt</span> <span class="meaning">kinsowman, sister, daughter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9274" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">nift</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9275" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*nifti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9276" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">nift</span> <span class="meaning">niece, granddaughter, stepdaughter</span> </li> <li id="9277" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*nifta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9278" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">nicht</span> <span class="meaning">niece, cousin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9279" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">nifta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9280" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Nifte</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </li> <li id="9281" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">niftila</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9282" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Niftel</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9283" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*neptis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9284" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">neptis</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9285" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Late Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">neptia</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter, niece</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9286" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9287" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">niece</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9288" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">nièce</span> </li> <li id="9289" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">niece</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9290" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Late Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">nepta</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter, niece</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9291" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9292" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">niapta</span> <span class="meaning">niece</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9293" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9294" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">netta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="9295" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9296" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">nieta</span> <span class="meaning">granddaughter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9297" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">nieto</span> <span class="meaning">grandson</span> </li> <li id="9298" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">bisnieta</span> <span class="meaning">great-grandaughter (twice-granddaughter)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/potis.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/potis.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-potis.html#9009">spahbed</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#5091">hospital</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#5108">hospice</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#8995">mobad</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9289">niece</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#5085">hostel</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#5082">hotel</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9001">sparapet</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9110">potentate</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9252">Neptune</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9122">despot</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9224">neve</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9104">Podesta</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#5072">host</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9108">potent</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9097">possible</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#5099">hospitality</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#10005">possess</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9094">posse</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9142">Despoina</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#8924">Poseidon</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9245">nephew</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9236">nepotism</a>, <a href="/word-family-potis.html#9089">power</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>I believe that <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">Ποσειδῶν</span> <span class="transliteration">Poseidôn</span> is fairly firmly <span class="transliteration">*Poti Gdaone</span>: "Husband of the Earth", with the <a href="/word-family-human.html">divine name for the Earth <span class="transliteration">*Gda(n)</span> instead of the normal <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χθών</span> <span class="transliteration">khthṓn</span> from <span class="transliteration">*dʰǵʰōm</span></a> (possibly from inter-dialect or Paleo-Balkan borrowing?). This is most directly supported by the Mycenaean pair of words: <span class="orthography" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀁𐀚𐀯𐀆𐀃𐀚</span> <span class="transliteration">e-ne-si-da-o-ne</span>: "Shaker of the Earth" (Classical <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἐννοσίγαιος</span> <span class="transliteration">ennosígaios</span> or <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἐνοσίχθων</span> <span class="transliteration">enosíkhthōn</span>, epithets of Poseidon) vs. <span class="orthography" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀡𐀮𐀆𐀺𐀚</span> <span class="transliteration">po-se-da-wo-ne</span>, apparently <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">Ποσειδῶν</span> <span class="transliteration">Poseidôn</span>.</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p>The Old Medean military title <span class="transliteration">*hazārapatiš</span>: "commander of a thousand" was both borrowed into Greek as <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἀζαραπατεῖς</span> <span class="transliteration">azarapateîs</span>/ <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἀζαβαρίτης</span> <span class="transliteration">azabarítēs</span> and also calqued as <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χιλίαρχος</span> <span class="transliteration">khilíarkhos</span>. Though the Greeks probably couldn't have known it, their word for a thousand—<span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χίλιοι</span>—is related to the Medean word <span class="transliteration">*hazāram</span>! Both are from PIE <span class="transliteration">*ǵʰéslom</span>: "numerous, thousand".</p> <p>Then! Gothic calqued the Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">χιλίαρχος</span> <span class="transliteration">khilíarkhos</span> as <span class="orthography" lang="got-Goth">𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration">þūsundifaþs</span>, with a completely different word for thousand… but returning to a cognate of the Medean word for commander: <span class="transliteration">faþs</span>/<span class="transliteration">patiš</span>!</p> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/khiliarch.png"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/khiliarch.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 30%;"></a></p> </li> <li id="footnote-3"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-3-a">^</a></span><p>In Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*(h₂)népōts</span>, the laryngeal is reconstructed on the basis of Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἀνεψιός</span> <span class="transliteration">anepsiós</span>: "(first) cousin". The alternative is that the Greek is <span class="transliteration">*sm̥-neptiyos</span>: "co-grandson" and there isn't a laryngeal (though that would be expected to be <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">*ἁνεψιός</span> <span class="transliteration">*hanepsiós</span> instead).</p> <p>If there is not in fact a laryngeal, <span class="transliteration">*(h₂)népōts</span> might be <span class="transliteration">*né-pōts</span>: "not the master of the household", i.e. "dependent, young unmarried relative, just some kid who lives here".)</p> </li> <li id="footnote-4"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-4-a">^</a></span><p>Neptune could be from <span class="transliteration">*n̥bʰtós</span>: "misty, damp"—or it has been suggested that Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">Neptunus</span> may be from <span class="transliteration">*(h₂)népōts</span>: "grandson, descendant", which is supported by parallel to the Indo-Iranian divinity Apam Napat: "Grandson of Waters". In Zoroastrianism, Apam Napat is sometimes part of a ruling triad with Ahura Mazda and Mithra, which has parallels to the triad of Zeus/Poseidon/Hades (and the Vedic Trimurti Bahma/Vishnu/Shiva).</p> <p>The Norse kenning for fire <span class="orthography" lang="non-Latn">sǣvar niþr</span> : "grandson of the sea" is suggested to continue the same theme (Apam Napat is also associated with fire emerging from water). The Homeric Greek epithet for seals is also brought to mind: <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">νέποδες καλῆς Ἁλοσύδνης</span>: "descendants of the beautiful Sea-Daughter".</p> <p>If all three of these possible connections hold, then <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Neptune</span> is distantly related to <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Poseidon</span>!</p> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/poseidon_neptune.png"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/poseidon_neptune.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 30%;"></a></p> </li> </ol> 2024-12-27T00:00:00-08:002024-12-27T00:00:00-08:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2024-12-27:/word-family-mercury.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Latin Mercury is fairly mysterious. Mercury as a god of commerce seems obviously related to <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">merx</span>: "merchandise, commodity", and in Faliscan and possibly Oscan votive tablets, a cognate to <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">merx</span> (or rather its dative <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">mercii</span> as expected in context) appears as a divine name: <span class="transliteration">Mercui</span>, <span class="transliteration">Mirikui</span>. But in Latin …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Latin Mercury is fairly mysterious. Mercury as a god of commerce seems obviously related to <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">merx</span>: "merchandise, commodity", and in Faliscan and possibly Oscan votive tablets, a cognate to <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">merx</span> (or rather its dative <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">mercii</span> as expected in context) appears as a divine name: <span class="transliteration">Mercui</span>, <span class="transliteration">Mirikui</span>. But in Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">merx</span> does not appear as a divine name, instead there is <span class="orthography" lang="">Mercurius</span>. But it must be related. Probably.</p> <p>Italic <span class="transliteration">*merks</span> itself is also hard to trace. Various attempts have been made to connect it to an Indo-European etymology, some of which I explore here: to <span class="transliteration">*(s)mer-</span>: "to assign, to allot" (which may or may not be related to <a href="/word-family-mort.html"><span class="transliteration">*mer-</span>: "to die"</a> and/or <span class="transliteration">*(s)mer-</span>: "to think about, to care for, to remember"); and to <span class="transliteration">*merǵ-</span>: "to divide, boundary, border". <span class="transliteration">*merks</span>'s declension is consistent with a feminine mobile-accented root noun formed from any of those roots, plus or minus a reasonable amount of paradigm levelling.</p> <p>But an Etruscan borrowing is probably most likely, if something of a dead end; <span class="transliteration">*merks</span> is entirely consistent with Etruscan phonology and with the -s nominative found in other divine names.</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38586">mercy</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38602">commerce</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38632">market</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38657">Mercury</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38712">emeritus</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38793">Mercia</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38807">marquee</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38818">margin</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38833">mark</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="38655" class="tyrsenian parent"> <details open> <summary class="tyrsenian"> <span class="language tyrsenian">Etruscan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38574" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Mercurius</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38657" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercury</span> </li> <li id="38658" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*Merxür</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday, Mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38659" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Mercher</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday, Mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38660" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">dydd Mercher</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38661" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dies Mercurii</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">diēs Mercurii</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38662" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38663" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercoledì</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38664" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38665" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">Njercuri</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> <li id="38666" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">miercuri</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38667" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38668" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">mélcuris</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38669" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38670" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mercredi</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> <li id="38671" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">miércoles</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44236" class="germanic parent calque"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*wōdanas dag</span> <span class="meaning">Odin's Day, Wednesday</span> <span class="note">calque of Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">dies Mercurii</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44224" class="germanic parent calque"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">óðinsdagr</span> <span class="meaning">Odin's Day, Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44245" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">onsdag</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> <li id="44246" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">óðinsdagur</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday (archaic)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44237" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">wōdnesdæġ</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44238" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Wodnesdai</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44239" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="ang-Latn">*wēdnesdæġ</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44240" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Wednesdei</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44241" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44242" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">Wenerei</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44243" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*wuodenesdag</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44244" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">woensdag</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44232" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">Woen</span> <span class="note">partially back-formed from <span class="orthography" lang="nld-Latn">woensdag</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38672" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercurius</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38673" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38674" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">mercwri</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38675" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mercure</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38676" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*mercuriāgo</span> <span class="meaning">annual mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38677" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38678" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">melcoratge</span> <span class="meaning">annual mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38656" class="italic borrowing possible"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*merks</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38739" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*merǵ-</span> <span class="meaning">to divide, boundary, border</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38740" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*mérǵs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38656" class="italic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*merks</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38741" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*mórǵs</span> <span class="meaning">frontier, border</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38742" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*mrogis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38743" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*broɣ</span> <span class="meaning">country, region, territory</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38744" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">bro</span> <span class="meaning">region, country, nieghborhood, border, limit, boundary</span> </li> <li id="38745" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*kömroɣ</span> <span class="meaning">compatriot</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38746" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Cumbric</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="xcb-Latn">*Cumbri</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38747" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Cumbria</span> </li> <li id="38748" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Cumberland</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38749" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Cymry</span> </li> <li id="38750" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Cymro</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38751" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Cymraeg</span> <span class="meaning">the Welsh language</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38752" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">cym</span> <span class="meaning">ISO 639 code for Welsh</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38753" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Medieval Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Cambria</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38754" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Cambria</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38755" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Cambrian</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38756" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">*brogis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38757" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">*Allobrogis</span> <span class="meaning">Foreginers, Exiles</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38758" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ἀλλόβριγες</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Allobriges</span> </li> <li id="38759" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Allobroges</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38760" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">*brogilos</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38761" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38762" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">breuil</span> <span class="meaning">copse, grove</span> </li> <li id="38763" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Brühl</span> <span class="meaning">meadow</span> </li> <li id="38764" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">brolo</span> <span class="meaning">vegetable garden</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38765" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">mruig</span> <span class="meaning">march, borderland, country, territory</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38766" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">brugh</span> <span class="meaning">district, mansion, castle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38767" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*marȷ́iš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38768" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*marȷjiš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38769" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">marəza</span> <span class="meaning">frontier</span> </li> <li id="38770" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38771" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="22356" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">*marzapā</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">*marzapānah</span> <span class="meaning">border guardian, march warden</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38775" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭬𐭫𐭢𐭯𐭠𐭭</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">marzban</span> <span class="meaning">border guard, marzban</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38776" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">مرزبان</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">marzbân</span> <span class="meaning">border guard, marzban</span> </li> <li id="38777" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">مرزبان</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">marzubān</span> </li> <li id="38778" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">մարզպան</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">marzpan</span> </li> <li id="38779" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">marzban</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38772" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭬𐭫𐭢</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">marz</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38773" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">مرز</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">marz</span> <span class="meaning">border, frontier, region</span> </li> <li id="38774" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">մարզ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">marz</span> <span class="meaning">region</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38780" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*morǵeh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38781" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*markō</span> <span class="meaning">border, boundary, region, area</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38782" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38783" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">marka</span> <span class="meaning">border, region, coast</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38784" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*marku</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38785" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">mǫrk</span> <span class="meaning">borderland, woodland, forest</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38786" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">mark</span> <span class="meaning">field</span> </li> <li id="38787" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">mörk</span> <span class="meaning">woodland, forest, borderland</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38788" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmq-Runr">ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛗᚨᚱᚲᛁᛉ</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">aljamarkiʀ</span> <span class="meaning">foreigner</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38789" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38790" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">mearc</span> <span class="meaning">boundary, limit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38791" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mark</span> </li> <li id="38792" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Mierċe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38793" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38794" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*marku</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38795" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">mark</span> <span class="meaning">march, border region</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38796" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">markgraaf</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38797" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">margrave</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38798" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marche</span> <span class="meaning">boundary, border region</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38799" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marche</span> </li> <li id="38800" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">march</span> </li> <li id="38801" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marchis</span> <span class="meaning">marquis, border-lord</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38802" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marquis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38803" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">marquis</span> </li> <li id="38804" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">marquess</span> </li> <li id="38805" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marquise</span> <span class="meaning">marchioness, a kind of ring, awning, marquee</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38806" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">marquise</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38807" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">marquee</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38803" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">marquis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38808" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marchion</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38809" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marchionissa</span> <span class="meaning">marchioness, wife of a border-lord</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38810" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">marchioness</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38811" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*markōmann</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*markōmannô</span> </li> <li id="38812" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">margo</span> <span class="note">accusative <span class="orthography" lang="">marginem</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38813" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38814" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">margine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38815" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38816" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38817" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marge</span> <span class="meaning">margin, border</span> </li> <li id="38818" class="germanic borrowing possible"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">margin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38819" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osp-Latn">marzen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38820" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">marcen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38818" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">margin</span> </li> <li id="38821" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osp-Latn">marjen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38822" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">margen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38823" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">margines</span> <span class="meaning">margin</span> <span class="note">from the Latin plural</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38824" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">маргінес</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">marhines</span> <span class="meaning">margin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38825" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*morǵóm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38826" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*marką</span> <span class="meaning">mark, sign, stamp</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38827" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38828" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">mǫrk</span> <span class="meaning">mark (unit of weight or value)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38829" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">mark</span> <span class="meaning">mark (unit of weight or value)</span> </li> <li id="38830" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">mörk</span> <span class="meaning">mark (unit of weight)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38831" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38832" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">mearc</span> <span class="meaning">mark, sign, character</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38833" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mark</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38834" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38835" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">merk</span> <span class="meaning">mark, logo, brand</span> </li> <li id="38836" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marc</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38837" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marc</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38838" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*markōną</span> <span class="meaning">to mark, to notice</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38839" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38840" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">marka</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38841" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">marka</span> <span class="meaning">to mark, to notice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38842" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*markōn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38843" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">mearcian</span> <span class="meaning">to mark</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38844" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mark</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38845" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*markōn</span> <span class="meaning">to mark out, to press a footprint into</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38846" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marchier</span> <span class="meaning">to walk, to travel by foot</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38847" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marcher</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38848" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marc</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38849" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">march</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38850" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">markon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38851" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*markijaną</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38852" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38853" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">merkja</span> <span class="meaning">to mark, to notice</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38854" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">merkja</span> <span class="meaning">to mark, to label, to mean, to notice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38855" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*markijan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38856" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*merken</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38857" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">merken</span> <span class="meaning">to mark, to notice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38858" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">merken</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38859" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">merken</span> <span class="meaning">to notice, to realize, to memorize</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38679" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*mer-</span> <span class="meaning">to assign, to allot</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="38680" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*merti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38681" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*maren-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38682" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">marr</span> <span class="meaning">to take, to give, to receive</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38683" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38684" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Hittite</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hit-Xsux">𒈥𒀝𒍣</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="hit-Latn">mar-ak-zi</span> <span class="meaning">to cut up, to divide, to separate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38685" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*méryeti</span> <span class="note">ye imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38686" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*méřřomai</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38687" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μείρομαι</span> <span class="meaning">I receive my portion</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38688" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*mréh₁yeti</span> <span class="note">iterative, causative, or intensive verb</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38689" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*merēzi</span> <span class="meaning">to deserve</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38690" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Faliscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xfa-Ital">𐌌𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌕𐌏</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="xfa-Latn">mereto</span> <span class="meaning">derserved</span> </li> <li id="38691" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">merere</span> <span class="meaning">to deserve, to merit, to earn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38692" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">meritum</span> <span class="meaning">merit, service, value</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="35338" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">vōtum solvit libēns meritō</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">VSLM</span> <span class="meaning">fulfills the vow freely as it deserves</span> </li> <li id="38693" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38694" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">merite</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38695" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mérite</span> <span class="meaning">merit</span> </li> <li id="38696" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">merit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38697" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">merenda</span> <span class="meaning">light evening meal, afternoon lunch</span> <span class="note">"that which should be earned"?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38698" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38699" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">marianda</span> <span class="meaning">light meal, snack</span> </li> <li id="38700" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">merenda</span> <span class="meaning">snack, tea, picnic, break</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38701" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38702" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">merinde</span> <span class="meaning">food, especially packed for work or travelling</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38703" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38704" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marende</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38705" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Bourguignon</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frp-Latn">mairande</span> <span class="meaning">food</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38706" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Romansh</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marenda</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38707" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Marend</span> <span class="meaning">afternoon snack</span> <span class="note">dialectal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38708" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">merienda</span> <span class="meaning">afternoon snack, tea</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38709" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">meryenda</span> <span class="meaning">snack</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38710" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">emerere</span> <span class="meaning">to earn, to gain by service, to serve one's time</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38711" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">emeritus</span> <span class="meaning">having been earned, having served, having served one's time</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38712" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">emeritus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38713" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*méros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38714" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*méros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38715" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μέρος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">méros</span> <span class="meaning">part, component, region, (one's) turn, destiny</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38716" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*móros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38717" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*móros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38718" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μόρος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">móros</span> <span class="meaning">fate, doom, death, corpse</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38719" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*mórih₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38720" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*móřřa</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38721" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μοῖρα</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">moîra</span> <span class="meaning">part, portion, degree, destiny</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38722" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Μοῖραι</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Moîrai</span> <span class="meaning">the Fates</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38723" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Moirae</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38724" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*mr̥stós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38725" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*marstos</span> <span class="meaning">fate, untimely death</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38726" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38727" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="wlm-Latn">marth</span> <span class="meaning">sorrow, disgrace</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38728" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38729" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">mairt</span> <span class="meaning">violent death, massacre</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38730" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*merk-</span> <span class="note">root extension</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38731" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*mérks</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38656" class="italic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*merks</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38732" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*merkʷ-</span> <span class="meaning">to take, to hold</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38733" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38734" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xto-Latn">märk-</span> <span class="meaning">to take away</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38735" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*merkʷti??</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38736" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*merptō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38737" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μάρπτω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">márptō</span> <span class="meaning">I take hold of, I grasp, I seize, I overtake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38738" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*merkʷs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38656" class="italic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*merks</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38571" class="italic parent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*merks</span> <span class="note">dative <span class="transliteration">*merkei</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38572" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Faliscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xfa-Ital">𐌌𐌄𐌓𐌂𐌖𐌉</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="xfa-Latn">Mercui</span> <span class="meaning">a divine name</span> <span class="note">dative</span> </li> <li id="38573" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Oscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osc-Ital">𐌌𐌉𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌖𐌉</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="osc-Latn">Mirikui</span> <span class="meaning">probably a divine name</span> <span class="note">dative</span> </li> <li id="38574" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Mercurius</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38657" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercury</span> </li> <li id="38658" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*Merxür</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday, Mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38659" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Mercher</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday, Mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38660" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">dydd Mercher</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38661" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dies Mercurii</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">diēs Mercurii</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38662" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38663" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercoledì</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38664" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38665" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">Njercuri</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> <li id="38666" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">miercuri</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38667" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38668" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">mélcuris</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38669" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38670" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mercredi</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> <li id="38671" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">miércoles</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44236" class="germanic parent calque"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*wōdanas dag</span> <span class="meaning">Odin's Day, Wednesday</span> <span class="note">calque of Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">dies Mercurii</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44224" class="germanic parent calque"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">óðinsdagr</span> <span class="meaning">Odin's Day, Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44245" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">onsdag</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> <li id="44246" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">óðinsdagur</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday (archaic)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44237" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">wōdnesdæġ</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44238" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Wodnesdai</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44239" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="ang-Latn">*wēdnesdæġ</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44240" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Wednesdei</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44241" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44242" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">Wenerei</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44243" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*wuodenesdag</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44244" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">woensdag</span> <span class="meaning">Wednesday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44232" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">Woen</span> <span class="note">partially back-formed from <span class="orthography" lang="nld-Latn">woensdag</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38672" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercurius</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38673" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38674" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">mercwri</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38675" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">mercure</span> <span class="meaning">mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38676" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*mercuriāgo</span> <span class="meaning">annual mercury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38677" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38678" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">melcoratge</span> <span class="meaning">annual mercury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38575" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">merx</span> <span class="meaning">merchandise, commodity</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38576" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38577" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">merce</span> <span class="meaning">goods, products</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38578" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Basque</span> <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">merke</span> <span class="meaning">cheap</span> </li> <li id="38579" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">merces</span> <span class="meaning">wages, reward, income, penalty, rent</span> <span class="note">oblique stem <span class="orthography" lang="">merced-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38580" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38581" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercede</span> <span class="meaning">compensation, merit, pity, mercy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38582" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38583" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">merchede</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38584" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38585" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">merci</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38586" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38587" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">merced</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="37798" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">María de las Mercedes</span> <span class="meaning">Mary of the Mercies</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38589" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Mercedes</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38590" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Mercédès</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38591" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercedes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38591" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mercedes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38588" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Merced</span> </li> <li id="38592" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">vuestra merced</span> <span class="meaning">honorific: your mercy, your grace</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38593" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">usted</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38594" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercenarius</span> <span class="meaning">hired, mercenary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38595" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mercenary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38596" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">commercium</span> <span class="meaning">trade, commerce, exchange</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38597" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38598" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">commercio</span> <span class="meaning">commerce, trade, market</span> </li> <li id="38599" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sicilian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="scn-Latn">cummerciu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38600" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Maltese</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="mlt-Latn">kummerċ</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38601" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">commerce</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38602" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">commerce</span> </li> <li id="38603" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">comerț</span> <span class="meaning">commerce, trade</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38604" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">κομμέρκιον</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">kommérkion</span> <span class="meaning">trade, traffic, commerce, customs, revenue</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38605" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">كمرك</span> <span class="transliteration turkic" lang="ota-Latn">gümrük</span> <span class="meaning">custom house, customs, tariff</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38606" class="turkic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">gümrük</span> <span class="meaning">custom house, duty, tariff</span> </li> <li id="38607" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">جمرك</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">jumruk</span> <span class="meaning">customs</span> </li> <li id="38608" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">گمرک</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">gomrok</span> <span class="meaning">customs</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38609" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">comercio</span> <span class="meaning">trade, shop</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38610" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercari</span> <span class="meaning">to trade, to sell</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38611" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38612" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mercar</span> <span class="meaning">to buy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38613" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercans</span> <span class="note">oblique stem <span class="orthography" lang="">mercant-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38614" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38615" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercante</span> <span class="meaning">merchant, dealer, trader</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38616" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38617" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mercante</span> <span class="meaning">merchant</span> </li> <li id="38618" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38619" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marchand</span> <span class="meaning">vendor, merchant</span> </li> <li id="38620" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">merchant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38621" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mercatus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38622" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38623" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">mercato</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38624" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38625" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">mercadu</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38626" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38627" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">mercado</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38628" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">marcatus</span> <span class="note">late variant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38629" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38630" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marchiét</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">marchié</span> <span class="meaning">market, marketplace</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38631" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">marché</span> </li> <li id="38632" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">market</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38633" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">मार्केट</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">mārkeṭ</span> <span class="meaning">market, mall</span> </li> <li id="38634" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Kana">マーケット</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="jpn-Latn">māketto</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> <li id="38635" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">marqueta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38636" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*markat</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38637" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*markat</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38638" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">markt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38639" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mart</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38640" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38641" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Markt</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> <li id="38642" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">jarmarkat</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> <span class="note">lit. "year-market"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38643" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Jahrmarkt</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38644" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">jarmark</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </li> <li id="38645" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">jarmark</span> <span class="meaning">fair, bazaar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38646" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">ярмарка</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">jarmarka</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38647" class="turkic borrowing"> <span class="language turkic">Kazakh</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="kaz-Cyrl">жәрмеңке</span> <span class="transliteration turkic" lang="kaz-Latn">järmeñke</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38648" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">ярмарок</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">jarmarok</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38649" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">iarmaroc</span> <span class="meaning">fair</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="38650" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">markaðr</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38651" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">marked</span> <span class="meaning">market, fair, emporium</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="38652" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">markaður</span> <span class="meaning">market, marketplace, fair</span> </li> <li id="38653" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">margadh</span> <span class="meaning">market, bargain, argreement</span> </li> <li id="38654" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">marchnad</span> <span class="meaning">market</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/mercury.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/mercury.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38586">mercy</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38588">Merced</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38591">Mercedes</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38595">mercenary</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38602">commerce</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38620">merchant</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38632">market</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38639">mart</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38657">Mercury</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38673">mercury</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38696">merit</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38712">emeritus</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38723">Moirae</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38747">Cumbria</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38748">Cumberland</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38752">cym</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38754">Cambria</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38755">Cambrian</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38779">marzban</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38791">mark</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38793">Mercia</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38797">margrave</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38800">march</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38803">marquis</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38804">marquess</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38806">marquise</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38807">marquee</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38810">marchioness</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38818">margin</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38833">mark</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38844">mark</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#38849">march</a>, <a href="/word-family-mercury.html#44241">Wednesday</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*mer-</span>: "to assign, to allot" is sometimes reconstructed as <span class="transliteration">*(s)mer-</span>, based on the Greek perfective <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ἔμμορε</span> <span class="transliteration">émmore</span> from a reconstructed reduplicative <span class="transliteration">*se-smór-e</span>. If so, it may be the same as <span class="transliteration">*(s)mer-</span>: "to think about, to care for, to remember" (whence also reduplicated <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">memoria</span>), where there is more evidence for the s-mobile. Indo-Iranian has a well attested <span class="transliteration">*smárati</span> verb, but some descendants are clearly "to remember, to think of" and others more blur the boundary into meanings like "to count, to account for".</p> <p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*mer-</span>: "to assign, to allot" (and/or <span class="transliteration">*(s)mer-</span>) may be related to <span class="transliteration">*mer-</span>: "to die" and/or some of its descendants may be semantically mixed with or properly belong to <span class="transliteration">*mer-</span>: "to die", e.g. Classical Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">μόρος</span> <span class="transliteration">móros</span>: "fate, doom, death, corpse" and Celtic <span class="transliteration">*marstos</span>: "fate, untimely death".</p> </li> </ol> 2024-09-13T00:00:00-07:002024-09-13T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2024-09-13:/word-family-eye.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>One neat discovery in this family is that English has words from three different compoundings of <span class="transliteration">*h₃ekʷ-</span> with <span class="transliteration">*h₂énti</span>: "opposite, near, in front" three different times: compounded in Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂énti-h₃kʷós</span> goes through Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">antiquus</span> to give <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">antique</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">antic</span>; compounded again in Late Latin as <span class="transliteration">*anteocularis</span> it goes through …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>One neat discovery in this family is that English has words from three different compoundings of <span class="transliteration">*h₃ekʷ-</span> with <span class="transliteration">*h₂énti</span>: "opposite, near, in front" three different times: compounded in Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂énti-h₃kʷós</span> goes through Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">antiquus</span> to give <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">antique</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">antic</span>; compounded again in Late Latin as <span class="transliteration">*anteocularis</span> it goes through Old French <span class="orthography" lang="fro-Latn">antoillier</span> to give <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">antler</span>; and finally compounded in scientific English of Greek roots as <span class="orthography" lang="">anti-optic</span>.</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21604">eye</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#15126">daisy</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#67246">window</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21762">antique</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21830">antler</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21817">binocular</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21779">person</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="21539" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₃ekʷ-</span> <span class="meaning">to see, eye, to eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21540" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₃ókʷs</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1555" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂nḗr-h₃ókʷs??</span> <span class="meaning">man-seeming??</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1556" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*ǝntʰrokʷos</span> <span class="meaning">person, human</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1557" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀀𐀵𐀫𐀦</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="gmy-Latn">a-to-ro-qo</span> <span class="meaning">person, human</span> </li> <li id="1558" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Arcadocypriot</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Cprt">𐠀𐠰𐠦𐠡𐠩</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">a-to-ro-po-se</span> <span class="meaning">men</span> </li> <li id="1559" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄνθρωπος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ánthrōpos</span> <span class="meaning">person, human, mankind</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1560" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">άνθρωπος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">ánthropos</span> <span class="meaning">person, human</span> </li> <li id="1561" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μισάνθρωπος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">misánthrōpos</span> <span class="meaning">misanthropic, human-hating</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1562" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μισανθρωπία</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">misanthrōpía</span> <span class="meaning">misanthropy, human-hatred</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1563" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">misanthropy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1564" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">misanthrope</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1565" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">λῠκάνθρωπος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">lukánthrōpos</span> <span class="meaning">werewolf, wolf-man, lycanthrope</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68389" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">λυκάνθρωπος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">lykánthropos</span> </li> <li id="68390" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">lycanthrope</span> </li> <li id="68391" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Classical Syriac</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="syc-Syrc">ܩܢܛܪܘܦܘܣ</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="syc-Latn">qanṭropos</span> <span class="meaning">werewolf, lycanthrope</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68392" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">قطرب</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">quṭrub</span> <span class="meaning">werewolf, lycanthrope</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1566" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄνθρωπολόγος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">anthrōpologos</span> <span class="meaning">discussion of a human, discussion of humanity</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1567" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">New Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">anthropologia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1568" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">anthropologie</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1569" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anthropology</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1570" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anthropo-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1571" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anthropomorphic</span> </li> <li id="1572" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Anthropocene</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21541" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*aks</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21542" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21543" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21544" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">akìs</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21545" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21546" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">ackis</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21547" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*ȍko</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21548" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21549" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">око</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">oko</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21550" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21551" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Glag">ⱁⰽⱁ</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrl">око</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="chu-Latn">oko</span> <span class="meaning">eye, sight</span> </li> <li id="21552" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">око</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">oko</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21553" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21554" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">oko</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="21555" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">oko</span> <span class="meaning">eye, sight</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21556" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*okъnò</span> <span class="meaning">window</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21557" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">окно</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">okno</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21558" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">окно</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">okno</span> <span class="meaning">window</span> </li> <li id="21559" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">вікно</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">vikno</span> <span class="meaning">window</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21560" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21561" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrl">окно</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="chu-Latn">okno</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21562" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">ocnă</span> <span class="meaning">mine, prison</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21563" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">окно</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">okno</span> <span class="meaning">pane, shaft, pit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21564" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21565" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">okno</span> <span class="meaning">window</span> </li> <li id="21566" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">okno</span> <span class="meaning">window, shaft</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21567" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*akkuna</span> <span class="meaning">window</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21568" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Estonian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="ekk-Latn">aken</span> <span class="meaning">window</span> </li> <li id="21569" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">akkuna</span> <span class="meaning">window</span> <span class="note">dialectic</span> </li> <li id="21570" class="uralic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*ikkuna</span> <span class="meaning">window</span> <span class="note">variant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21571" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">ikkuna</span> <span class="meaning">window</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21572" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">akna</span> <span class="meaning">window</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21573" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*okʷs</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21574" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">ops</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21575" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">exops</span> <span class="meaning">eyeless, blind</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21576" class="italic parent calque possible"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ab oculīs</span> <span class="meaning">blind</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21818" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21819" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avogle</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">aveule</span> <span class="meaning">blind, blind person</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21820" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">avegule</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21821" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">aveugle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21822" class="italic creole diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic creole">Haitian Creole</span> <span class="orthography italic creole" lang="hat-Latn">aveg</span> <span class="meaning">blind</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21577" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">*sacrap-</span> <span class="meaning">evil eye</span> </li> <li id="21578" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">Cenopillus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21579" class="parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*agz?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21580" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*augô</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> <span class="note">modified by association with <span class="transliteration">*ausô</span>: "ear" from <span class="transliteration">*h₂ṓws</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21581" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21582" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">augō</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="21583" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Crimean Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Latn">oeghene</span> <span class="meaning">eyes</span> <span class="note">only attested in plural</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21584" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21585" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">auga</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21586" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dalecarlian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21587" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Övdalian</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ovd-Latn">oga</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21588" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21589" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">øje</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="21590" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">öga</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21591" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21592" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Faroese</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="fao-Latn">eyga</span> <span class="meaning">eye, view</span> </li> <li id="21593" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">auga</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21594" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">vindauga</span> <span class="meaning">window</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="67244" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">vindue</span> <span class="meaning">window</span> </li> <li id="67245" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">vindöga</span> <span class="meaning">window (archaic)</span> </li> <li id="67246" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">window</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="45843" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">windowpane</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="67247" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">fuinneog</span> <span class="meaning">window</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21595" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">augasteinn</span> <span class="meaning">pupil (of the eye)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21596" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21597" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">øjesten</span> <span class="meaning">apple of one's eye</span> </li> <li id="21598" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">ögonsten</span> <span class="meaning">apple of one's eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21599" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21600" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">augasteinn</span> <span class="meaning">pupil, lens</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21601" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*augā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21602" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēage</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="15124" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">dæġes ēage</span> <span class="meaning">daisy</span> <span class="note">lit. "day's eye"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="15125" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">dayesye</span> <span class="meaning">daisy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="15126" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">daisy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21603" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">eyȝe</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">eie</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">eye</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21604" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">eye</span> </li> <li id="21605" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">ee</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="21606" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">iee</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21607" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēagþyrel</span> <span class="meaning">window</span> <span class="note">lit "eye-hole"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21608" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*oga</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21609" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">oge</span> <span class="meaning">eye, gaze</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21610" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">oog</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21611" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ouga</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21612" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">ouge</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21613" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Auge</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="21614" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">אויג</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">oyg</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21615" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*augāhlid</span> <span class="meaning">eyelid</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21616" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="ang-Latn">*ēaghlid</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21617" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21618" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">eyelid</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21619" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*ogahlid</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21620" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21621" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">ooglid</span> <span class="meaning">eyelid</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21622" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="goh-Latn">*ougenhlit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21623" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21624" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Augenlid</span> <span class="meaning">eyelid</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21625" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*augjaz</span> <span class="meaning">eyed, having eyes (of a certain type)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21626" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21627" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Proto-Norse</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="non-Latn">augiʀ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21628" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Proto-Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Runr">ᚷᛚᛇᚨᚢᚷᛁᛉ</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="non-Latn">glïaugiʀ</span> <span class="meaning">gleaming? eyed</span> </li> <li id="21629" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">eygr</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21630" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*augijaną</span> <span class="meaning">to show, to cause to see</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21631" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21632" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">augjan</span> <span class="meaning">to show</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21633" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21634" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">eygja</span> <span class="meaning">to eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21635" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21636" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">eygja</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21637" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21638" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">īewan</span> <span class="meaning">to show, to appear</span> </li> <li id="21639" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="osx-Latn">ōgian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21640" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">ögen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21641" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">ögelen</span> <span class="note">frequentive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21642" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ogle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21643" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*ókʷs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="861" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*áitʰ-ókʷs</span> <span class="note">"eye-burning"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="862" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αἶθοψ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aîthops</span> <span class="meaning">gleaming, sparkling, blazing</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="863" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*áitʰiókʷs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="864" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀀𐀂𐀴𐀍𐀦</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="gmy-Latn">a-i-ti-jo-qo</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopian</span> </li> <li id="865" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Αἰθίοψ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Aithíops</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="866" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Αἰθιοπία</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="867" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Aethiopia</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="868" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Ethiopia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="869" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">ʻAikiopa</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="870" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Amharic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="amh-Ethi">ኢትዮጵያ</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="amh-Latn">ʾityop̣p̣ya</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8974" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">κώνωψ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">kṓnōps</span> <span class="meaning">gnat, mosquito</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8975" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">κωνώπιον</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">kōnṓpion</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8976" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">κουνούπι</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">kounoúpi</span> <span class="meaning">mosquito</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8977" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">cunupi</span> <span class="meaning">mosquito</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8978" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">κωνωπεῖον</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">kōnōpeîon</span> <span class="meaning">an Egyptian couch with mosquito netting</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8979" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cōnōpēum</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">canōpēum</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">canāpēum</span> <span class="meaning">mosquito net, canopy, seat with a canopy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8980" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8981" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">conope</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">canope</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8982" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8983" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">canapé</span> <span class="meaning">sofa, hors d’oeuvre, canapé</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8984" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">canapé</span> </li> <li id="8985" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">καναπές</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">kanapés</span> <span class="meaning">sofa, settee</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="8986" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">canape</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">canapy</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">canope</span> <span class="meaning">canopy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8987" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">canopy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8988" class="italic calque"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">canopée</span> <span class="meaning">(forest) canopy</span> </li> <li id="8989" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">canopy</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">canopi</span> <span class="meaning">(canopy) zipline</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21644" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὄψ</span> / <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὤψ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">óps</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ṓps</span> <span class="meaning">eye, face</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8202" class="parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Camelops</span> <span class="meaning">a taxonomic genus of extinct camels</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8203" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Camelops hesternus</span> <span class="meaning">species name: Yesterday's Camel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21645" class="parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Ceratops</span> <span class="meaning">an obsolete taxonomic genus of ornithiscian dinosaurs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="30393" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Ceratopsia</span> <span class="meaning">the Ceratopsians, a taxonomic suborder of ornithiscian dinosaurs</span> </li> <li id="30394" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Triceratops</span> <span class="meaning">a taxonomic genus of Ceratopsians</span> <span class="note">lit. "three horn face"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21646" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὀφθαλμός</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ophthalmós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21647" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">οφθαλμός</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">ofthalmós</span> <span class="meaning">eye, bud</span> </li> <li id="21648" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ophthalmo-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21649" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hákš</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21650" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hákṣ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21651" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*anHákṣ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21652" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Vedic Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-vaidika-Brah">𑀅𑀦𑀓𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-vaidika-Deva">अनक्</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-vaidika-Latn">anák</span> <span class="meaning">blind</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21653" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="Latn">*ëk</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21654" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xto-Latn">ak</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="21655" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">ek</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="21656" class="tocharian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="Latn">*tärrek</span> <span class="meaning">blind</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="21657" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xto-Latn">trak</span> <span class="meaning">blind</span> </li> <li id="21658" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">tärrek</span> <span class="meaning">blind</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21659" class="tocharian parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="Latn">*tāpāki-</span> <span class="meaning">mirror</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21660" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xto-Latn">tāpaki</span> <span class="meaning">mirror</span> </li> <li id="21661" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">tapākye</span> <span class="meaning">mirror</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21662" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₃ókʷih₁</span> <span class="meaning">eyes (dual)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21663" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*asī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21664" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">sy</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21665" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">աչք</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">ačʻkʻ</span> <span class="meaning">eyes, sight</span> </li> <li id="21666" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*óťťe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21667" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὄσσε</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ósse</span> <span class="meaning">eyes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21668" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*HáčiH</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21669" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hákši</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21670" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hákṣi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21671" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">ákṣi</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21672" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Elu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21673" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Dhivehi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="div-Thaa">ލޮަ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="div-Latn">loa</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="21674" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sinhala</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sin-Sinh">ඇස</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="sin-Latn">æsa</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21675" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21676" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">আঁখ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ben-Latn">ãkh</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21677" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="psu-Brah">𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="psu-Latn">akkhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21678" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Madhya Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21679" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">आँख</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">ā̃kh</span> <span class="meaning">eye, sight</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21680" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21681" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kashmiri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kas-Arab">أچھ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="kas-Latn">ạch</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="21682" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Punjabi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pan-Guru">ਅੱਖ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pan-Latn">akkh</span> <span class="meaning">eye, sight</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21683" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21684" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Romani</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rom-Latn">jakh</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21685" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Taml">அக்கு</span> <span class="transliteration dravidian" lang="tel-Latn">akku</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21686" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Háxši</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Háši</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21687" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬀𐬱𐬌</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">aši</span> <span class="meaning">eyes</span> </li> <li id="21688" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21689" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21690" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭠𐭱</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">āš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21691" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">اش</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">aš</span> <span class="meaning">-eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21692" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Nuristani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21693" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ashkun</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ask-Latn">aćī́</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="21694" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kamviri</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xvi-Latn">ačé</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21695" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁én-h₃ókʷih₁</span> <span class="meaning">in the (two) eyes, seen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21696" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21697" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">yneś</span> <span class="meaning">obvious, real</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21698" class="tocharian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">yneśaññe</span> <span class="meaning">the present, the current time</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21699" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₃ekʷō</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₃kʷn-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21700" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">ակն</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">akn</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21701" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ակն</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">akn</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21702" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*-h₃kʷos</span> <span class="note">combining form</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4458" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂époh₃kʷos</span> <span class="meaning">looking back</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21703" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21704" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21705" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">apúokas</span> <span class="meaning">eagle owl</span> <span class="note">for being able to turn their head around and look backward</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21706" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*opakъ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21707" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21708" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">опак</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">opak</span> <span class="meaning">wicked, spiteful, severe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21709" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*abuhaz</span> <span class="meaning">backwards, inverted, wicked</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21710" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21711" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌺𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">ibuks</span> <span class="meaning">backward, back</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21712" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21713" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">ǫfugr</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">afigr</span> <span class="meaning">backward, unkind, harsh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21714" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21715" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">avet</span> <span class="meaning">backward</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21716" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21717" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">öfugur</span> <span class="meaning">backward, inverted, wrong, inside out, queer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21718" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">awke</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21719" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">awk</span> </li> <li id="21720" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">aukeward</span> <span class="meaning">in the wrong direction</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21721" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">awkward</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21722" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21723" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="ang-Latn">*afuh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21724" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">afuhlic</span> <span class="meaning">perverse, evil</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21725" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">abuh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21726" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">ebich</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21727" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">äbich</span> <span class="meaning">inside out</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21728" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21729" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21730" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀧𑀸𑀜𑁆𑀘𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">apāñc</span> <span class="meaning">facing backward, behind, western</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21731" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁éni-h₃kʷos</span> <span class="meaning">face</span> <span class="note">lit. "in-eye"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21732" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*enīkʷom</span> <span class="meaning">face</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21733" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*eneb</span> <span class="meaning">face</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21734" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">eneb</span> <span class="meaning">face, honor, opposite</span> </li> <li id="21735" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Cornish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">enep</span> <span class="meaning">face, surface</span> </li> <li id="21736" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Old Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="owl-Latn">enep</span> <span class="meaning">surface, page</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21737" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Primitive Irish</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="pgl-Latn">*ineqa-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21738" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Primitive Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="pgl-Ogam">ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="pgl-Latn">ineqaglas</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Green/Blue/Grey-Face</span> </li> <li id="21739" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">enech</span> <span class="meaning">face, front, honor</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21740" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">enech</span> / <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">einech</span> / <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">ainech</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21741" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">oineach</span> <span class="meaning">honor, honorary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21742" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*eɸi-enīkʷom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21743" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*eieneb</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21744" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">wyneb</span> <span class="meaning">face</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21745" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*enōkʷā́</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21746" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἐνωπή</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">enōpḗ</span> <span class="meaning">face</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21747" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*HániHkas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21748" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21749" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀦𑀻𑀓</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">ánīka</span> <span class="meaning">face, appearance, front</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21750" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂énti-h₃kʷos</span> <span class="meaning">in front of the eye, before the eye, across from the eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21751" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21752" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21753" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀓</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">antiká</span> <span class="meaning">near, close by, across from</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21754" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*antīkʷos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21755" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">antīquus</span> <span class="meaning">former, earlier, old</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21756" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21757" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">antico</span> <span class="meaning">old, ancient</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21758" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">antic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21759" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">antic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21760" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21761" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">antique</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21762" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">antique</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21763" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂eh₁tro-h₃kʷs</span> <span class="meaning">fire-sight, seeming like a fire</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56412" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*ātrōks</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56413" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">atrox</span> <span class="meaning">terrible, frightening, fierce, cruel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56414" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56415" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">atroce</span> <span class="meaning">atrocious, dreadful, ghastly</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="56416" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56417" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">atroz</span> <span class="meaning">atrocious, horrible, appalling</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="56418" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">atrocitas</span> <span class="meaning">atrocity, suffering, disaster</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56419" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">atrocity</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21764" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*ni-h₃kʷos</span> <span class="meaning">below the eye, looking downward</span> </li> <li id="21765" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*préti-h₃kʷos</span> <span class="meaning">in front of the eye, towards the eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21766" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21767" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Archaic Ionic Greek</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">*protiōpon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21768" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πρόσωπον</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">prósōpon</span> </li> <li id="21769" class="tyrsenian parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="tyrsenian"> <span class="language tyrsenian">Etruscan</span> <span class="orthography tyrsenian" lang="ett-Ital">𐌘𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌖</span> <span class="transliteration tyrsenian" lang="ett-Grek">φersu</span> <span class="meaning">mask, masked actor</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21770" class="tyrsenian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="tyrsenian"> <span class="language tyrsenian">Etruscan</span> <span class="transliteration tyrsenian" lang="ett-Grek">*φersuna</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21771" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">persōna</span> <span class="meaning">mask, character, role, personality, grammatical person</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21772" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21773" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">persona</span> <span class="meaning">person, someone, anyone</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21774" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21775" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">persone</span> <span class="meaning">person, individual, rector of a parish, someone</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21776" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21777" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">personne</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">persoun</span> <span class="meaning">person, grammatical person, no one, anyone</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21778" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">persoun</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">personne</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21779" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">person</span> </li> <li id="21780" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">parson</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21781" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">persona</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21782" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Kana">ペルソナ</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="jpn-Latn">perusona</span> <span class="meaning">persona</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21783" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">persōnālis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21784" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">personal</span> </li> <li id="21785" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">personnel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21786" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">personnel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21787" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21788" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21789" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀢𑀻𑀓</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">prátīka</span> <span class="meaning">surface, form, appearance, image</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21790" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21791" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">pratsāko</span> <span class="meaning">chest, breast</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21792" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂nḗroh₃ókʷs??</span> <span class="meaning">man-seeming??</span> </li> <li id="21793" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁n̥dʰéreh₃kʷós??</span> <span class="meaning">seen below?? earthly??</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1556" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*ǝntʰrokʷos</span> <span class="meaning">person, human</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1557" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀀𐀵𐀫𐀦</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="gmy-Latn">a-to-ro-qo</span> <span class="meaning">person, human</span> </li> <li id="1558" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Arcadocypriot</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Cprt">𐠀𐠰𐠦𐠡𐠩</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">a-to-ro-po-se</span> <span class="meaning">men</span> </li> <li id="1559" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄνθρωπος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ánthrōpos</span> <span class="meaning">person, human, mankind</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1560" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">άνθρωπος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">ánthropos</span> <span class="meaning">person, human</span> </li> <li id="1561" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μισάνθρωπος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">misánthrōpos</span> <span class="meaning">misanthropic, human-hating</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1562" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μισανθρωπία</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">misanthrōpía</span> <span class="meaning">misanthropy, human-hatred</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1563" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">misanthropy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1564" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">misanthrope</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1565" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">λῠκάνθρωπος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">lukánthrōpos</span> <span class="meaning">werewolf, wolf-man, lycanthrope</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68389" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">λυκάνθρωπος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">lykánthropos</span> </li> <li id="68390" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">lycanthrope</span> </li> <li id="68391" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Classical Syriac</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="syc-Syrc">ܩܢܛܪܘܦܘܣ</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="syc-Latn">qanṭropos</span> <span class="meaning">werewolf, lycanthrope</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="68392" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">قطرب</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">quṭrub</span> <span class="meaning">werewolf, lycanthrope</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1566" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄνθρωπολόγος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">anthrōpologos</span> <span class="meaning">discussion of a human, discussion of humanity</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1567" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">New Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">anthropologia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1568" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">anthropologie</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1569" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anthropology</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="1570" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anthropo-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="1571" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anthropomorphic</span> </li> <li id="1572" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Anthropocene</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21794" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₃ekʷelos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21795" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*okʷelos</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21796" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">oculus</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">oclus</span> <span class="meaning">eye, sight</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21576" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ab oculīs</span> <span class="meaning">blind</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21818" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21819" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avogle</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">aveule</span> <span class="meaning">blind, blind person</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21820" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">avegule</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21821" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">aveugle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21822" class="italic creole diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic creole">Haitian Creole</span> <span class="orthography italic creole" lang="hat-Latn">aveg</span> <span class="meaning">blind</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21797" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21798" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">uaclo</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="21799" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">occhio</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21800" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21801" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">oclju</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="21802" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">ochi</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21803" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21804" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">ogru</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21805" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21806" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">ull</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="21807" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">ol</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">oil</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">ueil</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21808" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">œil</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21809" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">œil</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21810" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">trompe-l’œil</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21811" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">trompe l’oeil</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21812" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">ojo</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21813" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">oculus</span> </li> <li id="21814" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ocularis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21815" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">oculaire</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21816" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">binoculaire</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21817" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">binocular</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21823" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">inoculare</span> <span class="meaning">to graft (an eye or bud) of one tree into another, to implant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21824" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">inoculate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21825" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*anteocularis</span> <span class="meaning">in front of the eyes</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21826" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21827" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">antoillier</span> <span class="meaning">antler, horn</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="21828" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">andouiller</span> <span class="meaning">tine of an antler</span> </li> <li id="21829" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21830" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">antler</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21831" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₃ékʷmn̥</span> <span class="meaning">a seeing, a look</span> <span class="note">action/result noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21832" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*ókʷmə</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21833" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Archaic Greek</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">*ópma</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21834" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Aeolic Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὄππα</span> </li> <li id="21835" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Ionic Greek</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21836" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὄμμα</span> <span class="meaning">eye, light, face</span> <span class="note">oblique stem <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ὄμματ-</span> <span class="transliteration">ómmat-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21837" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὀμμάτιον</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21838" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μάτιν</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">matin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21839" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">μάτι</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">máti</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21840" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Ommata</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic genus of longhorn beetles</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21841" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₃kʷtós</span> <span class="meaning">seen, visible</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21842" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21843" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὀπτός</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">optós</span> <span class="meaning">seen, visible</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21844" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὀπτικός</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">optikós</span> <span class="meaning">visual, optical</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21845" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">opticus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21846" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">optic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21847" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anti-optic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21848" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₃ékʷtis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21849" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ὄψις</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ópsis</span> <span class="meaning">view, sight, countenance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21850" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">όψη</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">ópsi</span> <span class="meaning">appearance, aspect</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21851" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">σύνοψις</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">súnopsis</span> <span class="meaning">seeing all together, general view, synopsis, estimate</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21852" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">synopsis</span> <span class="meaning">list, synopsis, overview</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21853" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">synopsis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21854" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*?-h₃ókʷo-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21855" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="Latn">*sṓgʷos</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21856" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Hittite</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hit-Xsux">𒃲𒄭𒀀𒅖</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="hit-Latn">šakawiš</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="21857" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Luwic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21858" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Cuneiform Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlu-Xsux">𒁕𒀀𒌋𒄿𒅖</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xlu-Latn">tāwīš⁠</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="21859" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hlu-Hluw">𔑰𔗬</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="hlu-Latn">ta-wa-</span> <span class="meaning">eye</span> </li> <li id="21860" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Lycian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlc-Lyci">𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊁</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xlc-Latn">tewe</span> <span class="meaning">eyes</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21861" class="anatolian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Lycian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlc-Lyci">𐊑𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊚</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xlc-Latn">ñtewẽ</span> <span class="meaning">facing, opposite, towards</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/eye.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/eye.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-eye.html#15126">daisy</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#1563">misanthropy</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#1564">misanthrope</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#1569">anthropology</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#1570">anthropo-</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#1571">anthropomorphic</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#1572">Anthropocene</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21604">eye</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21618">eyelid</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21642">ogle</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21645">Ceratops</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21648">ophthalmo-</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21719">awk</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21721">awkward</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21758">antic</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21762">antique</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21779">person</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21780">parson</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21781">persona</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21784">personal</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21786">personnel</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21811">trompe l’oeil</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21813">oculus</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21817">binocular</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21824">inoculate</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21830">antler</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21840">Ommata</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21846">optic</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21847">anti-optic</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#21853">synopsis</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#30393">Ceratopsia</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#30394">Triceratops</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#45843">windowpane</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#56419">atrocity</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#67246">window</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#68390">lycanthrope</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#8202">Camelops</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#8203">Camelops hesternus</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#868">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#8984">canapé</a>, <a href="/word-family-eye.html#8987">canopy</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>In Tocharian <span class="transliteration">*tärrek</span>: "blind, blind person", the second element is <span class="transliteration">ek</span>: "eye", while the the first element is probably cognate to "stare". Compare West Germanic <span class="transliteration">*stareblind</span>: "completely blind", which gives Dutch <span class="orthography" lang="nld-Latn">staarblind</span>, Old English <span class="orthography" lang="ang-Latn">stæreblind</span>, and German <span class="orthography" lang="">Star</span>-deu-Latn: "cataract (eye disease)".</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p>Latin <span class="transliteration">*anteocularis</span>: "in front of the eyes"—Old French <span class="orthography" lang="fro-Latn">antoillier</span>: "antler, horn", English <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">antler</span>—effectively re-creates Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂énti-h₃kʷos</span>: "in front of the eye"—whence Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">antiquus</span>, <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">antique</span>.</p> </li> </ol> 2024-04-12T00:00:00-07:002024-04-12T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2024-04-12:/word-family-elm.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>I met a baby Elowen last week. After initially wondering if it was another example of <a href="/word-family-fiona.html"><span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">-wen</span></a>, I found that it was actually the singulative suffix <span class="orthography" lang="cor-Latn">-en</span> on Cornish <span class="orthography" lang="cor-Latn">elow</span>: "elms"—the equivalent of Welsh <span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">llwyfen</span>: "elm", <span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">llwyf</span>: "elms".</p> <p><span class="transliteration">*h₁elmos</span>: "wych elm (Ulmus glabra)" shows up with identical meaning …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>I met a baby Elowen last week. After initially wondering if it was another example of <a href="/word-family-fiona.html"><span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">-wen</span></a>, I found that it was actually the singulative suffix <span class="orthography" lang="cor-Latn">-en</span> on Cornish <span class="orthography" lang="cor-Latn">elow</span>: "elms"—the equivalent of Welsh <span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">llwyfen</span>: "elm", <span class="orthography" lang="cym-Latn">llwyf</span>: "elms".</p> <p><span class="transliteration">*h₁elmos</span>: "wych elm (Ulmus glabra)" shows up with identical meaning in all four of the Late Northwest branches (if slightly irregular phonology), plus an Albanian word with a slightly different meaning. It probably represents a LNW borrowing from an Eastern European substrate language, with a separate borrowing from a related source into Pre-Albanian.</p> <p>Since the Albanian has the form of a diminutive, it looks like Pre-Albanian at some point had <span class="transliteration">*ulma</span> meaning "elm", made a diminutive <span class="transliteration">*ulmzā</span> to mean a similar tree, and then lost the original word.</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-elm.html#20990">limousine</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#21019">elm</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#21001">Alamo</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="20938" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">?</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*VlmV?</span> <span class="note">Eastern European substrate?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20939" class="albanian parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*ulma</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20940" class="albanian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*ulmzā</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20941" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">ulzë</span> <span class="meaning">Tartar maple</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="20942" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Northwestern Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁élmos</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁élm̥</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁l̥mós</span> <span class="meaning">wych elm (Ulmus glabra)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20943" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*elemas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20944" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*jьlьmъ</span> <span class="meaning">elm, wych elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20945" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">илемъ</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">ilemŭ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20946" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">ильм</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">ilʹm</span> <span class="meaning">elm, wych elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="20947" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20948" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slovene</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="slv-Latn">lim</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="20949" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20950" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">jilm</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="20951" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*limos</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20952" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*lluɨβ̃</span> <span class="meaning">elms</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20953" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Cornish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">elow</span> <span class="meaning">elms</span> </li> <li id="20954" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">llwyf</span> <span class="meaning">elms</span> </li> <li id="20955" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="ang-Latn">*līm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20956" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20957" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">(Forest of) Lyme</span> <span class="note">but not the River Lyme</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20958" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Lyme Park</span> </li> <li id="20959" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Newcastle-under-Lyme</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="20960" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Aldelime</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20961" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20962" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Audlem</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="20963" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Bacardeslim</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20964" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20965" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Burslem</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="20966" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*lluɨβ̃en</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> <span class="note">derived singulative</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20967" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Cornish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">elowen</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20968" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Cornish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">Elowen</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20969" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Elowen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="20970" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">llwyfen</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="20971" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">lem</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20972" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">lemán</span> <span class="note">originally a diminutive, but later just a noun-forming suffix</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20973" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20974" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">leamhán</span> <span class="meaning">elm tree</span> </li> <li id="20975" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Manx</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="glv-Latn">lhiouan</span> </li> <li id="20976" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Scottish Gaelic</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gla-Latn">leamhan</span> <span class="meaning">elm tree</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="20977" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">*lemos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20978" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">*Lēmouīcēs</span> <span class="meaning">ethnonym: Elm Vanquishers?</span> <span class="note">possibly referring to elm bows or spears</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20979" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Lemovices</span> <span class="meaning">a Gaulish tribe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20980" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">civitas Lemovicum</span> <span class="meaning">city of the Lemovices</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20981" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20982" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">Llemotges</span> </li> <li id="20983" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Limoges</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20984" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Limoges</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="20985" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Occitan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="oci-Latn">Limòtges</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="20986" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">lemovicinus</span> <span class="meaning">of or related to the Lemovices</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20987" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20988" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">limousin</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">limousine</span> <span class="meaning">of Limoges</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20989" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">limousin</span> <span class="note">cattle breed</span> </li> <li id="20990" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">limousine</span> <span class="note">vehicle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20991" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">limo</span> </li> <li id="20992" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Kana">リムジン</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="jpn-Latn">rimujin</span> <span class="meaning">limousine (vehicle)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="20993" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">limousinage</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="20994" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gallaecian</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="xce-Latn">*lemo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20995" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Asturian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ast-Latn">llamera</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="20996" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*elmaz</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*almaz</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*ulmaz</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20997" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20998" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Vandalic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*alms</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="20999" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">álamo</span> <span class="meaning">white poplar, cottonwood</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21000" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Álamo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21001" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Alamo</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21002" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">alameda</span> <span class="meaning">poplar grove, street lined with trees</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21003" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Alameda</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21004" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Alameda</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21005" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21006" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">almr</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21007" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21008" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">alm</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21009" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21010" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Faroese</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="fao-Latn">álmur</span> </li> <li id="21011" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">álmur</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21012" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">elmi</span> <span class="meaning">elms</span> <span class="note">collective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21013" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21014" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">elm</span> </li> <li id="21015" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">älme</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21016" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*elm</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*alm</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*ulm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21017" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">elm</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="ang-Latn">*ulm</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21018" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">elme</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">alme</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">ulme</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21019" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21020" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ulmtrēow</span> <span class="meaning">elm-tree</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21021" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21022" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">olm</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">olme</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="dum-Latn">*alm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21023" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">olm</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21024" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">elmo</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ulm</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21025" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">ulme</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21026" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Ulme</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21027" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*olmos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21028" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ulmus</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21024" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">elmo</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ulm</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21025" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">ulme</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21026" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Ulme</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21029" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21030" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">olmo</span> <span class="meaning">elm, field elm (Ulmus minor)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21031" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">olmaria</span> <span class="meaning">meadowsweet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21032" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21033" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">ulm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21034" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21035" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">olme</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21022" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">olm</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">olme</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="dum-Latn">*alm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21023" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">olm</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21036" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21037" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">orme</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21038" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">olmo</span> <span class="meaning">elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21039" class="parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Ulmus</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic genus of elm trees</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21040" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Ulmus glabra</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic species of the wych elm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21041" class="kartvelian borrowing possible"> <span class="language kartvelian">Laz</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="lzz-Geor">მულა</span> <span class="transliteration kartvelian" lang="lzz-Latn">mula</span> <span class="meaning">wych elm (Ulmus glabra)</span> <span class="note">metathesis of the substrate?</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/elm.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/elm.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-elm.html#20957">(Forest of) Lyme</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#20958">Lyme Park</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#20959">Newcastle-under-Lyme</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#20962">Audlem</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#20965">Burslem</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#20969">Elowen</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#20984">Limoges</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#20989">limousin</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#20990">limousine</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#20991">limo</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#21001">Alamo</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#21004">Alameda</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#21019">elm</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#21039">Ulmus</a>, <a href="/word-family-elm.html#21040">Ulmus glabra</a></p> 2024-03-15T00:00:00-07:002024-03-15T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2024-03-15:/word-family-kai.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>A quick Austronesian word family inspired by my friend Kai's birthday: Malayo-Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*tasik</span>: "sea, coastal water, saltwater, tide" -> Hawaiʻian <span class="orthography" lang="haw-Latn">kai</span>: "sea, saltwater, coast, tide".</p> <p>The Oceanic compound <span class="transliteration">*taqu-tasi</span>: "expert sailor" (lit. "sea-able, sea-knowing") is such a cool word, I included Austronesian <span class="transliteration">*tsaqu</span>: "to know how, to be able", too …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>A quick Austronesian word family inspired by my friend Kai's birthday: Malayo-Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*tasik</span>: "sea, coastal water, saltwater, tide" -> Hawaiʻian <span class="orthography" lang="haw-Latn">kai</span>: "sea, saltwater, coast, tide".</p> <p>The Oceanic compound <span class="transliteration">*taqu-tasi</span>: "expert sailor" (lit. "sea-able, sea-knowing") is such a cool word, I included Austronesian <span class="transliteration">*tsaqu</span>: "to know how, to be able", too!</p> <p>Edited to add: this compound appears in Moana 2 (Nov 2024), when Moana is addressed as <span class="orthography" lang="smo-Latn">tautai</span>, i.e. "master wayfinder".</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-kai.html#33700">kai</a>, <a href="/word-family-kai.html#33766">tautai</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="33774" class="austronesian parent"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Austronesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*tsaqu</span> <span class="meaning">to know how, to be able</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33775" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Paiwan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="pwn-Latn">tsaqu</span> <span class="meaning">to know, to be able</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33776" class="austronesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Paiwan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="pwn-Latn">ki-tsaqu-an</span> <span class="meaning">to practice, to learn a skill</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33777" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*taqu</span> <span class="meaning">to know how, to be able</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33778" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Kawi</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="kaw-Kawi">𑼡𑼲𑼸</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="kaw-Latn">tahu</span> <span class="meaning">skilled, practiced, trained</span> </li> <li id="33779" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Sumbawan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33780" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Bali</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ban-Latn">tahu</span> </li> <li id="33781" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Chamic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*thɔw</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33782" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Aceh</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ace-Latn">thée</span> </li> <li id="33783" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Tsat</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="huq-Latn">tiawʔ³²</span> <span class="meaning">to know</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33784" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*tahu</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*tahuʔ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33785" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Iban</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="iba-Latn">tau</span> <span class="meaning">able, can, should</span> </li> <li id="33786" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">tahu</span> <span class="meaning">to know</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33787" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Philippine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33788" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Binukid</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="bkd-Latn">tatau</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33789" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Oceanic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*taqu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33790" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33791" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33792" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">tau</span> <span class="meaning">accustomed skill</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33793" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33794" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33795" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">tau</span> <span class="meaning">a familiar or habitual action</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33796" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33797" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Rapa Nui</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="rap-Latn">tau</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="rap-Latn">tautau</span> <span class="meaning">Beautiful, elegant, handsome, precious</span> </li> <li id="33798" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33799" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">tau</span> <span class="meaning">to be able, suitable</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33800" class="austronesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*ka-taqu</span> <span class="meaning">ability, skill, knowledge</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33801" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Philippine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33802" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Binukid</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="bkd-Latn">ka-tatau</span> <span class="meaning">ability, skill; wisdom, knowledge</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33803" class="austronesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*ka-taqu-an</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33827" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Kawi</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="kaw-Kawi">𑼒𑼡𑼁𑼮𑼁</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="kaw-Latn">katahwan</span> <span class="meaning">skilled, used to, familiar with</span> </li> <li id="33828" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Sumbawan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33829" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33830" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">pêngêtahuan</span> <span class="meaning">knowledge, intelligence</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33804" class="austronesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Austronesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*ma-Caqu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33805" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Paiwan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="pwn-Latn">ma-tsaqu</span> <span class="meaning">capable, skilled</span> </li> <li id="33806" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33760" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Oceanic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*taqu-tasi</span> <span class="meaning">sea-farer, expert sailor</span> <span class="note">lit. "sea-able, sea-knowing"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33761" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33762" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33763" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">toutai</span> <span class="meaning">fisherman</span> <span class="note">irregular vowel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33764" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33765" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33766" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">master fisherman, captain</span> </li> <li id="33767" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tokelauan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkl-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">master fisherman, captain, to steer, to direct</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33768" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33769" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33770" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">a fishing technique</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33771" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Outlier Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33772" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Anuta</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="aud-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">sea expert</span> </li> <li id="33773" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Takuu</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="nho-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">fishing leader, shark-fishing equipment</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33807" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Philippine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33808" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Binukid</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="bkd-Latn">ma-tatau</span> <span class="meaning">clever, wise, skilled</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33809" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Oceanic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*maa-taqu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33810" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Fijian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="fij-Latn">matasau</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="fij-Latn">masau</span> <span class="meaning">title of respect, master</span> </li> <li id="33811" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*maataqu</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*mataqu</span> <span class="meaning">to know, to understand</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33812" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33813" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33814" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tokelauan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkl-Latn">mātau</span> <span class="meaning">knowledge, understanding</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33815" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33816" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33817" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">mākaukau</span> <span class="meaning">ready, able, competent, skilled</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33818" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33819" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> </li> <li id="33820" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">mātau</span> <span class="meaning">to know, to understand, knowledge</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33821" class="austronesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Austronesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*tsaqu-an</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33822" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Paiwan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="pwn-Latn">tsaqu-an</span> <span class="meaning">skill</span> </li> <li id="33823" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*taqu-an</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33803" class="austronesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*ka-taqu-an</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33827" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Kawi</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="kaw-Kawi">𑼒𑼡𑼁𑼮𑼁</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="kaw-Latn">katahwan</span> <span class="meaning">skilled, used to, familiar with</span> </li> <li id="33828" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Sumbawan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33829" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33830" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">pêngêtahuan</span> <span class="meaning">knowledge, intelligence</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33824" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Sumbawan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33825" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Bali-Sasak</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33826" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Bali</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ban-Latn">tawang</span> <span class="meaning">to see, to perceive, to know</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33664" class="austronesian parent"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*tasik</span> <span class="meaning">sea, coastal water, saltwater, tide</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33665" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Bornean</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33666" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Barito</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33667" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malagasy</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="mlg-Latn">taiky</span> <span class="meaning">sea</span> <span class="note">dialectic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33668" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Chamorro</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="cha-Latn">tasi</span> <span class="meaning">sea</span> </li> <li id="33669" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Kawi</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="kaw-Kawi">𑼡𑼱𑼶𑼒𑽁</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="kaw-Latn">tasik</span> <span class="meaning">sea, ocean</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33670" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Javanese</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="jav-Java">ꦠꦱꦶꦏ꧀</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="jav-Latn">tasik</span> <span class="meaning">sea, ocean</span> <span class="note">literary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33671" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Sumbawan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33672" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Bali</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ban-Latn">tasik</span> <span class="meaning">salt</span> </li> <li id="33673" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*tasik</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33674" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Iban</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="iba-Latn">tasik</span> <span class="meaning">sea</span> </li> <li id="33675" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">tasik</span> <span class="meaning">lake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33676" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Philippine</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*tasik</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33677" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Cebuano</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="bkd-Latn">tasik</span> <span class="meaning">brine</span> </li> <li id="33678" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">tasik</span> <span class="meaning">saltwater, brine, brining</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33679" class="parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Berau Gulf</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33680" class="diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Mor</span> <span class="orthography" lang="moq-Latn">ati</span> </li> <li id="33681" class="diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language">Kokoda</span> <span class="orthography" lang="xod-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">water</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33682" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Timoric</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33683" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Tetun</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tdt-Latn">tasi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33684" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Oceanic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*tasi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33685" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Admiralty Islands</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33686" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Loniu</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="los-Latn">tas</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33687" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Fijian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="fij-Latn">taci</span> </li> <li id="33688" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Fijian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="fij-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">coast, seashore</span> </li> <li id="33689" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Micronesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33690" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Kiribati</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="gil-Latn">tari</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33691" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*tai</span> <span class="meaning">sea, saltwater, tide</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33692" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Niuafoʻou</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="num-Latn">tai</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="num-Latn">tahi</span> <span class="meaning">sea, sea water, lagoon</span> </li> <li id="33693" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*tai</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33694" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*tai</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33695" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">tide, sea</span> </li> <li id="33696" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tokelauan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkl-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">sea, tide</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33697" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*tai</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33698" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Rapa Nui</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="rap-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">sea</span> </li> <li id="33699" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*tai</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33700" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">kai</span> <span class="meaning">sea, saltwater, coast, tide</span> </li> <li id="33701" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">sea, salt water, seaward</span> </li> <li id="33702" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*paka-tai</span> <span class="meaning">salt</span> <span class="note">lit. "dried salt water"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33703" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">paʻakai</span> <span class="meaning">salt</span> </li> <li id="33704" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">pakatai</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">paʻatai</span> <span class="meaning">salt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33705" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33706" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">sea</span> </li> <li id="33707" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">sea</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33708" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*kiri-a-tai</span> <span class="meaning">surface of the sea, horizon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33709" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33710" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">ʻilikai</span> <span class="meaning">surface of the sea, horizon, horizontal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33711" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33712" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">ʻiriātai</span> <span class="meaning">surface of the sea, horizon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33713" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*tafa-tai</span> <span class="meaning">seaside, coast, shore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33714" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33715" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tuvaluan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tvl-Latn">tafatai</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tvl-Latn">tafaatai</span> <span class="meaning">seashore</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33716" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*tahatai</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33717" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Rapa Nui</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="rap-Latn">tahatai</span> <span class="meaning">beach, shore</span> </li> <li id="33718" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33719" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">kahakai</span> <span class="meaning">beach, shore</span> </li> <li id="33720" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">taha tai</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">tahatai</span> <span class="meaning">seaside, beach</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33721" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33722" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">tahatai</span> <span class="meaning">shore</span> </li> <li id="33723" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">tahatai</span> <span class="meaning">seaside</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33724" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*pale-tai</span> <span class="meaning">foredeck, splashboards</span> <span class="note">lit. "sea-guard"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33725" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*pale</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33726" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">pale</span> <span class="meaning">bow of a canoe</span> </li> <li id="33727" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tuvaluan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tvl-Latn">pale-galu</span> <span class="meaning">foredeck, splashboards</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33728" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*pale-tai</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33729" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33730" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">pale kai</span> <span class="meaning">railing on a ship, breakwater</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33731" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33732" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">pare-tai</span> <span class="meaning">splashboards</span> </li> <li id="33733" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">paretai</span> <span class="meaning">a refuge at sea, to take refuge at sea</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33734" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Outlier Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33735" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Anuta</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="aud-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">water over a reef</span> </li> <li id="33736" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Takuu</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="nho-Latn">tai</span> <span class="meaning">sea, tide, sea water</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33737" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33738" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">tahi</span> <span class="meaning">sea, ocean, beach, tide</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33739" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*tai-tai</span> <span class="meaning">salty, brackish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33740" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33741" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33742" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tuvaluan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tvl-Latn">taitaia</span> <span class="meaning">salty, to smell of salt water, to be covered in salt water</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33743" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33744" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33745" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">taitai</span> <span class="meaning">salty, brackish, bitter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33746" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33747" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">mātaitai</span> <span class="meaning">salty, brackish</span> </li> <li id="33748" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">taitai</span> <span class="meaning">salty, brackish, bitter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33749" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33750" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">taitai</span> <span class="meaning">brackish</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33751" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*ŋaa-tai</span> <span class="meaning">seawards, at the sea, coast</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33752" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33753" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*ŋaa-tai</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33754" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">gaatai</span> <span class="meaning">towards the sea</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33755" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Outlier Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33756" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Anuta</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="aud-Latn">gatai</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="aud-Latn">gaatai</span> <span class="meaning">towards the sea</span> </li> <li id="33757" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Takuu</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="nho-Latn">naatai</span> <span class="meaning">flotsam</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33758" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Southeast Solomonic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33759" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Bughotu</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="bgt-Latn">tahi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33760" class="austronesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Oceanic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*taqu-tasi</span> <span class="meaning">sea-farer, expert sailor</span> <span class="note">lit. "sea-able, sea-knowing"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33761" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33762" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33763" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">toutai</span> <span class="meaning">fisherman</span> <span class="note">irregular vowel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33764" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33765" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33766" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">master fisherman, captain</span> </li> <li id="33767" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tokelauan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkl-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">master fisherman, captain, to steer, to direct</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33768" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33769" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33770" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">a fishing technique</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="33771" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Outlier Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33772" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Anuta</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="aud-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">sea expert</span> </li> <li id="33773" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Takuu</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="nho-Latn">tautai</span> <span class="meaning">fishing leader, shark-fishing equipment</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/kai.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/kai.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-kai.html#33700">kai</a>, <a href="/word-family-kai.html#33766">tautai</a></p> 2024-03-08T00:00:00-08:002024-03-08T00:00:00-08:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2024-03-08:/word-family-peacock.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>I was very excited to realize <span class="transliteration">tawus</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">peacock</span> were related!</p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="Turkic_1" class="turkic parent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Turkic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tiakï</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Tungusic_2" class="tungusic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="tungusic"> <span class="language tungusic">Tungusic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tiaku</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Manchu_3" class="tungusic descent"> <span class="language tungusic">Manchu</span> <span class="orthography tungusic" lang="mnc-Mong">ᠴᠣᡴᠣ</span> <span class="transliteration">coko</span> <span class="meaning">chicken</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Turkic_4" class="turkic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Turkic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tiakïgu</span> <span class="meaning">hen, fowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Oghur_5" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Oghur</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Chuvash_6" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Chuvash</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="chv-Cyrl">чӑх</span> <span class="transliteration">čăh</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> <li id="Hungarian_7" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">tyúk</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="CommonTurkic_8" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Common Turkic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Oghuz_9" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Oghuz</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastOghuz_10" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">East Oghuz</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Turkmen_11" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Turkmen</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tuk">towuk</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestOghuz_12" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">West Oghuz</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Azerbaijani_13" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Azerbaijani</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="aze-Latn">toyuq</span> <span class="meaning">hen, chicken …</span></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>I was very excited to realize <span class="transliteration">tawus</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">peacock</span> were related!</p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="Turkic_1" class="turkic parent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Turkic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tiakï</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Tungusic_2" class="tungusic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="tungusic"> <span class="language tungusic">Tungusic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tiaku</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Manchu_3" class="tungusic descent"> <span class="language tungusic">Manchu</span> <span class="orthography tungusic" lang="mnc-Mong">ᠴᠣᡴᠣ</span> <span class="transliteration">coko</span> <span class="meaning">chicken</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Turkic_4" class="turkic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Turkic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tiakïgu</span> <span class="meaning">hen, fowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Oghur_5" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Oghur</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Chuvash_6" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Chuvash</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="chv-Cyrl">чӑх</span> <span class="transliteration">čăh</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> <li id="Hungarian_7" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">tyúk</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="CommonTurkic_8" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Common Turkic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Oghuz_9" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Oghuz</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastOghuz_10" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">East Oghuz</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Turkmen_11" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Turkmen</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tuk">towuk</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestOghuz_12" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">West Oghuz</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Azerbaijani_13" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Azerbaijani</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="aze-Latn">toyuq</span> <span class="meaning">hen, chicken</span> </li> <li id="OttomanTurkish_14" class="turkic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">طاوق</span> <span class="transliteration">tavuk</span> <span class="meaning">hen, fowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Turkish_15" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">tavuk</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Karluk_16" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Karluk</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Uyghur_17" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Uyghur</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="uig-Arab">توخۇ</span> <span class="transliteration">toxu</span> </li> <li id="Uzbek_18" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Uzbek</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="uzb-Latn">tovuq</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Kipchak_19" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Kipchak</span> <span class="transliteration">*tawuɣ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Tatar_20" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Tatar</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tat-Cyrl">тавык</span> <span class="transliteration">tawıq</span> <span class="meaning">hen, chicken</span> </li> <li id="Kazakh_21" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Kazakh</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="kaz-Cyrl">тауық</span> <span class="transliteration">tauyq</span> <span class="meaning">hen, chicken</span> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_22" class="hellenic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ταώς</span> <span class="transliteration">taṓs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_35" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">pavo</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="VulgarLatin_36" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*pawoneᵐ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_37" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_38" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">pavone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_39" class="italic parent derivative possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">pavana</span> <span class="meaning">pavane (dance)</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_40" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavana</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> <li id="French_41" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">pavane</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_42" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pavane</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italian_43" class="italic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">paone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <span class="note">variation</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="SerboCroatian_44" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">паун</span> <span class="transliteration">paun</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Sicilian_45" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sicilian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="scn-Latn">pagu(n)</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_46" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">παγώνι</span> <span class="transliteration">pagóni</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Maltese_47" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Maltese</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="mlt-Latn">pagun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="EasternRomance_48" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romanian_49" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">păun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="InsularRomance_50" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sardinian_51" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Campidanese_52" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Campidanese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="sro-Latn">poni</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Logudorese_53" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Logudorese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="src-Latn">paone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_54" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_55" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">paon</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Breton_56" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">paun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Welsh_57" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">paun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_58" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavón</span> <span class="meaning">peacock (archaic), emperor moth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_59" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavo</span> <span class="meaning">turkey, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_60" class="italic derivative"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavo real</span> <span class="meaning">peacock</span> <span class="note">lit. "royal peacock/turkey"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Lithuanian_61" class="baltoslavic borrowing possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">povas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, braggart</span> </li> <li id="Germanic_62" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwô</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthGermanic_63" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_64" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">pái</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_65" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">páfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_66" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">påfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_67" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">páfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_68" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_69" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">pāwa</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_70" class="large germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pea</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_71" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peafowl</span> </li> <li id="English_72" class="large germanic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hawaiʻian_73" class="austronesian polynesian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">pīkake</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, Arabian jasmine flower</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_74" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pikake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Irish_75" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">péacóg</span> <span class="meaning">peacock, peafowl, dandy</span> <span class="note">modified by association with diminutive suffix <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">-óg</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_76" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peahen</span> </li> <li id="English_77" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peachick</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_78" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_79" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">pauw</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_80" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">pfāwo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_81" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pfau</span> </li> <li id="Yiddish_82" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">פּאַווע</span> <span class="transliteration">pave</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_83" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="transliteration">pfāwelīn</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_84" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pfäulein</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </li> <li id="Estonian_85" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Estonian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="ekk-Latn">paabulind</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="EastSlavic_86" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_87" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">павлин​​</span> <span class="transliteration">pavlin</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, pheasant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Polish_88" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">paw</span> <span class="meaning">peacock, vomit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lithuanian_61" class="baltoslavic borrowing possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">povas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, braggart</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Aramaic_33" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="arc-Armi">𐡈𐡅𐡎𐡀</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭawsā</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_91" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">طاووس</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭāwūs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_92" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">tawûs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_93" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">Tawûsî Melek</span> <span class="meaning">Peacock Angel, Yazidi Archangel of the World</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_94" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Tawusi Melek</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Persian_95" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">طاووس</span> <span class="transliteration">tâwus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_96" class="indoiranian derivative"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">⁧تخت طاووس⁩</span> <span class="transliteration">taxt-e tâwus</span> <span class="meaning">the Peacock Throne</span> <span class="note">throne of the Mughal Emperors</span> </li> <li id="English_97" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">taus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Swahili_98" class="nigercongo borrowing"> <span class="language nigercongo">Swahili</span> <span class="orthography nigercongo" lang="swa-Latn">tausi</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Turkish_99" class="turkic borrowing"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">tavus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Mongolian_100" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mon-Mong">ᠲᠣᠭ᠋ᠤᠰ᠋</span> <span class="transliteration">toɣus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Manchu_101" class="tungusic borrowing possible"> <span class="language tungusic">Manchu</span> <span class="orthography tungusic" lang="mnc-Mong">ᡨᠣᠵᡳᠨ</span> <span class="transliteration">tojin</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <sup id="footnote-link-4-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hebrew_102" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Hebrew</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="heb-Hebr">טווס</span> <span class="transliteration">tavas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="SiberianTurkic_23" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Siberian Turkic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Khakas_24" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Khakas</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="kjh-Cyrl">таңах</span> <span class="transliteration">tañax</span> <span class="meaning">hen, chicken</span> </li> <li id="OldUyghur_25" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Old Uyghur</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="oui-Ougr">𐾀𐽰𐽲𐾄𐽶𐽳</span> <span class="transliteration">tʾqyγw</span> <span class="meaning">fowl, hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Mongolian_26" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="transliteration">*takiga</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Mongolian_27" class="derivative"> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="transliteration">*takixa</span> <span class="meaning">hen, fowl</span> </li> <li id="Khitan_28" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Khitan</span> <span class="orthography" lang="zkt-Kits">𘰺𘯛𘯺</span> <span class="transliteration">t.qo.a</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Tungusic_2" class="tungusic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="tungusic"> <span class="language tungusic">Tungusic</span> <span class="transliteration">*tiaku</span> <span class="meaning">hen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Manchu_3" class="tungusic descent"> <span class="language tungusic">Manchu</span> <span class="orthography tungusic" lang="mnc-Mong">ᠴᠣᡴᠣ</span> <span class="transliteration">coko</span> <span class="meaning">chicken</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="_30" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Tamil_31" class="dravidian borrowing possible"> <span class="language dravidian">Tamil</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tam-Taml">தோகை</span> <span class="transliteration">tōkai</span> <span class="meaning">plumage, feathers, tail of a peacock</span> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_22" class="hellenic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ταώς</span> <span class="transliteration">taṓs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_35" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">pavo</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="VulgarLatin_36" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*pawoneᵐ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_37" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_38" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">pavone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_39" class="italic parent derivative possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">pavana</span> <span class="meaning">pavane (dance)</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_40" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavana</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> <li id="French_41" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">pavane</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_42" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pavane</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italian_43" class="italic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">paone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <span class="note">variation</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="SerboCroatian_44" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">паун</span> <span class="transliteration">paun</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Sicilian_45" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sicilian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="scn-Latn">pagu(n)</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_46" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">παγώνι</span> <span class="transliteration">pagóni</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Maltese_47" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Maltese</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="mlt-Latn">pagun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="EasternRomance_48" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romanian_49" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">păun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="InsularRomance_50" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sardinian_51" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Campidanese_52" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Campidanese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="sro-Latn">poni</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Logudorese_53" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Logudorese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="src-Latn">paone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_54" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_55" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">paon</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Breton_56" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">paun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Welsh_57" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">paun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_58" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavón</span> <span class="meaning">peacock (archaic), emperor moth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_59" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavo</span> <span class="meaning">turkey, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_60" class="italic derivative"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavo real</span> <span class="meaning">peacock</span> <span class="note">lit. "royal peacock/turkey"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Lithuanian_61" class="baltoslavic borrowing possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">povas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, braggart</span> </li> <li id="Germanic_62" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwô</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthGermanic_63" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_64" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">pái</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_65" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">páfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_66" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">påfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_67" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">páfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_68" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_69" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">pāwa</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_70" class="large germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pea</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_71" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peafowl</span> </li> <li id="English_72" class="large germanic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hawaiʻian_73" class="austronesian polynesian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">pīkake</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, Arabian jasmine flower</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_74" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pikake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Irish_75" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">péacóg</span> <span class="meaning">peacock, peafowl, dandy</span> <span class="note">modified by association with diminutive suffix <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">-óg</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_76" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peahen</span> </li> <li id="English_77" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peachick</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_78" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_79" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">pauw</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_80" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">pfāwo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_81" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pfau</span> </li> <li id="Yiddish_82" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">פּאַווע</span> <span class="transliteration">pave</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_83" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="transliteration">pfāwelīn</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_84" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pfäulein</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </li> <li id="Estonian_85" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Estonian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="ekk-Latn">paabulind</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="EastSlavic_86" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_87" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">павлин​​</span> <span class="transliteration">pavlin</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, pheasant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Polish_88" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">paw</span> <span class="meaning">peacock, vomit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lithuanian_61" class="baltoslavic borrowing possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">povas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, braggart</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Aramaic_33" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="arc-Armi">𐡈𐡅𐡎𐡀</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭawsā</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_91" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">طاووس</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭāwūs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_92" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">tawûs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_93" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">Tawûsî Melek</span> <span class="meaning">Peacock Angel, Yazidi Archangel of the World</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_94" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Tawusi Melek</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Persian_95" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">طاووس</span> <span class="transliteration">tâwus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_96" class="indoiranian derivative"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">⁧تخت طاووس⁩</span> <span class="transliteration">taxt-e tâwus</span> <span class="meaning">the Peacock Throne</span> <span class="note">throne of the Mughal Emperors</span> </li> <li id="English_97" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">taus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Swahili_98" class="nigercongo borrowing"> <span class="language nigercongo">Swahili</span> <span class="orthography nigercongo" lang="swa-Latn">tausi</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Turkish_99" class="turkic borrowing"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">tavus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Mongolian_100" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mon-Mong">ᠲᠣᠭ᠋ᠤᠰ᠋</span> <span class="transliteration">toɣus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Manchu_101" class="tungusic borrowing possible"> <span class="language tungusic">Manchu</span> <span class="orthography tungusic" lang="mnc-Mong">ᡨᠣᠵᡳᠨ</span> <span class="transliteration">tojin</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <sup id="footnote-link-4-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hebrew_102" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Hebrew</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="heb-Hebr">טווס</span> <span class="transliteration">tavas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Aramaic_33" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="arc-Armi">𐡈𐡅𐡎𐡀</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭawsā</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_91" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">طاووس</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭāwūs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_92" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">tawûs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_93" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">Tawûsî Melek</span> <span class="meaning">Peacock Angel, Yazidi Archangel of the World</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_94" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Tawusi Melek</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Persian_95" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">طاووس</span> <span class="transliteration">tâwus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_96" class="indoiranian derivative"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">⁧تخت طاووس⁩</span> <span class="transliteration">taxt-e tâwus</span> <span class="meaning">the Peacock Throne</span> <span class="note">throne of the Mughal Emperors</span> </li> <li id="English_97" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">taus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Swahili_98" class="nigercongo borrowing"> <span class="language nigercongo">Swahili</span> <span class="orthography nigercongo" lang="swa-Latn">tausi</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Turkish_99" class="turkic borrowing"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">tavus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Mongolian_100" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mon-Mong">ᠲᠣᠭ᠋ᠤᠰ᠋</span> <span class="transliteration">toɣus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Manchu_101" class="tungusic borrowing possible"> <span class="language tungusic">Manchu</span> <span class="orthography tungusic" lang="mnc-Mong">ᡨᠣᠵᡳᠨ</span> <span class="transliteration">tojin</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <sup id="footnote-link-4-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hebrew_102" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Hebrew</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="heb-Hebr">טווס</span> <span class="transliteration">tavas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_22" class="hellenic parent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ταώς</span> <span class="transliteration">taṓs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_35" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">pavo</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="VulgarLatin_36" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration">*pawoneᵐ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_37" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_38" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">pavone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_39" class="italic parent derivative possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">pavana</span> <span class="meaning">pavane (dance)</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_40" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavana</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> <li id="French_41" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">pavane</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_42" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pavane</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italian_43" class="italic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">paone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <span class="note">variation</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="SerboCroatian_44" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">паун</span> <span class="transliteration">paun</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Sicilian_45" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sicilian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="scn-Latn">pagu(n)</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_46" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">παγώνι</span> <span class="transliteration">pagóni</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Maltese_47" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Maltese</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="mlt-Latn">pagun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="EasternRomance_48" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romanian_49" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">păun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="InsularRomance_50" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sardinian_51" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Campidanese_52" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Campidanese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="sro-Latn">poni</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Logudorese_53" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Logudorese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="src-Latn">paone</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_54" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_55" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">paon</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Breton_56" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">paun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Welsh_57" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">paun</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_58" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavón</span> <span class="meaning">peacock (archaic), emperor moth</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_59" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavo</span> <span class="meaning">turkey, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_60" class="italic derivative"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pavo real</span> <span class="meaning">peacock</span> <span class="note">lit. "royal peacock/turkey"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Lithuanian_61" class="baltoslavic borrowing possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">povas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, braggart</span> </li> <li id="Germanic_62" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwô</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthGermanic_63" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_64" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">pái</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_65" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">páfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_66" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">påfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_67" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">páfugl</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_68" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_69" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">pāwa</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_70" class="large germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pea</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_71" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peafowl</span> </li> <li id="English_72" class="large germanic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hawaiʻian_73" class="austronesian polynesian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">pīkake</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, Arabian jasmine flower</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_74" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pikake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Irish_75" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">péacóg</span> <span class="meaning">peacock, peafowl, dandy</span> <span class="note">modified by association with diminutive suffix <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">-óg</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_76" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peahen</span> </li> <li id="English_77" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">peachick</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_78" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration">*pāwo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_79" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">pauw</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_80" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">pfāwo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_81" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pfau</span> </li> <li id="Yiddish_82" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">פּאַווע</span> <span class="transliteration">pave</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_83" class="germanic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="transliteration">pfāwelīn</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_84" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pfäulein</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </li> <li id="Estonian_85" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Estonian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="ekk-Latn">paabulind</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="EastSlavic_86" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_87" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">павлин​​</span> <span class="transliteration">pavlin</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, pheasant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Polish_88" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">paw</span> <span class="meaning">peacock, vomit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lithuanian_61" class="baltoslavic borrowing possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">povas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock, braggart</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Aramaic_33" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="arc-Armi">𐡈𐡅𐡎𐡀</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭawsā</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_91" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">طاووس</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭāwūs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_92" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">tawûs</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_93" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">Tawûsî Melek</span> <span class="meaning">Peacock Angel, Yazidi Archangel of the World</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_94" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Tawusi Melek</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Persian_95" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">طاووس</span> <span class="transliteration">tâwus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_96" class="indoiranian derivative"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">⁧تخت طاووس⁩</span> <span class="transliteration">taxt-e tâwus</span> <span class="meaning">the Peacock Throne</span> <span class="note">throne of the Mughal Emperors</span> </li> <li id="English_97" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">taus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Swahili_98" class="nigercongo borrowing"> <span class="language nigercongo">Swahili</span> <span class="orthography nigercongo" lang="swa-Latn">tausi</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Turkish_99" class="turkic borrowing"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">tavus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </li> <li id="Mongolian_100" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Mongolian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mon-Mong">ᠲᠣᠭ᠋ᠤᠰ᠋</span> <span class="transliteration">toɣus</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Manchu_101" class="tungusic borrowing possible"> <span class="language tungusic">Manchu</span> <span class="orthography tungusic" lang="mnc-Mong">ᡨᠣᠵᡳᠨ</span> <span class="transliteration">tojin</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl, peacock</span> <sup id="footnote-link-4-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hebrew_102" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Hebrew</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="heb-Hebr">טווס</span> <span class="transliteration">tavas</span> <span class="meaning">peafowl</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/peacock.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/peacock.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_42">pavane</a>, <a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_70">pea</a>, <a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_71">peafowl</a>, <a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_72">peacock</a>, <a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_74">pikake</a>, <a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_76">peahen</a>, <a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_77">peachick</a>, <a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_94">Tawusi Melek</a>, <a href="/word-family-peacock.html#English_97">taus</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">pavo</span>: "peafowl" from Greek <span class="orthography" lang="grc-Grek">ταώς</span> <span class="transliteration">taṓs</span>, the <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">v</span> is just an epenthetic glide between the <span class="transliteration">a</span> and <span class="transliteration">o</span>. The change from <span class="transliteration">t</span> to <span class="transliteration">p</span> was probably a modification by association with the Latin onomatopoeia for a peacock's cry <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">pau</span> (<span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">paupulare</span>: "to cry, as of a peacock")</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p>The dance "the Pavane" is probably originally unrelated, most likely being a version of "Paduan", but it was later re-interpreted as meaning "peacock" resulting in the dance becoming more and more peacock-inspired.</p> </li> <li id="footnote-3"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-3-a">^</a></span><p>Hawaiʻian <span class="orthography" lang="haw-Latn">pīkake</span> refers to both peacocks and Arabian jasmine flower; both were imported around the same time and were associated with Princess Kaʻiulani (the heir apparent to Queen Liliʻuokalani at the time of the overthrow of the Kingdom Of Hawaiʻi).</p> </li> <li id="footnote-4"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-4-a">^</a></span><p>Manchu <span class="orthography" lang="mnc-Mong">ᡨᠣᠵᡳᠨ</span> <span class="transliteration">tojin</span>: "peafowl, peacock" has to be a relatively recent borrowing, or the <span class="transliteration">t-j</span> sequence would have become <span class="transliteration">s-j</span> (cf. <span class="transliteration">sunja</span> from Proto-Tungusic <span class="transliteration">*tunga</span>: "five")</p> </li> </ol> 2024-03-01T00:00:00-08:002024-03-01T00:00:00-08:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2024-03-01:/word-family-silhouette.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Étienne de Silhouette, a French politician of Basque ancestry, was the Controller-General of Finances under Louis XV in 1759. His measures to curb the national debt, notably by imposing new taxes on the rich and the nobility prompted a backlash and ultimately his dismissal after less than a year …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Étienne de Silhouette, a French politician of Basque ancestry, was the Controller-General of Finances under Louis XV in 1759. His measures to curb the national debt, notably by imposing new taxes on the rich and the nobility prompted a backlash and ultimately his dismissal after less than a year leaving the work unfinished. This lead to the derogatory phrase <span class="orthography" lang="fra-Latn">(faire quelque chose) à la Silhouette</span> to mean "(to do something) in a cheap, miserly, or unfinished way".</p> <p>Around the same time, black paper silhouette portraits became popular in France, and were derided as a cheap option for portraits—<span class="orthography" lang="fra-Latn">portrait à la Silhouette</span>.</p> <p>The name <span class="orthography" lang="fra-Latn">Silhouette</span> is from Basque <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">Zulueta</span> (archaic variant <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">Zilhoeta</span>), from Basque <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">zulo</span>: "hole, pit, hiding place, cave". Spanish <span class="orthography" lang="spa-Latn">silo</span> is of unclear origin, it may be from <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">zulo</span>. Or <span class="orthography" lang="spa-Latn">silo</span> could be from Greek σιρός <span class="transliteration">siros</span>: "pit, pitfall, pit for storing grain", but that is again of unclear and probably non-Greek origin—maybe the same European neolithic substrate as underlies the Basque?</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-silhouette.html#English_8">silhouette</a>, <a href="/word-family-silhouette.html#English_13">silo</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="Europeansubstrate_1" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">European substrate?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Vasconic_2" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Vasconic</span> <span class="transliteration">*zuLo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Basque_3" class="parent descent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Basque</span> <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">zulo</span> <span class="meaning">hole, pit, hiding place, cave</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Basque_4" class="derivative"> <span class="language">Basque</span> <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">zulogune</span> <span class="meaning">gully, depression</span> </li> <li id="Basque_5" class="parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Basque</span> <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">Zulueta</span> <span class="meaning">placename: Cave-place, also habitational surname</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_6" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Silhouette</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_7" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">silhouette</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_8" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">silhouette</span> </li> <li id="Japanese_9" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">シルエット</span> <span class="transliteration">shiruetto</span> <span class="meaning">silhouette</span> </li> <li id="Polish_10" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">sylwetka</span> <span class="meaning">figure, silhouette</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_11" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Zulueta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_12" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">silo</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_13" class="large germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">silo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Japanese_14" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">サイロ</span> <span class="transliteration">sairo</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="French_15" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">silo</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> </li> <li id="Persian_16" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">سیلو</span> <span class="transliteration">silu</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> </li> <li id="Russian_17" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">силос</span> <span class="transliteration">silos</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> <span class="note">from Spanish plural <span class="orthography" lang="spa-Latn">silos</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_18" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">zulo</span> <span class="meaning">cache, hiding place</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="PreGreek_19" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Greek</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_20" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">σιρός</span> <span class="transliteration">sirós</span> <span class="meaning">pit, pit for storing grain, pitfall</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_21" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">sirus</span> <span class="meaning">pit for storing grain, underground granary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_12" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">silo</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_13" class="large germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">silo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Japanese_14" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">サイロ</span> <span class="transliteration">sairo</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="French_15" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">silo</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> </li> <li id="Persian_16" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">سیلو</span> <span class="transliteration">silu</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> </li> <li id="Russian_17" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">силос</span> <span class="transliteration">silos</span> <span class="meaning">silo</span> <span class="note">from Spanish plural <span class="orthography" lang="spa-Latn">silos</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_23" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">σιρομάστης</span> <span class="transliteration">siromástēs</span> <span class="meaning">gauge for measuring stored grain</span> <span class="note">lit. "pit-searcher"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_24" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">siromastes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/silhouette.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/silhouette.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-silhouette.html#English_8">silhouette</a>, <a href="/word-family-silhouette.html#English_13">silo</a></p> 2023-11-24T00:00:00-08:002023-11-24T00:00:00-08:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2023-11-24:/word-family-letter.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>There are two words from Sumerian whose descendants are still used all over the world today: <a href="/word-family-cane.html"><span class="transliteration">gi</span></a>: "reed"—what they wrote with—and <span class="transliteration">dub</span>: "tablet"—what they wrote on.</p> <p>Just in case you wonder how important Sumerian writing was in world history.</p> <p>The word <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">tablet</span> (Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">tabula</span>) is probably …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>There are two words from Sumerian whose descendants are still used all over the world today: <a href="/word-family-cane.html"><span class="transliteration">gi</span></a>: "reed"—what they wrote with—and <span class="transliteration">dub</span>: "tablet"—what they wrote on.</p> <p>Just in case you wonder how important Sumerian writing was in world history.</p> <p>The word <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">tablet</span> (Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">tabula</span>) is probably not related, despite the phonological and semantic match. On the other hand, there's disagreement about exactly where <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">tabula</span> does come from, so…</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_51">divan</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_60">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_82">letter</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="Sumerian_1" class="sumerian parent"> <details open> <summary class="sumerian"> <span class="language sumerian">Sumerian</span> <span class="orthography sumerian" lang="sux-Xsux">𒁾</span> <span class="transliteration">dub</span> <span class="meaning">tablet</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sumerian_2" class="sumerian derivative"> <span class="language sumerian">Sumerian</span> <span class="orthography sumerian" lang="sux-Xsux">𒂍𒁾𒁀𒀀</span> <span class="transliteration">e₂-dub-ba-a</span> <span class="meaning">school, storehouse</span> <span class="note">"house of tablets"</span> </li> <li id="Sumerian_3" class="sumerian derivative"> <span class="language sumerian">Sumerian</span> <span class="orthography sumerian" lang="sux-Xsux">𒄀𒁾𒁀</span> <span class="transliteration">gi-dub-ba</span> <span class="meaning">stylus</span> <span class="note">"tablet reed", with <a href="/word-family-cane.html"><span class="transliteration">gi</span></a></span> </li> <li id="Sumerian_4" class="sumerian derivative"> <span class="language sumerian">Sumerian</span> <span class="orthography sumerian" lang="sux-Xsux">𒁾𒊬</span> <span class="transliteration">dub-sar</span> <span class="meaning">scribe</span> </li> <li id="Akkadian_5" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Akkadian</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="akk-Xsux">𒁾</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭuppu(m)</span> <span class="meaning">tablet, document, letter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Aramaic_6" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="arc-Armi">𐡈𐡁𐡏</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭbʿ</span> <span class="meaning">to stamp, to seal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalSyriac_7" class="afroasiatic descent"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Classical Syriac</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="syc-Syrc">ܛܒܥܐ</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭavʿa</span> <span class="meaning">text, signature, authority, style, seal</span> </li> <li id="Arabic_8" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">طبع</span> <span class="transliteration">ṭabaʿa</span> <span class="meaning">to print, to stamp, to type, to coin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_9" class="afroasiatic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">مطبوعات</span> <span class="transliteration">maṭbūʿāt</span> <span class="meaning">printed material, the press</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_10" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">مطبوعات</span> <span class="transliteration">matbu'ât</span> </li> <li id="Turkish_11" class="turkic borrowing"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">matbuat</span> <span class="meaning">the press</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Elamite_12" class="parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Elamite</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldPersian_13" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎮𐎡𐎱𐎡</span> <span class="transliteration">di-i-p-i</span> <span class="meaning">document</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MiddlePersian_14" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">dp</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_15" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">دف</span> <span class="transliteration">daf</span> <span class="meaning">frame drum, daf</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_16" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">daf</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Persian_17" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">دب</span> <span class="transliteration">dab</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_18" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">أدب</span> <span class="transliteration">ʾadab</span> <span class="meaning">literature, learning, culture, courtesy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_19" class="afroasiatic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">مؤدب</span> <span class="transliteration">muʾaddib</span> <span class="meaning">teacher</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_20" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Muad'dib</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Prakrit_21" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Prakrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pra-Brah">𑀤𑀺𑀧𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">dipi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Prakrit_22" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Prakrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pra-Brah">𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">lipi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_23" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration">lipi</span> <span class="meaning">writing, inscription, document, painting</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_24" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">लिपि</span> <span class="transliteration">lipi</span> <span class="meaning">writing, script, letter, character</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldPersian_25" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dipī-var-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MiddlePersian_26" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭣𐭯𐭩𐭥𐭥</span> <span class="transliteration">dpywr</span> <span class="meaning">scribe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_27" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">دبیر</span> <span class="transliteration">dabir</span> <span class="meaning">scribe, secretary</span> </li> <li id="Armenian_28" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">դպիր</span> <span class="transliteration">dpir</span> <span class="meaning">scholar, scribe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Armenian_29" class="armenian derivative"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">դպրոց</span> <span class="transliteration">dprocʿ</span> <span class="meaning">school</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldPersian_30" class="indoiranian parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration">*dipī-vahanam</span> <span class="meaning">document-house</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MiddlePersian_31" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭣𐭯𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭</span> <span class="transliteration">dpywʾn'</span> <span class="meaning">collection of writings, archive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_32" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">دیوان</span> <span class="transliteration">divân</span> <span class="meaning">collection of poems, court, council, register list of soldiers, sofa, couch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arabic_33" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">ديوان</span> <span class="transliteration">dīwān</span> <span class="meaning">register, registration book, collection of poetry, council, court, gathering place, couch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="AndalusiArabic_34" class="afroasiatic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Andalusi Arabic</span> <span class="transliteration">*duwān</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MedievalLatin_35" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Medieval Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dogana</span> <span class="meaning">customs, customs house, tariff</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_36" class="albanian borrowing"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">doganë</span> <span class="meaning">customs</span> </li> <li id="French_37" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">douane</span> <span class="meaning">customs, customs office</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="AlgerianArabic_38" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Algerian Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="arq-Arab">الديوانة</span> <span class="transliteration">al-dīwāna</span> </li> <li id="Dutch_39" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">douane</span> <span class="meaning">customs, customs officer</span> </li> <li id="English_40" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">douane</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italian_41" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">dogana</span> <span class="meaning">customs, customs house, tariff</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_42" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">aduana</span> <span class="meaning">customs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Tagalog_43" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">adwana</span> <span class="meaning">customs, customs house, tariff</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Georgian_44" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="kat-Geor">დივანი</span> <span class="transliteration">divani</span> <span class="meaning">divan, sofa</span> </li> <li id="Hindi_45" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">दीवान</span> <span class="transliteration">dīvān</span> <span class="meaning">royal court, tribunal, collection of poems</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_46" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">dewan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Malay_47" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">dewan</span> <span class="meaning">council, court, hall</span> </li> <li id="OttomanTurkish_48" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">دیوان</span> <span class="transliteration">dîvân</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Turkish_49" class="turkic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">divan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_50" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">divan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_51" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">divan</span> </li> <li id="German_52" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Diwan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hebrew_53" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Hebrew</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="heb-Hebr">דף</span> <span class="transliteration">dáf</span> <span class="meaning">page, sheet of paper</span> </li> <li id="Unknowntransmission_54" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Unknown transmission</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hellenic_55" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*dipʰtʰérā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MycenaeanGreek_56" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀇𐁇𐀨</span> <span class="transliteration">di-pte-ra</span> </li> <li id="ClassicalGreek_57" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">διφθέρᾱ</span> <span class="transliteration">diphthérā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Greek_58" class="hellenic descent"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">διφθέρα</span> <span class="transliteration">difthéra</span> </li> <li id="French_59" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">diphtérie</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_60" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">diphtheria</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Aramaic_61" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="arc-Armi">𐡃𐡐𐡕𐡓𐡀</span> <span class="transliteration">dptrʾ</span> <span class="meaning">parchment, hide, accounting book</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MiddlePersian_62" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭣𐭯𐭲𐭫</span> <span class="transliteration">dptl</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_63" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">دفتر</span> <span class="transliteration">daftar</span> <span class="meaning">register, account book, notebook, office</span> </li> <li id="Arabic_64" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">دفتر</span> <span class="transliteration">daftar</span> <span class="meaning">register, roster, notebook</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Malay_65" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">daftar</span> <span class="meaning">list, register</span> </li> <li id="OttomanTurkish_66" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Turkish_67" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">defter</span> <span class="meaning">notebook, inventory, register, tax roll</span> </li> <li id="Greek_68" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">τεφτέρι</span> <span class="transliteration">teftéri</span> <span class="meaning">ledger, accounts book</span> </li> <li id="SerboCroatian_69" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">де̏фтер</span> <span class="transliteration">dȅfter</span> <span class="meaning">notebook, accounting records</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Etruscan_70" class="etruscan parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="etruscan"> <span class="language etruscan">Etruscan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_71" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">littera</span> <span class="meaning">letter, handwriting, literature, learning, books</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="CentralRomance_72" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dalmatian_73" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">latera</span> <span class="meaning">letter</span> </li> <li id="Italian_74" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">lettera</span> <span class="meaning">letter, literature</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Albanian_75" class="albanian borrowing"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">letër</span> <span class="meaning">paper, letter, document, literature, playing card</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_76" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_77" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">letre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_78" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">lettre</span> <span class="meaning">letter</span> </li> <li id="Dutch_79" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">letter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Malay_80" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">leter</span> <span class="meaning">letter</span> </li> <li id="Japanese_81" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Hira">レッテル</span> <span class="transliteration">retteru</span> <span class="meaning">label</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_82" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">letter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_83" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">letra</span> <span class="meaning">letter, handwriting, lyrics</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="German_84" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Letter</span> </li> <li id="OldIrish_85" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">liter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_86" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">litir</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Russian_87" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">литера</span> <span class="transliteration">lítera</span> </li> <li id="Welsh_88" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">llythyr</span> </li> <li id="Latin_89" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">litteratura</span> <span class="meaning">lettering, learning, grammar, philology</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_90" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">littérature</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_91" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">literature</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_92" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">litteralis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_93" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">literal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_94" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">littéral</span> </li> <li id="English_95" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">literal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_96" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">litterarius</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_97" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_98" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">littéraire</span> </li> <li id="English_99" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">literary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NewLatin_100" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">New Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">alliteratio</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_101" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">alliteration</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/letter.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/letter.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_16">daf</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_20">Muad'dib</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_40">douane</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_46">dewan</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_51">divan</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_60">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_82">letter</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_91">literature</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_95">literal</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_99">literary</a>, <a href="/word-family-letter.html#English_101">alliteration</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>For Greek /d/ -> Etruscan -> Latin /l/, compare Odysseus -> Ulysses. And the general pattern of unexplained /l/s in Old Latin, many but not all originally /d/.</p> </li> </ol> 2023-10-27T00:00:00-07:002023-10-27T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2023-10-27:/word-family-brother.html

<h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_43">brother</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_77">pal</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_109">friar</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_1" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰréh₂tēr</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Anatolian_2" class="anatolian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lydian_3" class="anatolian descent"> <span class="language anatolian">Lydian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xld-Lydi">𐤡𐤭𐤠𐤱𐤭𐤳𐤦𐤳</span> <span class="transliteration">brafrsis</span> <span class="meaning">brother, community member</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="PreArmenian_4" class="parent descent"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Armenian</span> <span class="transliteration">*rbayr</span> <span class="note">regular *Br → *rB metathesis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldArmenian_5" class="armenian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">եղբայր</span> <span class="transliteration">ełbayr</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Armenian_6" class="armenian descent"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">եղբայր</span> <span class="transliteration">ełbayr</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="BaltoSlavic_7" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brā́ˀtē</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastBaltic_8" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brote</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastBaltic_9" class="baltoslavic derivative"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> <span class="transliteration">*broterė́lis</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </li> <li id="Lithuanian_10" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">brólis</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Slavic_11" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bràtrъ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastSlavic_12" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">братъ …</span></summary></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul>

<h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_43">brother</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_77">pal</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_109">friar</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="ProtoIndoEuropean_1" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰréh₂tēr</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Anatolian_2" class="anatolian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Lydian_3" class="anatolian descent"> <span class="language anatolian">Lydian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xld-Lydi">𐤡𐤭𐤠𐤱𐤭𐤳𐤦𐤳</span> <span class="transliteration">brafrsis</span> <span class="meaning">brother, community member</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="PreArmenian_4" class="parent descent"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Armenian</span> <span class="transliteration">*rbayr</span> <span class="note">regular *Br → *rB metathesis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldArmenian_5" class="armenian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">եղբայր</span> <span class="transliteration">ełbayr</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Armenian_6" class="armenian descent"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">եղբայր</span> <span class="transliteration">ełbayr</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="BaltoSlavic_7" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brā́ˀtē</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastBaltic_8" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brote</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastBaltic_9" class="baltoslavic derivative"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> <span class="transliteration">*broterė́lis</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </li> <li id="Lithuanian_10" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">brólis</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Slavic_11" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration">*bràtrъ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastSlavic_12" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">братъ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_13" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">брат</span> <span class="transliteration">brat</span> <span class="meaning">brother, pal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Russian_14" class="baltoslavic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">братва́</span> <span class="transliteration">bratvá</span> <span class="meaning">brotherhood, mafia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_15" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bratva</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Ukrainian_16" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">брат</span> <span class="transliteration">brat</span> <span class="meaning">brother, friar, pal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="SouthSlavic_17" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldChurchSlavonic_18" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrs">братръ</span> <span class="transliteration">bratrŭ</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="SerboCroatian_19" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">бра̏т</span> <span class="transliteration">brȁt</span> <span class="meaning">brother, pal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestSlavic_20" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Polish_21" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">brat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestBaltic_22" class="baltoslavic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldPrussian_23" class="baltoslavic descent"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">brāti</span> <span class="meaning">brother, comrade, community member</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Celtic_24" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brātīr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Brythonic_25" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brọdr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Welsh_26" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">brawd</span> <span class="meaning">brother, friar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Gaulish_27" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="transliteration">*bratir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gaulish_28" class="celtic derivative"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">Bratonos</span> <span class="meaning">Little-Brother (personal name)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldIrish_29" class="celtic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">bráthair</span> <span class="meaning">brother, cousin, kinsman</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_30" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">bráthair</span> <span class="meaning">monk, friar, community member</span> </li> <li id="OldIrish_31" class="celtic parent derivative"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">derbráthair</span> <span class="meaning">full brother, brother german</span> <span class="note">lit. "certain-brother"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Irish_32" class="celtic descent"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">deartháir</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Germanic_33" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration">*brōþēr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="EastGermanic_34" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Gothic_35" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂</span> <span class="transliteration">brōþar</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="CrimeanGothic_36" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Crimean Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Latn">bruder</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthGermanic_37" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldNorse_38" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">bróðir</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Danish_39" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">bror</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="Icelandic_40" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">bróðir</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WestGermanic_41" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldEnglish_42" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">brōþor</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_43" class="large germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="large germanic"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_44" class="large germanic derivative"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bro</span> </li> <li id="English_45" class="large germanic derivative possible"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">buddy</span> <span class="note">possibly a baby talk alteration of "brother"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Scots_46" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">brither</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="Yola_47" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">brover</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Frankish_48" class="germanic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_49" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">broeder</span> <span class="meaning">brother (dated), friar, community member, colleague</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dutch_50" class="germanic derivative"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">broer</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldHighGerman_51" class="germanic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">bruoder</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="German_52" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Bruder</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="Yiddish_53" class="germanic descent"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">ברודער</span> <span class="transliteration">bruder</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hellenic_54" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration">*pʰrā́tēr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_55" class="hellenic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φρᾱ́τηρ</span> <span class="transliteration">phrā́tēr</span> <span class="meaning">kinsman, community member, citizen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="ClassicalGreek_56" class="hellenic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">φρᾱτρῐ́ᾱ</span> <span class="transliteration">phrātríā</span> <span class="meaning">brotherhood, clan, association, conspiracy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_57" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">phratria</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_58" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">phratry</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="IndoIranian_59" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*bʰráHtā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="IndoAryan_60" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sanskrit_61" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀪𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀢𑀾</span> <span class="transliteration">bhrā́tṛ</span> <span class="meaning">brother, kinsman, paternal cousin, friend</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Magadhi_62" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pka-Brah">𑀪𑀸𑀇</span> <span class="transliteration">bhāi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Bengali_63" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">ভাই</span> <span class="transliteration">bhai</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Maharashtri_64" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Maharashtri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pmh-Brah">𑀪𑀸𑀉</span> <span class="transliteration">bhāu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Marathi_65" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Marathi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="mar-Deva">भाऊ</span> <span class="transliteration">bhāū</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Pali_66" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀪𑀸𑀢𑀭𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration">bhātar</span> </li> <li id="Sauraseni_67" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="psu-Brah">𑀪𑀸𑀇</span> <span class="transliteration">bhāi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="MadhyaSauraseni_68" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Madhya Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_69" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">भाई</span> <span class="transliteration">bhāī</span> <span class="meaning">brother, sir (informal)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Hindi_70" class="indoiranian derivative"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">भैया</span> <span class="transliteration">bhaiyā</span> <span class="meaning">brother (esp. elder), sir (to an elder male)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="NorthwesternSauraseni_71" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kashmiri_72" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kashmiri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kas-Aran">بوے</span> <span class="transliteration">bōē</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternSauraseni_73" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Romani_74" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Romani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="VlaxRomani_75" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Vlax Romani</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rmy-Latn">phral</span> <span class="meaning">stepbrother, fellow, companion</span> </li> <li id="Angloromani_76" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Angloromani</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rme-Latn">pal</span> <span class="meaning">brother, friend</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_77" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Hindi_78" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">भ्राता</span> <span class="transliteration">bhrātā</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="Hindi_79" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">भ्रातृ</span> <span class="transliteration">bhrātŕ</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="Telugu_80" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">భ్రాత</span> <span class="transliteration">bhrāta</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Iranian_81" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration">*bráHtā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Avestan_82" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬠𐬭𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭</span> <span class="transliteration">brātar</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="NorthernIranian_83" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Scythian_84" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Scythian</span> <span class="transliteration">*βrā́tā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Ossetian_85" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ossetian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="oss-Cyrl">ӕрвад</span> <span class="transliteration">ærvad</span> <span class="meaning">kinsman, relative</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Pashto_86" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">ورور</span> <span class="transliteration">wror</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="WesternIranian_87" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="NorthwesternIranian_88" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Kurdish_89" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">bira</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="Parthian_90" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐫁𐫡𐫀𐫅</span> <span class="transliteration">brʾd</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldPersian_91" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎲𐎼𐎠𐎫𐎠</span> <span class="transliteration">b-r-a-t-a</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Persian_92" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">برادر</span> <span class="transliteration">barâdar</span> <span class="meaning">brother, comrade</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Bengali_93" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">বেরাদর</span> <span class="transliteration">beradôr</span> <span class="meaning">brother, kinsmen, friend</span> </li> <li id="OttomanTurkish_94" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">برادر</span> <span class="transliteration">birader</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Turkish_95" class="turkic descent"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">birader</span> </li> <li id="SerboCroatian_96" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">бура̀зер</span> <span class="transliteration">buràzer</span> <span class="meaning">bro, friend</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Nuristani_97" class="indoiranian parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Nuristani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Ashkun_98" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ashkun</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ask">břā</span> </li> <li id="Kamviri_99" class="indoiranian descent"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kamviri</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xvi">břo</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italic_100" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration">*frātēr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Latin_101" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">frāter</span> <span class="meaning">brother, friend, community member, sibling</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Sardinian_102" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">frade</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="EasternRomance_103" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Dalmatian_104" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">frutro</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="Romanian_105" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">frate</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="WesternRomance_106" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_107" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">frere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_108" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">frère</span> <span class="meaning">brother, monk</span> </li> <li id="English_109" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">friar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Italian_110" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">frate</span> <span class="meaning">friar, monk, brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="English_111" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">fra</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldOccitan_112" class="italic parent descent"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Occitan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="pro-Latn">fraire</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Spanish_113" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">fraile</span> <span class="meaning">friar</span> </li> <li id="Spanish_114" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">fray</span> <span class="meaning">friar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="English_115" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">frater</span> </li> <li id="Latin_116" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">frāternālis</span> <span class="meaning">brotherly, fraternal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="OldFrench_117" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_118" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">fraternel</span> <span class="meaning">fraternal</span> </li> <li id="English_119" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">fraternal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Latin_120" class="italic parent derivative"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">frāternitās</span> <span class="meaning">brotherhood</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="WesternRomance_121" class="italic parent descent"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Italian_122" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">fraternità</span> <span class="meaning">fraternity, brotherhood</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="OldFrench_123" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="French_124" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">fraternité</span> <span class="meaning">fraternity, brotherhood</span> </li> <li id="English_125" class="large germanic borrowing"> <span class="language large germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography large germanic" lang="eng-Latn">fraternity</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Spanish_126" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">fraternidad</span> <span class="meaning">fraternity, brotherhood</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Oscan_127" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Oscan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osc-Ital">𐌚𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌞𐌌</span> <span class="transliteration">fratrúm</span> <span class="meaning">of brothers</span> <span class="note">probably gen. pl.</span> </li> <li id="Venetic_128" class="italic descent"> <span class="language italic">Venetic</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xve-Ital">𐌇𐌅𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌉</span> <span class="transliteration">fraterei</span> <span class="meaning">for a brother</span> <span class="note">attested in dat. sg.</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="Mysian_129" class="descent"> <span class="language">Mysian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="yms-Grek">βρατεραις</span> <span class="transliteration">braterais</span> <span class="meaning">for brothers</span> <span class="note">dat. pl.</span> </li> <li id="Phrygian_130" class="descent"> <span class="language">Phrygian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="xpg-Grek">βρατερε</span> <span class="transliteration">bratere</span> <span class="meaning">for a brother</span> <span class="note">dat. sg.</span> </li> <li id="Tocharian_131" class="tocharian parent descent"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> <span class="transliteration">*procer</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="Arshian_132" class="tocharian descent"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration">pracar</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> <li id="Kushean_133" class="tocharian descent"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration">procer</span> <span class="meaning">brother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/brother.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/brother.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_15">bratva</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_43">brother</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_44">bro</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_45">buddy</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_58">phratry</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_77">pal</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_109">friar</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_111">fra</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_115">frater</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_119">fraternal</a>, <a href="/word-family-brother.html#English_125">fraternity</a></p> 2023-10-13T00:00:00-07:002023-10-13T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2023-10-13:/word-family-autism.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew</span>: "away from, since, again" cannot be formally tied to <span class="transliteration">*h₂epó</span>: "off, away", but the similarity is suggestive. Perhaps Pre-Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*b</span> became either <span class="transliteration">*p</span> (by fortition) or <span class="transliteration">*w</span> (by lenition) in almost all cases, accounting for the paucity of <span class="transliteration">*b</span> in PIE.</p> <p>In any case, the later (re …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew</span>: "away from, since, again" cannot be formally tied to <span class="transliteration">*h₂epó</span>: "off, away", but the similarity is suggestive. Perhaps Pre-Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*b</span> became either <span class="transliteration">*p</span> (by fortition) or <span class="transliteration">*w</span> (by lenition) in almost all cases, accounting for the paucity of <span class="transliteration">*b</span> in PIE.</p> <p>In any case, the later (re?)-merger of the two etymons in Italic and Celtic convinced me to present them together.</p> <p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂éwh₂os</span>: "maternal grandfather, maternal uncle" similarly merges with <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew</span>: "from" in the Irish <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">ó</span>/<span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">ua</span>, and has plausible semantic relationship, so I've included that also even though I don't have an explanation for where the <span class="transliteration">*-h₂os</span> came from.</p> <p>The root <a href="/word-family-easter.html"><span class="transliteration">*h₂ews-</span>: "sunrise"</a> is probably also connected, especially in light of <span class="transliteration">*h₂éwgeh₂</span>: "sunrise, dawn"</p> <h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4043">autism</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4210">nickname</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4087">negotiate</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#62480">uncle</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4126">author</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#40916">August</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4229">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4269">waist</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4315">of</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4316">off</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#16304">bodega</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#50011">alert</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#31445">avocation</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58614">position</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4437">after</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#21721">awkward</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="3936" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*qʷ:eb-??</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3937" class="parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ew</span> <span class="meaning">away from, since, again</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3938" class="armenian diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">հաւ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">haw</span> <span class="meaning">beginning, rise, origin</span> </li> <li id="3939" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*au</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3940" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*u</span> <span class="meaning">away from, at, near</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3941" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3942" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">у</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">u</span> <span class="meaning">at, by, near, from, of, belonging to</span> </li> <li id="3943" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">у</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">u</span> <span class="meaning">in, at</span> <span class="note">phonological merger with <span class="transliteration">*vъ</span> from PIE <span class="transliteration">*h₁én</span>: "in"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3944" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3945" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">у</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="bul-Latn">u</span> <span class="meaning">at the home of, chez, with, among, in the possession of</span> </li> <li id="3946" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">у</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">u</span> <span class="meaning">at the home of, chez</span> <span class="note">partially merged with <span class="transliteration">*vъ</span> from PIE <span class="transliteration">*h₁én</span>: "in"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3947" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">u</span> <span class="meaning">at, by</span> </li> <li id="3948" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">u</span> <span class="meaning">of, by, at, with, chez, from, among</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3949" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*aw</span> <span class="meaning">of, from</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3950" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3951" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">o</span> <span class="meaning">from, of, out of</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3952" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">ó</span> <span class="meaning">from, of, with, since, after</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3953" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">ó</span> <span class="meaning">of, from, since</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3954" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3955" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὖ</span> <span class="meaning">again, in turn, further, on the other hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3956" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3957" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3958" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀉</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">u</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3959" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ew-</span> <span class="meaning">away from, since, again</span> <span class="note">prefix</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3960" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*awa-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3961" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">v-</span> <span class="meaning">at, away, on</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3962" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*au-</span> <span class="meaning">away from</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3963" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3964" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3965" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">au-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3966" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3967" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">*au-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3968" class="baltoslavic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">aumūsnan</span> <span class="meaning">washing off, ablution</span> </li> <li id="3969" class="baltoslavic synchronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">auklextes</span> <span class="meaning">chaff, waste from winnowing</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3970" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Sudovian</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="xsv-Latn">*au-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3971" class="baltoslavic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Sudovian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="xsv-Latn">aucima</span> <span class="meaning">village, countryside</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3972" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*au-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3973" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">au-</span> <span class="meaning">from, away, off, completely</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4459" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁én-h₂ewti</span> <span class="meaning">to put on clothes</span> <span class="note">lit. "in-clothe"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4460" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4461" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Hittite</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="hit-Latn">unu</span> <span class="meaning">to adorn, to set (a table)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4462" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁n̥dó-h₂ewti</span> <span class="meaning">to put on clothes</span> <span class="note">lit. "in-clothe"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4463" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4464" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἐνδύω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">endúō</span> <span class="meaning">I go into, I put on, I clothe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4465" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*endouezi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4466" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">induere</span> <span class="meaning">to put on (clothes), to assume (a role)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4467" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">indūmentum</span> <span class="meaning">garment, robe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4468" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4469" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">indumento</span> <span class="meaning">garment</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4470" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4471" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">indumento</span> <span class="meaning">clothing, outfit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4472" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₁eǵʰs-h₂ewti</span> <span class="meaning">to take off clothes</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4473" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4474" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4475" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4476" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">auti</span> <span class="meaning">to take off shoes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4477" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*jьzuti</span> <span class="meaning">to take off footwear</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4478" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4479" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">изуть</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">izutʹ</span> <span class="meaning">to take off shoes (dialectal)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4480" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4481" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">изути</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">izuti</span> <span class="meaning">to take off footwear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4482" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4483" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">zuć</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4484" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*eksuezi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4485" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">exuere</span> <span class="meaning">to take off, to extract, to refuse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4486" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">exuvia</span> <span class="meaning">shed skin (of a snake), equipment stripped from a fallen enemy, booty</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4487" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">exuvia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4488" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éwtrom</span> <span class="meaning">thing for wearing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4489" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Háwtram</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4490" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4491" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬭𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">aoθra</span> <span class="meaning">shoe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4492" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éwmn̥?</span> <span class="meaning">clothing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4493" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">ագանիմ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">aganim</span> <span class="meaning">to clothe, to put on</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4494" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">հագնել</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">hagnel</span> <span class="meaning">to put on clothes or shoes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4495" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4496" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">fūan</span> <span class="meaning">coat, tunic, mantle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4497" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂owes</span> <span class="meaning">covering, clothing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4498" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4499" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">ewe</span> <span class="meaning">skin, hide</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4500" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éwis</span> <span class="meaning">bird</span> <span class="note">perhaps, "one who is clothed (in feathers)"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4501" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">հաւ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">haw</span> <span class="meaning">bird, poultry</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4502" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">հավ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">hav</span> <span class="meaning">chicken, hen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4503" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Háwiš</span> <span class="meaning">bird</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4504" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hwíṣ</span> <span class="meaning">bird</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4505" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀯𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">vi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4506" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hwíš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4507" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬬𐬍𐬱</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">vīš</span> <span class="meaning">bird</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4508" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*awis</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*awim</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4509" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Umbrian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xum-Ital">𐌀𐌅𐌉𐌚</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="xum-Latn">avif</span> <span class="meaning">bird</span> </li> <li id="4510" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">avis</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">avem</span> <span class="meaning">bird, omen, portent</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4511" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4512" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">ave</span> <span class="meaning">bird</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4513" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auca</span> </li> <li id="4514" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4515" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">oca</span> <span class="meaning">goose</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4516" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ocarina</span> <span class="meaning">ocarina</span> <span class="note">lit. "little goose"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4517" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ocarina</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4518" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4519" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">oie</span> <span class="meaning">goose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4520" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">avicula</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">avicella</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aucella</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aucellus</span> <span class="meaning">little bird</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4521" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4522" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">uccello</span> <span class="meaning">bird</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4523" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4524" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">oisel</span> <span class="meaning">bird, chick</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4525" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">oyseau</span> <span class="meaning">bird</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4526" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">oiseau</span> <span class="meaning">bird</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4527" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aviārium</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4528" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">aviary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4529" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">avis prede</span> <span class="meaning">bird of prey</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4530" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">ospriet</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4531" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">ospray</span> <span class="meaning">osprey</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4532" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">osprey</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4533" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auspex</span> <span class="meaning">augur, officiating priest</span> <span class="note">lit. "bird-watcher"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4534" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auspicium</span> <span class="meaning">divination, augury, sign, auspices</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4535" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">auspice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4536" class="italic synchronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">augur»1</span> <span class="meaning">augur, diviner</span> </li> <li id="4537" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">avian</span> </li> <li id="4538" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Aves</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic class of birds</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4539" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂wyetós</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*sh₂wyetós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4540" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">shotë</span> <span class="meaning">big duck</span> </li> <li id="4541" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*sawyetos</span> <span class="meaning">duck</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4542" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*swɨad</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4543" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">hwyad</span> <span class="meaning">duck</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4544" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*awieto</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4545" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀετός</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aetós</span> <span class="meaning">eagle, omen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4546" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αετός</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">aetós</span> <span class="meaning">eagle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4547" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">χαρταετός</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">chartaetós</span> <span class="meaning">kite</span> <span class="note">lit. "paper eagle"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4548" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂wéyteh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4549" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*weitā</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*aweitā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4550" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">vito</span> <span class="meaning">dove, woodpigeon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4551" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂wísteh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4552" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*wištā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4553" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4554" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4555" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">vištà</span> <span class="meaning">chicken</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4556" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ōwyóm</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4557" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Proto-Armenian</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="Latn">*yōwyo-</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="Latn">*yōyo-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4558" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">ձու</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">ju</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4559" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ձու</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">ju</span> <span class="meaning">egg, testicle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4560" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4561" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*jȃje</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4562" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4563" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">јаје</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">jaje</span> <span class="meaning">egg, testicle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4564" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4565" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">jajo</span> <span class="meaning">egg, testicle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4566" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*jajьce</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4567" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4568" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">яйцо</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">jajco</span> <span class="meaning">egg, testicle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4569" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4570" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Glag">ⰰⰹⱌⰵ</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrl">аице</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="chu-Latn">aice</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> <li id="4571" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">јајце</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">jajce</span> <span class="meaning">egg, testicle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4572" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4573" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">jajko</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4574" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*āuyom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4575" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*ọi</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4576" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">vi</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> <li id="4577" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Cornish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">oy</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> <li id="4578" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">wy</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4579" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">og</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4580" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4581" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">ubh</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> <li id="4582" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Manx</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="glv-Latn">ooh</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> <li id="4583" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Scottish Gaelic</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gla-Latn">ugh</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4584" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*ajją</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4585" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4586" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌹</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">addi</span> </li> <li id="4587" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Crimean Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Latn">ada</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4588" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*ajją</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4589" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">egg</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4590" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4591" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">æg</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4592" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4593" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">egg</span> <span class="meaning">egg, oval</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4594" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4595" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">egg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4596" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*ajj</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4597" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ǣġ</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4598" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">ey</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4599" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">cokenay</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4600" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Cockney</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4601" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ǣgerfelma</span> <span class="meaning">membrane of an egg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4602" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*ei</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4603" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">ei</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4604" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ei</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4605" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">ei</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4606" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Ei</span> <span class="meaning">egg, testicle, money, fool</span> </li> <li id="4607" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">איי</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">ey</span> <span class="meaning">egg, testicle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4608" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*ōyyón</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4609" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ᾠόν</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ōión</span> <span class="meaning">egg, seed</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4610" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">τὰ ᾠά</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">tà ōiá</span> <span class="meaning">the eggs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4611" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">τ' αβγά</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">t' avgá</span> <span class="meaning">the eggs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4612" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αυγό</span> / <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αβγό</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">avgó</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> <span class="note">back formation</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4613" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αυγολέμονο</span> / <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αβγολέμονο</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">avgolémono</span> <span class="meaning">avgolemono, egg and lemon soup or sauce</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4614" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">avgolemono</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4615" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hāwyám</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4616" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hāwyám</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hāwyákam</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4617" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬀𐬉𐬨</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">aēm</span> </li> <li id="4618" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Arab">هګۍ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pus-Latn">hëgëy</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> <li id="4619" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Scythian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4620" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Alanian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4621" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ossetian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="oss-Cyrl">айк</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="oss-Latn">ajk</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4622" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4623" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4624" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">hêk</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4625" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4626" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭧𐭠𐭣𐭪</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">ḥajk</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4627" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">خایه</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">xâye</span> <span class="meaning">egg, testicle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4628" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">خاویار</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">xâvyâr</span> <span class="meaning">caviar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4629" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">خاویار</span> <span class="transliteration turkic" lang="ota-Latn">havyar</span> <span class="meaning">caviar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4630" class="turkic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">havyar</span> <span class="meaning">caviar</span> </li> <li id="4631" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">χαβιάρι</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">chaviári</span> <span class="meaning">caviar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4632" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">خِبْيَارِيّ</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">ḵibyāriyy</span> <span class="meaning">caviar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4633" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">caviale</span> <span class="meaning">caviar</span> </li> <li id="4634" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Venetian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="vec-Latn">caviaro</span> <span class="meaning">caviar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4635" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">caviar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4636" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">caviar</span> </li> <li id="4637" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">كَافْيَار</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">kafyār</span> <span class="meaning">caviar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4638" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*ōwom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4639" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ōvum</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4640" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4641" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">uovo</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4642" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4643" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">obu</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4644" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4645" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">ou</span> <span class="meaning">egg, testicle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4646" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4647" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">oef</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4648" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">œuf</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4649" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">œuf</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4650" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osp-Latn">hueuo</span> <span class="meaning">egg</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4651" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">huevo</span> <span class="meaning">egg, testicle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4652" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ovālis</span> <span class="meaning">to do with eggs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4653" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">ovale</span> <span class="meaning">oval</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4654" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">oval</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4655" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ovale</span> <span class="meaning">oval</span> </li> <li id="4656" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">óvalo</span> <span class="meaning">oval</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4657" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ówis</span> <span class="meaning">sheep</span> <span class="note">perhaps, "one who provides clothes"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4658" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4659" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Hittite</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hit-Xsux">𒇻𒅖</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="hit-Latn">ḫāwis</span> <span class="meaning">sheep</span> </li> <li id="4660" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Lycian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlc-Lyci">𐊜𐊀𐊇𐊙</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xlc-Grek">χawã</span> <span class="meaning">sheep</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4661" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*awis</span> <span class="meaning">sheep</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4662" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4663" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4664" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">avìs</span> <span class="meaning">sheep</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4665" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*awinas</span> <span class="meaning">ram</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4666" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4667" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4668" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">ãvinas</span> <span class="meaning">ram</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4669" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*ovьnъ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4670" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4671" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">овен</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">oven</span> <span class="meaning">ram</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4672" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4673" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">ован</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">ovan</span> <span class="meaning">ram</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4674" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4675" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">owien</span> <span class="meaning">ram</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4676" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*oinas</span> <span class="meaning">ram</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4677" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">oinas</span> <span class="meaning">ram</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4678" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*awikāˀ</span> <span class="meaning">ewe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4679" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*ovьcà</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4680" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4681" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">овца</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">ovca</span> <span class="meaning">sheep, ewe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4682" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4683" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">овца</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">ovca</span> <span class="meaning">sheep</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4684" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4685" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">owca</span> <span class="meaning">sheep, ewe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4686" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*owis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4687" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">oí</span> <span class="meaning">sheep</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4688" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*awiz</span> <span class="meaning">sheep, ewe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4689" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*awiʀ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4690" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">ær</span> <span class="meaning">ewe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4691" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">ær</span> <span class="meaning">ewe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4692" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*awi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4693" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēowu</span> <span class="meaning">ewe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4694" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">ewe</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">ouwe</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">yowe</span> <span class="meaning">ewe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4695" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ewe</span> </li> <li id="4696" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">yowe</span> <span class="meaning">ewe</span> </li> <li id="4697" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">yowe</span> <span class="meaning">ewe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4698" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*ōi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4699" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">ooi</span> <span class="meaning">ewe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4700" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">awi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4701" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">ouwe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4702" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Aue</span> <span class="meaning">ewe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4703" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*awistrą</span> <span class="meaning">sheepfold</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4704" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4705" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">awistris</span> <span class="meaning">of the sheepfold</span> <span class="note">inly attested as gen.</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4706" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*awistr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4707" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēowestre</span> <span class="meaning">sheepfold</span> </li> <li id="4708" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4709" class="germanic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">Avest</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Sheepfold?</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4710" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ouwist</span> <span class="meaning">sheepfold</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4711" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Alemmanic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gsw-Latn">Äugst</span> <span class="meaning">sheepfold</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4712" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Aeugst am Albis</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Sheepfold? in the Highlands</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4713" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4714" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">οἶς</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">oîs</span> <span class="meaning">sheep</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4715" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Háwiš</span> <span class="meaning">sheep</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4716" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4717" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀯𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">ávi</span> <span class="meaning">sheep, ewe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4718" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4719" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4720" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4721" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">عفه</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">afe</span> <span class="meaning">sheepskin (coat)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4722" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*owis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4723" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Umbrian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xum-Ital">𐌖𐌅𐌄𐌌</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="xum-Latn">uvem</span> <span class="meaning">sheep</span> </li> <li id="4724" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ovis</span> <span class="meaning">sheep</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4725" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4726" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">oaie</span> <span class="meaning">sheep, ewe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4727" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Ovis</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic genus of sheep</span> </li> <li id="4728" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ovicula</span> <span class="meaning">little sheep</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4729" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4730" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">oeille</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">oaille</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4731" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4732" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">ouaille</span> <span class="meaning">ewe, flock</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4733" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">oveja</span> <span class="meaning">sheep</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4734" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ovīnus</span> <span class="meaning">ovine, to do with sheep</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4735" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4736" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">oină</span> <span class="meaning">ram meat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4737" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ovine</span> </li> <li id="4738" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">ovin</span> <span class="meaning">ovine</span> </li> <li id="4739" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ovino</span> <span class="meaning">ovine</span> </li> <li id="4740" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">ovino</span> <span class="meaning">ovine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4741" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4742" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">*āuw</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">*āw</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4743" class="tocharian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">awi</span> <span class="meaning">ewes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4744" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂owipeh₂?</span> <span class="meaning">sheep-protecter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4745" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">հովիւ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">hoviw</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd, herdsman, pastor</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4746" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">հովիվ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">hoviv</span> <span class="meaning">shepherd, herdsman</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4747" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ówi-dʰh₁-</span> <span class="meaning">sheep-placing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4748" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ówi-dʰh₁-yom</span> <span class="meaning">sheepfold</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4749" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4750" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4751" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4752" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">avidė</span> <span class="meaning">sheepfold</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4753" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*awidiją</span> <span class="meaning">flock of sheep</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4703" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*awistrą</span> <span class="meaning">sheepfold</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4704" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4705" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">awistris</span> <span class="meaning">of the sheepfold</span> <span class="note">inly attested as gen.</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4706" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*awistr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4707" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēowestre</span> <span class="meaning">sheepfold</span> </li> <li id="4708" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4709" class="germanic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">Avest</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Sheepfold?</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4710" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ouwist</span> <span class="meaning">sheepfold</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4711" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Alemmanic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gsw-Latn">Äugst</span> <span class="meaning">sheepfold</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4712" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Aeugst am Albis</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Sheepfold? in the Highlands</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4754" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4755" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌹</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">awēþi</span> <span class="meaning">flock of sheep</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4756" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4757" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēowede</span> <span class="meaning">flock of sheep</span> </li> <li id="4758" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ouwiti</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4759" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*Hew-</span> <span class="meaning">to weave</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="16339" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*Hew-dʰh₁-</span> <span class="meaning">weave-do</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44821" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*Hewdʰh₁ós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44822" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*audaz</span> <span class="meaning">wealth, riches</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44825" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*aud</span> <span class="meaning">wealth, riches</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44826" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēad</span> <span class="meaning">happiness, prosperity</span> </li> <li id="44827" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ōt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44828" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Audamunduz</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Wealth-Protection</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44829" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44830" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">Auðmundr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44831" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44832" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">Auðmundur</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44833" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Audamundu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44834" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Ēadmund</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44835" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Edmund</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44836" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Edmund</span> </li> <li id="44837" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">Eadhmonn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44838" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Éamon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44839" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">Edmond</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44840" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Audarīks</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Wealth-King</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44841" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44842" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">Auðríkr</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44843" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Audarīk</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44844" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Ēadrīc</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44845" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44846" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Edric</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44847" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">Ōtrich</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44848" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Audawakraz</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Wealth-Alert</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44849" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44850" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">*audawakrs?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44851" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ὀδόακρος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Odóakros</span> <span class="meaning">Odoacer</span> </li> <li id="44852" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Odoacer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44853" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Odoacer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44854" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Audawakr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44855" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Ēadwacor</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44856" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Audawarduz</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Wealth-Guard</span> </li> <li id="44857" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Audawiniz</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Wealth-Friend</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44858" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44859" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">Auðunn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44860" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44861" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">Auðunn</span> </li> <li id="44862" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Norwegian</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nor-Latn">Audun</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44863" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Audawini</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44864" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Ēadwine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44865" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44866" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Edwin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44867" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44868" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44869" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Otwin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44870" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Audoinus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44871" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Audawulfaz</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Wealth-Wolf</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44872" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44873" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">Auðulfr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44874" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44875" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Faroese</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="fao-Latn">Eyðolvur</span> </li> <li id="44876" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">Auðólfur</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44877" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44878" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Ēadwulf</span> </li> <li id="44879" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">Odolf</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44880" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">Odolf</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44881" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Auda</span> <span class="meaning">short form of bithematic names starting with Auda-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44882" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Ēada</span> <span class="meaning">personal name</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44883" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Ēading</span> <span class="meaning">belonging to Ēada, son of Ēada</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="7905" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="ang-Latn">*Ēadingburg</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Ēada's City or Ēada's Descendants' City</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44886" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Addyngborough</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44887" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Attenborough</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44888" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Attenborosaurus</span> <span class="meaning">a taxonomic genus of Pliosaur</span> </li> <li id="44889" class="parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">attenboroughi</span> <span class="meaning">species name: Attenborough's</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44890" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Acisoma attenboroughi</span> <span class="meaning">species name: Attenborough's pintail (a dragonfly)</span> </li> <li id="44891" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Blakea attenboroughi</span> <span class="meaning">species name: Attenborough's blakea (a flower)</span> </li> <li id="44892" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Ctenocheloides attenboroughi</span> <span class="meaning">species name: Attenborough's ghost shrimp</span> </li> <li id="44893" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Electrotettix attenboroughi</span> <span class="meaning">species name: Attenborough's amber grasshopper</span> </li> <li id="44894" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Euptychia attenboroughi</span> <span class="meaning">species name: Attenborough's black-eyed satyr (a butterfly)</span> </li> <li id="44895" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Materpiscis attenboroughi</span> <span class="meaning">species name: Attenborough's motherfish (a placoderm fish)</span> </li> <li id="44896" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Microleo attenboroughi</span> <span class="meaning">species name: Attenborough's little lion (a thyloacene)</span> </li> <li id="44897" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Prethopalpus attenboroughi</span> <span class="meaning">species name: Attenborough's goblin spider</span> </li> <li id="44898" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Trigonopterus attenboroughi</span> <span class="meaning">species name: Attenborough's triangle-wing (a weevil)</span> </li> <li id="44899" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Zaglossus attenboroughi</span> <span class="meaning">species name: Attenborough's tongue-among (an echidna)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44884" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="ang-Latn">*Ēadingtun</span> <span class="meaning">place name: Ēada's Town or Ēada's Descendants' Town</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44885" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Eddington</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44900" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*Auda</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44901" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">Odile</span> </li> <li id="44902" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">Odette</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44903" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">Ōtto</span> <span class="meaning">personal name</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44904" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Otto</span> <span class="meaning">personal name</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44823" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*Hewdʰh₁nós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44824" class="germanic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*audanaz</span> <span class="meaning">granted, given</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3974" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ew-ge</span> <span class="note">with intensifying particle <span class="transliteration">*g(ʰ)e</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3975" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*auk</span> <span class="meaning">and, but, also, furthermore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3976" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3977" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌿𐌺</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">auk</span> <span class="meaning">because, but, but also</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3978" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*auk</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3979" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">auk</span> <span class="meaning">and</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3980" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">og</span> <span class="meaning">and, also</span> </li> <li id="3981" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">auk</span> <span class="meaning">in addition to</span> </li> <li id="3982" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">og</span> <span class="meaning">and</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3983" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*auk</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3984" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēac</span> <span class="meaning">also, too, either, along with</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3985" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">eke</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3986" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*ōk</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3987" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">ook</span> <span class="meaning">also, too, either</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3988" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ouh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3989" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">auch</span> <span class="meaning">also, too, even</span> </li> <li id="3990" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">אויך</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">oykh</span> <span class="meaning">also, even</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3991" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">אויכעט</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">oykhet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3992" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ew-kʷe</span> <span class="note">with <span class="transliteration">*-kʷe</span>: "and"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3993" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3994" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὖτε</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aûte</span> <span class="meaning">again, furthermore, on the other hand</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3995" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ewti</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ewtis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3996" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3994" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὖτε</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aûte</span> <span class="meaning">again, furthermore, on the other hand</span> </li> <li id="3997" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὖτις</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aûtis</span> <span class="meaning">back, again, in turn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3998" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*auti</span> <span class="meaning">either, or</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3999" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aut</span> <span class="meaning">or, otherwise, else</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4000" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4001" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">od</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">o</span> <span class="meaning">or</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4002" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4003" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">a</span> <span class="meaning">question marker</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4004" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4005" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">au</span> <span class="meaning">really? or (archaic)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4006" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4007" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">ou</span> <span class="meaning">or</span> </li> <li id="4008" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">o</span> <span class="meaning">or</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4009" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Oscan</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="osc-Latn">aut</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="osc-Latn">auti</span> <span class="meaning">but, or</span> </li> <li id="4010" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Umbrian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xum-Latn">ute</span> <span class="meaning">or</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4011" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ewtos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4012" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4013" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὐτός</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">autós</span> <span class="meaning">self, the same, he/she/it</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4014" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αυτός</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">aftós</span> <span class="meaning">this, that, he/she/it</span> </li> <li id="4015" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὐτοκρατία</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">autokratía</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28633" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">autocracy</span> </li> <li id="28634" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὐτοκρατορία</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">autokratoría</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28635" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αυτοκρατορία</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">aftokratoría</span> <span class="meaning">empire</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4016" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὐτόνομος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">autónomos</span> <span class="meaning">independent, subject only to one's own laws, of free will</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4017" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">autonomous</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4018" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">autonomous sensory meridian response</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ASMR</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4019" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">autonome</span> <span class="meaning">autonomous</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4020" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">scaphandre autonome</span> <span class="meaning">scuba set</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4021" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὐθέντης</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">authéntēs</span> <span class="meaning">one who accomplishes an act, murderer, suicide, absolute ruler, autocrat</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4022" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀφέντης</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aphéntēs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4023" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αφέντης</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">aféntis</span> <span class="meaning">master, boss, ruler</span> </li> <li id="4024" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Ottoman Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="ota-Aran">افندی</span> <span class="transliteration turkic" lang="ota-Latn">efendi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4025" class="turkic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">effendi</span> </li> <li id="4026" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Uyghur</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="uig-Aran">ئەپەندى</span> <span class="transliteration turkic" lang="uig-Latn">ependi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4027" class="sinotibetan sintic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="sinotibetan sintic"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Literary Chinese</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="lzh-Hani">阿凡提</span> <span class="meaning">effendi, Nasrudin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4028" class="sinotibetan sintic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Mandarin</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Hani">阿凡提</span> <span class="transliteration sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Latn">āfántí</span> <span class="meaning">effendi, Nasrudin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4029" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὐθεντικός</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">authentikós</span> <span class="meaning">authoritative, authentic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4030" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αυθεντικός</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">afthentikós</span> <span class="meaning">genuine</span> </li> <li id="4031" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">authenticus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4032" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">authentique</span> <span class="meaning">authentic, real, genuine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4033" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">authentic</span> </li> <li id="4034" class="turkic borrowing"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">otantik</span> <span class="meaning">authentic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4035" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">auto-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4036" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">automobile</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4037" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">automobile</span> </li> <li id="4038" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Automobil</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4039" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Auto</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4040" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Autobahn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4041" class="indoiranian calque"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">خودرو</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">xodrow</span> <span class="meaning">car, automobile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4042" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Autismus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4043" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">autism</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4044" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">και αὐτός ποιος</span> <span class="meaning">and who is this one?, who's this clown?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4045" class="turkic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="turkic"> <span class="language turkic">Turkish</span> <span class="orthography turkic" lang="tur-Latn">kıtıpiyos</span> <span class="meaning">ordinary, unimportant, worthless</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4046" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Laz</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="lzz-Geor">კიტიპიროზი</span> <span class="transliteration kartvelian" lang="lzz-Latn">ǩiťip̌irozi</span> <span class="meaning">stingy</span> </li> <li id="4047" class="kartvelian borrowing"> <span class="language kartvelian">Laz</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="lzz-Geor">ხიტიპიჲოზი</span> <span class="transliteration kartvelian" lang="lzz-Latn">xiťip̌iyozi</span> <span class="meaning">swindler, conman</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4048" class="diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Phrygian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="xpg-Grek">αυτος</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="xpg-Latn">autos</span> <span class="meaning">self</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4049" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ewtyos</span> <span class="meaning">left behind, deserted, empty</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4050" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*auþijaz</span> <span class="meaning">empty, deserted, barren, void</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4051" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4052" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">auþeis</span> <span class="meaning">deserted, barren, wild</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4053" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*auþjaʀ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4054" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">auðr</span> <span class="meaning">desolate</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4055" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4056" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">øde</span> <span class="meaning">desolate, waste, wilderness</span> </li> <li id="4057" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="non-Latn">*auðkin</span> <span class="meaning">desert</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4058" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">ørken</span> <span class="meaning">desert</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4059" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4060" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">auður</span> <span class="meaning">empty, desolate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4061" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*auþī</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4062" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">īeþe</span> <span class="meaning">empty, barren</span> </li> <li id="4063" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ōdi</span> <span class="meaning">empty, desolate, void</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4064" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">öde</span> <span class="meaning">empty, bleak, deserted, dull, tedious</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4065" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*autijo</span> <span class="meaning">deserted, desolate, uninhabited</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4066" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">autio</span> <span class="meaning">desolate, empty, abandoned</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4067" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Samic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*awta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4068" class="uralic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Samic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*vuovtē</span> <span class="meaning">forest</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4069" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Northern Sámi</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="sme-Latn">vuovdi</span> <span class="meaning">forest</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4070" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*awtsios</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4071" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὔσιος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aúsios</span> <span class="meaning">idle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4072" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*autiom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4073" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ōtium</span> <span class="meaning">leisure, free time, idleness, peace</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4074" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ozio</span> <span class="meaning">sloth, idleness</span> </li> <li id="4075" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">ocio</span> <span class="meaning">leisure, recreation, diversion</span> </li> <li id="4076" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">negōtium</span> <span class="meaning">business, labor, trouble</span> <span class="note">"not leisure"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4077" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4078" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">negozio</span> <span class="meaning">shop, store, deal, transaction</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4079" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">négoce</span> <span class="meaning">business</span> </li> <li id="4080" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">negotiari</span> <span class="meaning">to do business, to trade, to bank</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4081" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4082" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">negoziàre</span> <span class="meaning">to negotiate, to trade, to deal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4083" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4084" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">neguța</span> <span class="meaning">to engage in trade, to bargain, to negotiate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4085" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">négocier</span> <span class="meaning">to negotiate</span> </li> <li id="4086" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">negotiatus</span> <span class="note">past participle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4087" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">negotiate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4088" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ewo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4089" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*aw</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4090" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">úa</span> <span class="meaning">from, from their, of which</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4091" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éwh₂os</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éwh₂s</span> <span class="meaning">maternal grandfather, maternal uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62402" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62403" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Hittite</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hit-Xsux">𒄷𒄴𒄩𒀸</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="hit-Latn">ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-as</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather</span> </li> <li id="62404" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Luwic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62405" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Carian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xcr-Cari">𐊨𐊲𐊨</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xcr-Latn">quq</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather</span> </li> <li id="62406" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Luwian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62407" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Cuneiform Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlu-Xsux">𒄷𒌋𒄩</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xlu-Latn">ḫūḫa-</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather</span> </li> <li id="62408" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hlu-Hluw">𔕳𔓷</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="hlu-Latn">huha-</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62409" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Lycian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlc-Lyci">𐊜𐊒𐊄𐊀</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xlc-Latn">xuga-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62410" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Lydian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xld-Lydi">𐤨𐤰𐤨𐤠𐤮</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xld-Latn">kukaś</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather, personal name: Grandfather</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62411" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Akkadian</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="akk-Xsux">𒄖𒊌𒄖</span> / <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="akk-Xsux">𒄖𒄖</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="akk-Latn">gu-ug-gu</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="akk-Latn">gu-gu</span> <span class="meaning">Gyges</span> </li> <li id="62412" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Γύγης</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Gúgēs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62413" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Gyges</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62414" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Gyges</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62415" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">հաւ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">haw</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather, ancestor, uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62416" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">հավ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">hav</span> <span class="meaning">ancestor, great-grandfather</span> </li> <li id="62417" class="armenian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">*havuk</span> <span class="note">diminutive/affectionate</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62418" class="hellenic borrowing possible"> <span class="language hellenic">Cappadocian Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="cpg-Grek">αβούκα</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="cpg-Latn">avoúka</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62419" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*awos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62420" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">avus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62421" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">avunculus</span> <span class="note">partly from <span class="transliteration">*awos</span>, but mostly from lost <span class="transliteration">*awō(n)</span> instead</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62422" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62423" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">āwe-</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62424" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éwh₂eh₂</span> <span class="meaning">grandmother, aunt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62425" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*awǭ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62426" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62427" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐍅𐍉</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">awō</span> <span class="meaning">grandmother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62428" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*awā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62429" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ava</span> <span class="meaning">grandmother, old wive's tale</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62430" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62431" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ava</span> <span class="meaning">female ancestor, ancestress</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62432" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62433" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">aba</span> <span class="meaning">grandmother</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62434" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éwh₂ō</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂uh₂n-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62435" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*awū</span> <span class="meaning">(maternal) uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44407" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*altrawū</span> <span class="meaning">foster uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62436" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*alltrọw</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62437" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">athro</span> <span class="meaning">teacher, professor</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62438" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">altra</span> <span class="meaning">foster father</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62439" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">banaltra</span> <span class="meaning">foster-mother, nurse</span> <span class="note">lit. "woman-foster-uncle"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62440" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">banaltra</span> <span class="meaning">(female) nurse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62441" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">banaltra fir</span> <span class="meaning">(male) nurse</span> <span class="note">lit. "woman-foster-uncle man"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62442" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*awontīr</span> <span class="meaning">(maternal) uncle</span> <span class="note">with agentive <span class="transliteration">*-tīr</span>, "uncler"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62443" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*ọɨntir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62444" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">ewythr</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62445" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">amnair</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62446" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*awô</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58781" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*awahaimaz</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62450" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*auhaim</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62451" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēam</span> <span class="meaning">(maternal) uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62452" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">eam</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62453" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">eme</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle, friend</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62454" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*ōm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62455" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">ôom</span> <span class="meaning">(maternal) uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62456" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">oom</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">noom</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62457" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ōheim</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62458" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">ōheim</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">ōhem</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">ōem</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62459" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Oheim</span> <span class="meaning">uncle (archaic)</span> </li> <li id="62460" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Ohm</span> <span class="meaning">uncle (archaic)</span> <span class="note">informal spoken variant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62461" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Ohm</span> <span class="meaning">surname: Uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62462" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ohm</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62463" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Grek">Ω</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62447" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62448" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">afi</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62449" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">afi</span> <span class="meaning">grandfather</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62464" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*awō</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*awun-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62465" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*awunkelos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62466" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">avunculus</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle, great-uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62467" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*aunculus</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*unculus</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62468" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62469" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">unchi</span> </li> <li id="62470" class="albanian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Old Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">ungël</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62471" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">ungj</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62472" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62473" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">oncle</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62474" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62475" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">oncle</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62476" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Onkel</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62477" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">onkel</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62478" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">אָנקל</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">onkl</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62479" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62480" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62481" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">ʻanakala</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> <li id="62482" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">uncail</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62483" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ewh₂yós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62484" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*auˀis</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62485" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62486" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62487" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">awis</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62488" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*ujь</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62489" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62490" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">вуй</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">vuj</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle, old man</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62491" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62492" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">wuj</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62493" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*ujьkъ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62494" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62495" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">вуйчо</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="bul-Latn">vujčo</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle</span> </li> <li id="62496" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">ујак</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">ujak</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62497" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62498" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">wujek</span> <span class="meaning">uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62499" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*auˀinas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62500" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62501" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">avynas</span> <span class="meaning">maternal uncle</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62502" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*auyos</span> <span class="meaning">descendant, grandchild</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62503" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*uwer</span> <span class="note">with excrescent <span class="transliteration">*r</span> or instead from <span class="transliteration">*ɸuweros</span> cognate to Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">puer</span>: "child, boy"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62504" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">ŵyr</span> <span class="meaning">grandson</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62505" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Gaulish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="xtg-Latn">aua</span> <span class="meaning">grandaughter</span> </li> <li id="62506" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Primitive Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="pgl-Ogam">ᚐᚃᚔ</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="pgl-Latn">avi</span> <span class="meaning">descendant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62507" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">aue</span> / <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">úa</span> <span class="meaning">grandson, descendent</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8645" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">Úa Conchobur</span> <span class="meaning">descendant of Conchobur</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8646" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8647" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Ó Conchúir</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="8648" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">O'Connor</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18030" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">uae Tuathail</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18031" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">ó Tuathail</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18032" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">O'Toole</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="42948" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">Úa Néill</span> <span class="meaning">grandson/descendant of Niall</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42949" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42950" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Ó Néill</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="42951" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">O'Neill</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62512" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">iníon uí</span> <span class="meaning">daughter of descendant of</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62513" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Ní</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62508" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="mga-Latn">úa</span> </li> <li id="62509" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">ó</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="62510" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Ó</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="17963" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Ó Donndubháin</span> <span class="meaning">surname: descendant of Donndubhán</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="17964" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">O'Donovan</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Donovan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="62511" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Ó Fearadaigh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="66458" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Faraday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="66459" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">faraday</span> </li> <li id="66460" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">farad</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="66461" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">F</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4092" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂wg-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4093" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ewg-</span> <span class="meaning">to increase, to enlarge</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="3975" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*auk</span> <span class="meaning">and, but, also, furthermore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3976" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3977" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌿𐌺</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">auk</span> <span class="meaning">because, but, but also</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3978" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*auk</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3979" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">auk</span> <span class="meaning">and</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3980" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">og</span> <span class="meaning">and, also</span> </li> <li id="3981" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">auk</span> <span class="meaning">in addition to</span> </li> <li id="3982" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">og</span> <span class="meaning">and</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3983" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*auk</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3984" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēac</span> <span class="meaning">also, too, either, along with</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3985" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">eke</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3986" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*ōk</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3987" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">ook</span> <span class="meaning">also, too, either</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3988" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ouh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3989" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">auch</span> <span class="meaning">also, too, even</span> </li> <li id="3990" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">אויך</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">oykh</span> <span class="meaning">also, even</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3991" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">אויכעט</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">oykhet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4094" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éwgeti</span> <span class="note">primary verb</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4095" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*augtei</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4096" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4097" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">áugti</span> <span class="meaning">to grow</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4098" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*aukaną</span> <span class="meaning">to increase, to grow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4099" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4100" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">aukan</span> <span class="meaning">to increase, to grow</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4101" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4102" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">auka</span> <span class="meaning">to add, to increase, to surpass</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4103" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">øge</span> <span class="meaning">to increase, to enhance</span> </li> <li id="4104" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">auka</span> <span class="meaning">to increase, to augment</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4105" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*aukan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4106" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēacan</span> <span class="meaning">to increase, to enlarge, to become pregnant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4107" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">eke</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">eke out</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4108" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*ōkan</span> </li> <li id="4109" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ouhhan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4110" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ugséti</span> <span class="note">se imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4111" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4112" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὐξάνω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">auxánō</span> <span class="meaning">to make grow, to increase, to promote, to honor</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4113" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hukšáti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4114" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hukṣáti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4115" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀉𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">ukṣati</span> <span class="meaning">to be strong</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4116" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂owgéyeti</span> <span class="note">causative</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4117" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*augejezi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4118" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">augēre</span> <span class="meaning">to increase, to augment, to spread, to strengthen, to enrich</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4119" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">augmentum</span> <span class="meaning">an increase, a growth, an augmentation</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4120" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">augment</span> </li> <li id="4121" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">augmentare</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4120" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">augment</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4122" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auxilium</span> <span class="meaning">help, aid, remedy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4123" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auxiliarius</span> <span class="meaning">assistant, ally, auxiliary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4124" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">auxiliary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4125" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auctor</span> <span class="meaning">creator, originator, author, vendor</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4126" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">author</span> <span class="note">unetymologic <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">h</span>, possibly by conflation with unrelated <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">authentic</span></span> </li> <li id="4127" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">auteur</span> </li> <li id="4128" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auctoritas</span> <span class="meaning">credibility, prestige, reputation, power, authority</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4129" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">authority</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4130" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auctorizo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4131" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">octroy</span> </li> <li id="4132" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">authorize</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4133" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auctiō</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auctiōnem</span> <span class="meaning">an increase, a profit, an auction</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4134" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">auction</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4135" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ugrós</span> <span class="meaning">large, strengthened</span> <span class="note">adjective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4136" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hugrás</span> <span class="meaning">powerful, strong</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4137" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hugrás</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4138" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀉𑀕𑁆𑀭𑀂</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">ugráḥ</span> <span class="meaning">powerful, mighty, terrible, wrathful</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4139" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hugráh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4140" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬎𐬔𐬭𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">ugra</span> <span class="meaning">powerful, mighty</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4141" class="italic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language italic">Venetic</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="xve-Ital">𐌀𐌖𐌙𐌀𐌓</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="xve-Latn">augar</span> <span class="note">uncertain meaning on a votive offering</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4142" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éwgos</span> <span class="meaning">an increase</span> <span class="note">noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4143" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Háwǰas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4144" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Háwȷ́as</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4145" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀑𑀚𑀲𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">ójas</span> <span class="meaning">ability, strength, vigour</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4146" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pli-Brah">𑀑𑀚𑀸</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pli-Latn">ojā</span> <span class="meaning">strength, vitality, sap, essence</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4147" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Thai</span> <span class="orthography" lang="tha-Thai">โอชา</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="tha-Latn">oo-chaa</span> <span class="meaning">delicious</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4148" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Háwǰah</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4149" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬀𐬊𐬘𐬀𐬵</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">aojah</span> <span class="meaning">strength, power</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4150" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌⸱𐬀𐬊𐬘𐬀𐬵</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">pairi-aojah</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4151" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Prti">𐭐𐭓𐭂𐭅𐭆</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xpr-Latn">pryoz</span> <span class="meaning">victorious, personal name: Victorious</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4152" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭯𐭩𐭫𐭥𐭰</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">pērōz</span> <span class="meaning">victorious, personal name: Victorious</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4153" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">پیروز</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">piruz</span> <span class="meaning">victorious, victor, personal name: Victor</span> </li> <li id="4154" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭯𐭩𐭫𐭥𐭰𐭩𐭧</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">pērōzīh</span> <span class="meaning">victory</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4155" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">پیروزی</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">piruzi</span> <span class="meaning">victory</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4156" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">*pērōzag</span> <span class="meaning">turquoise</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4157" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">پیروزه</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">pērōza</span> <span class="meaning">turqoise</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4158" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4159" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">पीरोज़ा</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">pīrozā</span> <span class="meaning">turqoise</span> </li> <li id="4160" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Urdu</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="urd-Aran">پیروزہ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="urd-Latn">pīroza</span> <span class="meaning">turqoise</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4161" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">فيروز</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">fayrūz</span> <span class="meaning">turqoise</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4162" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4163" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4164" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xpr-Latn">*ōž</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4165" class="armenian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">ոյժ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">oyž</span> <span class="meaning">force, strength, vigour, virtue, effort</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4166" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ուժ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">už</span> <span class="meaning">force, power, fertility, effort</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4167" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">*aujah</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4168" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭥𐭰</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">uṣ</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4169" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Háwǰaswants</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4170" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Háwjaswants</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4171" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀑𑀚𑀲𑁆𑀯𑀢𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">ójasvant</span> <span class="meaning">powerful, strong</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4172" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Háwjahwants</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4173" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬀𐬊𐬘𐬋𐬢𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">aojōŋhuuaṇt</span> <span class="meaning">swiftest</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4174" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*augos</span> <span class="meaning">an increase</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4175" class="italic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">augur</span> <span class="meaning">augur, diviner</span> </li> <li id="4176" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*augostos</span> <span class="meaning">increased</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4177" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">augustus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4178" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">august</span> </li> <li id="4179" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Augustus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4180" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Augustus</span> </li> <li id="4181" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Aosta</span> </li> <li id="4182" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mēnsis Augustus</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Augustus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="40915" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Agustus</span> <span class="meaning">August</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="40916" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">August</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4183" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Caesaraugusta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4184" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Kaiseraugst</span> </li> <li id="4185" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Saragossa</span> </li> <li id="4186" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Zaragoza</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4187" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Augusta Vindelicorum</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4188" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Augsburg</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4189" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Augustodurum</span> <span class="meaning">the Gate (or Forum) of Augustus, a city in Roman Gaul</span> <span class="note">now Bayeux, France</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4190" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">oogst</span> <span class="meaning">harvest</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4191" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">oogsten</span> <span class="meaning">to harvest, to obtain</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4192" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éwgō</span> <span class="meaning">an increase</span> <span class="note">noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4193" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*aukô</span> <span class="meaning">increase, addition</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4194" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4195" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">auki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4196" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">auki</span> <span class="meaning">increase, addition</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4197" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*aukō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4198" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēaca</span> <span class="meaning">addition, increase, supplement</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4107" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">eke</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">eke out</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4199" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*aukanamô</span> <span class="meaning">added name, nickname</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4200" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4201" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">aukanafn</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">auknefni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4202" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4203" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">øgenavn</span> </li> <li id="4204" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">öknamn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4205" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4206" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Faroese</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="fao-Latn">eyknevni</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4207" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*aukanamō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4208" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4209" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">ekename</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">neke name</span> <span class="meaning">nickname, an additional name</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4210" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">nickname</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4211" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4212" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">Ökelname</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4213" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éwgeh₂</span> <span class="meaning">sunrise, dawn</span> <span class="note">secondary noun: collective or feminine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4214" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*haug-</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*aug-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4215" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">ag</span> <span class="meaning">dawn, predawn light, shine, fog, pupils</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4216" class="albanian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">vegoj</span> <span class="meaning">to appear, to look blurry, to barely see</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4217" class="albanian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">vegim</span> <span class="meaning">mirage, illusion, dream</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4218" class="albanian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">agull</span> <span class="meaning">dawn, predawn light, fog</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4219" class="albanian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">vagëlloj</span> <span class="meaning">to barely see, to blink, to glow dimly, to dim, to weaken</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4220" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4221" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὐγή</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">augḗ</span> <span class="meaning">sunlight, dawn, sheen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4222" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αυγή</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">avgí</span> <span class="meaning">dawn, beginning</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4223" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4224" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*jùgъ</span> <span class="meaning">south, south wind</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4225" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4226" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">юг</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="bul-Latn">jug</span> <span class="meaning">south</span> </li> <li id="4227" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">југ</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">jug</span> <span class="meaning">south</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4228" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">Југославија</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">Jugoslavija</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4229" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Yugoslavia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4230" class="albanian borrowing"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">jug</span> <span class="meaning">south</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4231" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4232" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">jih</span> <span class="meaning">south</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4233" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éwgs-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4234" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ugstos</span> <span class="meaning">grown</span> <span class="note">adjective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4235" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4236" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4237" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4238" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">aukštas</span> <span class="meaning">high, tall, noble</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4239" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finno-Ugric</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*kawsa-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4240" class="uralic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finno-Ugric</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*kaswa-</span> <span class="note">regular metathesis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4241" class="uralic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*kasva-</span> <span class="meaning">to grow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4242" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">kasvaa</span> <span class="meaning">to grow, to become, to increment</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4243" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂weg-</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="4244" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂wégseti</span> <span class="note">se imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4245" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*wahsijaną</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4246" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4247" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">wahsjan</span> <span class="meaning">to grow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4248" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">guaixar</span> <span class="meaning">to sprout</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4249" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*wahsan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4250" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">weaxan</span> <span class="meaning">to grow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4251" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">wax</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4252" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*awéksō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4253" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὔξω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aúxō</span> <span class="meaning">to increase, to promote</span> <span class="note">archaic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4254" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hwakšáyati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4255" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4256" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬎𐬑𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬍</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">uxšiieitī</span> <span class="meaning">grows</span> </li> <li id="4257" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4258" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">وخشیدن</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">vaxšidan</span> <span class="meaning">to grow (archaic)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4259" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂wégses</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4260" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hwákšas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4261" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4262" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀯𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀲𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">vákṣas</span> <span class="meaning">chest, breast</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4263" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4264" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Assamese</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="asm-Beng">বুকু</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="asm-Latn">buku</span> <span class="meaning">chest</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4265" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂wégstus</span> <span class="note">result noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4266" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*wahstuz</span> <span class="meaning">size, growth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4267" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*wahstu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4268" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="ang-Latn">*wæst</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4269" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">waist</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4270" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂wegrom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4271" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*wegrom</span> <span class="meaning">grass, hay</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4272" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*gweɣr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4273" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">gwair</span> <span class="meaning">grass, hay</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4274" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">fér</span> <span class="meaning">grass</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4275" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Irish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4276" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">féar</span> <span class="meaning">grass</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4277" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂wógros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4278" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*wōkraz</span> <span class="meaning">gain, yield, offspring, interest, usury</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4279" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4280" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐍅𐍉𐌺𐍂𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">wōkrs</span> <span class="meaning">usury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4281" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4282" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">okr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4283" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">åger</span> <span class="meaning">usury</span> </li> <li id="4284" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">okur</span> <span class="meaning">usury</span> </li> <li id="4285" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">oker</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">ocker</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4286" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*wōkr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4287" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">wōcor</span> <span class="meaning">offspring, living creatures collectively, interest, usury</span> </li> <li id="4288" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*wōkar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4289" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">woeker</span> <span class="meaning">usury</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4290" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">wuohhar</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4291" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Wucher</span> <span class="meaning">usury, price-gouging</span> </li> <li id="4292" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">וואָכער</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">vokher</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4293" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*vookra</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4294" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">vuokra</span> <span class="meaning">lease, rent</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4295" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4296" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4297" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*ovoťe</span> <span class="meaning">fruit, yield</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4298" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ews-</span> <span class="meaning">dawn, east</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18834" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ussḱéti</span> <span class="meaning">is dawning</span> <span class="note">ske- imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18835" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hušćáti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18836" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18837" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀉𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">ucchati</span> <span class="meaning">to dawn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18838" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éwsōs</span> <span class="meaning">dawn, divinity of dawn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18839" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">այգ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">ayg</span> <span class="meaning">dawn, morning</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18840" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">այգ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">ayg</span> <span class="meaning">morning</span> </li> <li id="18841" class="armenian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">ցայգ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">cʿayg</span> <span class="meaning">night</span> <span class="note">lit. "until morning"</span> </li> <li id="18842" class="armenian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">զայգոյ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">zaygoy</span> <span class="meaning">until tomorrow, tomorrow morning</span> <span class="note">lit. "after? morning"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18843" class="kartvelian borrowing possible"> <span class="language kartvelian">Georgian</span> <span class="orthography kartvelian" lang="kat-Geor">ზეგ</span> <span class="transliteration kartvelian" lang="kat-Latn">zeg</span> <span class="meaning">day after tomorrow</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18844" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*auzi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18845" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Auziwandilaz</span> <span class="meaning">personal or divine name: Dawn-Wanderer?, Bright-Vandal?, Morning Star</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18846" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18847" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌿𐌶𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌻</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">auzandil</span> <span class="meaning">morning star (Venus), Lucifer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18848" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18849" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">Aurvandil</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18850" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Auʀiwandil</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18851" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Ēarendel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18852" class="parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Quenya</span> <span class="orthography" lang="qya-Teng"></span> <span class="transliteration" lang="qya-Latn">Eärendil</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Sea-Friend</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18853" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Eärendil</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18854" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">Orentil</span> </li> <li id="18855" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Lombardic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="Latn">Auriwandalo</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18856" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Horvandillus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18857" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*auhṓs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18858" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἠώς</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ēṓs</span> <span class="meaning">dawn, east</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18859" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ἠώς</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Ēṓs</span> <span class="meaning">divinity of dawn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18860" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Eos</span> </li> <li id="18861" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ἑωσφόρος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Heōsphóros</span> <span class="meaning">Morning Star, Venus</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18862" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hušā́s</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18863" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Huṣā́s</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18864" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀉𑀱𑀲𑁆</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">uṣás</span> <span class="meaning">dawn, divinity of dawn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18865" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">उषा</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">uṣā</span> <span class="meaning">dawn</span> </li> <li id="18866" class="parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Old Japanese</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="ojp-Latn">*uzu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18867" class="synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Old Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="ojp-Hani">天鈿女</span> / <span class="orthography" lang="ojp-Hira">あめのうずめ</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="ojp-Latn">Ama no Uzume</span> <span class="meaning">divinity of dawn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18868" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hušā́h</span> <span class="meaning">dawn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3678" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*āHušā́h</span> <span class="meaning">at dawn, tomorrow</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18881" class="indoiranian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*upāHušniH</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18869" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬵</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">ušah</span> <span class="meaning">dawn, morning light</span> </li> <li id="18870" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sogdo-Bactrian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18871" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sogdian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="sog-Mani">𐫇𐫢</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="sog-Latn">wš</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18872" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18873" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18874" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">aso</span> <span class="meaning">horizon, dawn, light</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18875" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">*ušām</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18876" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭠𐭥𐭱</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">awš</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18877" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xmn-Phli">𐭠𐭥𐭱𐭡𐭠𐭬</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xmn-Latn">awšbam</span> <span class="note">with another word also meaning "dawn"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18878" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">هوشبام</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">hušbâm</span> <span class="meaning">Zoroastrian divinity of dawn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18879" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hušataras</span> <span class="meaning">eastern</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18880" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">ušatara</span> <span class="meaning">eastern</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18882" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*auzōs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18883" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aurora</span> <span class="meaning">dawn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18884" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18885" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">aurora</span> <span class="meaning">dawn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18886" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">aurore</span> <span class="meaning">dawn, aurora</span> </li> <li id="18887" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">aurora</span> <span class="meaning">aurora</span> </li> <li id="18888" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">aurora</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18889" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">aurora australis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18890" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Aurora</span> <span class="meaning">divinity of dawn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18891" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Aurora</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18892" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*per-h₂usés</span> <span class="meaning">before dawn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18893" class="armenian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">առաւաւտ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">aṙawawt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18894" class="armenian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="armenian"> <span class="language armenian">Old Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="xcl-Armn">առաւօտ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="xcl-Latn">aṙawōt</span> <span class="meaning">morning</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18895" class="armenian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">առավոտ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">aṙavot</span> <span class="meaning">morning</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18896" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ewsro</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18897" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">err</span> <span class="meaning">dark, darkness</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18898" class="albanian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">terr</span> <span class="meaning">dark, darkness</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18899" class="albanian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">terrtohem</span> <span class="meaning">to scowl</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18900" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*aušra</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*auštra</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18901" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">aušrà</span> <span class="meaning">dawn, daybreak</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18902" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">aušrìnis</span> <span class="meaning">dawning, morning, dawn</span> <span class="note">relational adjective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18903" class="baltoslavic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">Aušrinė</span> <span class="meaning">personal and divine name: (of the) Dawn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18904" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*ùtro</span> <span class="meaning">dawn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18905" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18906" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">утро</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">utro</span> <span class="meaning">morning</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18907" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18908" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">јутро</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">jutro</span> <span class="meaning">morning</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18909" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18910" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">jitro</span> <span class="meaning">early morning</span> </li> <li id="18911" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">jutro</span> <span class="meaning">tomorrow</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18912" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Austrǭ</span> <span class="meaning">divinity of spring, springtime</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18913" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Austrā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18914" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Eostre</span> <span class="meaning">festival of spring time, divinity of spring?, Easter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18915" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Eestour</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Ester</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Yestre</span> </li> <li id="18916" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Easter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18917" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ōstra</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18918" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">ōstre</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">ōster</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18919" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Ostern</span> <span class="meaning">Easter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18920" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ewsḗr</span> <span class="meaning">thing at dawn</span> <span class="note">substantivized locative</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18921" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*auhḗr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18922" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀήρ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aḗr</span> <span class="meaning">morning mist, mist, wind, air, color of the sky</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18923" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aer</span> <span class="meaning">air</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18924" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18925" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">aria</span> <span class="meaning">air</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18926" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">aria</span> </li> <li id="18927" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">bonario</span> <span class="meaning">good natured, kindly, affable</span> </li> <li id="18928" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">malaria</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18929" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">malaria</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18930" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18931" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">ària</span> <span class="meaning">air</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18932" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">Nostra Segnora (Santa Maria) del Bonaria</span> <span class="meaning">Divine epithet: Our Lady (Saint Mary) of the Fair Wind</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18933" class="italic parent calque"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Aragonese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="arg-Latn">Nuestra Sinyora Santa Maria del Buen Ayre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18934" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Aragonese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="arg-Latn">Ciudat de Nuestra Sinyora Santa Maria del Buen Ayre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18935" class="italic parent calque"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Ciudad de Nuestra Señora Santa Maria de los Buenos Aires</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18936" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Buenos Aires</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18937" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Buenos Aires</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18938" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18939" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">aer</span> <span class="meaning">air</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18940" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18941" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aragonese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="arg-Latn">ayre</span> </li> <li id="18942" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">air</span> <span class="meaning">air</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18943" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">air</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18944" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">aire</span> <span class="meaning">air</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18936" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Buenos Aires</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18937" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Buenos Aires</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18945" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Classical Syriac</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="syc-Syrc">ܐܐܪ</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="syc-Latn">aar</span> <span class="meaning">air, breeze</span> </li> <li id="18946" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀέρος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aéros</span> <span class="meaning">of the air</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18947" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">aero-</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18948" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éwsreh₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18949" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18950" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αὔρα</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aúra</span> <span class="meaning">fresh air, breeze, steam</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18951" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aura</span> <span class="meaning">air, breeze</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18952" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18953" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ora</span> <span class="meaning">blow, breeze</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18954" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18955" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">avrã</span> <span class="meaning">breeze, coolness, freshness</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18956" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18957" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">ore</span> <span class="meaning">wind</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18958" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">orage</span> <span class="meaning">thunderstorm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18959" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">orear</span> <span class="meaning">to air</span> </li> <li id="18960" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">orate</span> <span class="meaning">crazy person</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18961" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">aura</span> </li> <li id="18962" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*exaurare</span> <span class="meaning">to rise into the air</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18963" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18964" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">essorer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18965" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">essorer</span> <span class="meaning">to hang out to dry</span> </li> <li id="18966" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">soar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18967" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éwsri</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18968" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18969" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αύριο</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">ávrio</span> <span class="meaning">tomorrow, soon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18970" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂wōsrih₂</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18971" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*wārī</span> <span class="meaning">sunrise, east</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18972" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Insular Celtic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18973" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">fáir</span> </li> <li id="18974" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18975" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">gwawr</span> <span class="meaning">dawn, daybreak</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18976" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ewsteros</span> <span class="meaning">east</span> <span class="note">contrastive, lit. "the dawn-er of them"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18977" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*austraz</span> <span class="meaning">east</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18978" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18979" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ēast</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18980" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">east</span> </li> <li id="18981" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">est</span> <span class="meaning">east</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18982" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18983" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">est</span> <span class="meaning">east</span> </li> <li id="18984" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">est</span> <span class="meaning">east</span> </li> <li id="18985" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">este</span> <span class="meaning">east</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18986" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Ēastseaxan</span> <span class="meaning">Eastern Saxons</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="53555" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">Estsex</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="53556" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Essex</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18987" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18988" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Ost</span> <span class="meaning">east</span> </li> <li id="18989" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">Ostarīhhi</span> <span class="meaning">Austria</span> <span class="note">lit. "Eastern realm/kingdom"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="50511" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="50512" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Österreich</span> <span class="meaning">Austria</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="50513" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Medieval Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Austria</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="50514" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Austria</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18990" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Austsaiwiz</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*Austrasaiwiz</span> <span class="meaning">Baltic Sea</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18991" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18992" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">Austrsjór</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18993" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">Östersjön</span> <span class="meaning">Baltic Sea</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18994" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">Østersøen</span> <span class="meaning">Baltic Sea</span> </li> <li id="18995" class="germanic borrowing possible"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Ostsǣ</span> <span class="meaning">Baltic Sea</span> </li> <li id="18996" class="uralic calque"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">Itämeri</span> <span class="meaning">Baltic Sea</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18997" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18998" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18999" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">Oostzee</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19000" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18995" class="germanic borrowing possible"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">Ostsǣ</span> <span class="meaning">Baltic Sea</span> </li> <li id="19001" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">Oostsee</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19002" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*austeros</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19003" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">auster</span> <span class="meaning">southerly wind, south</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19004" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19005" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ostro</span> <span class="meaning">southerly wind, the south</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19006" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19007" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">austru</span> <span class="meaning">dry wind from the south</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19008" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">austrālis</span> <span class="meaning">southern</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18889" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">aurora australis</span> </li> <li id="19009" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Australia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19010" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">ʻAukekulelia</span> <span class="meaning">Australia</span> </li> <li id="19011" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">An Astráil</span> <span class="meaning">(The) Australia</span> </li> <li id="19012" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Kana">オーストラリア</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="jpn-Latn">Ōsutoraria</span> <span class="meaning">Australia</span> </li> <li id="19013" class="sinotibetan sintic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="sinotibetan sintic"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Mandarin</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Hani">澳大利亞</span> <span class="transliteration sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Latn">Àodàlìyà</span> <span class="meaning">Australia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19014" class="sinotibetan sintic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="sinotibetan sintic"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Mandarin</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Hani">澳洲</span> / <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Hani">澳</span> <span class="transliteration sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Latn">Àozhōu</span> <span class="transliteration sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Latn">Ào</span> <span class="meaning">Australia (Continent)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19015" class="austroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language austroasiatic">Vietnamese</span> <span class="orthography austroasiatic" lang="vie-Latn">Úc Châu</span> / <span class="orthography austroasiatic" lang="vie-Latn">Úc</span> <span class="meaning">Australia (Continent)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19016" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éh₂uso</span> <span class="meaning">glow of dawn, gold</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19017" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19018" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19019" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">áuksas</span> <span class="meaning">gold</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19020" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19021" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">ausis</span> <span class="meaning">gold</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19022" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aurum</span> <span class="meaning">gold</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19023" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19024" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">oro</span> <span class="meaning">gold</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19025" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19026" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">oru</span> <span class="meaning">gold</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19027" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19028" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">aur</span> <span class="meaning">gold</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19029" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19030" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">or</span> <span class="meaning">gold</span> </li> <li id="19031" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">oro</span> <span class="meaning">gold</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19032" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Navajo</span> <span class="orthography" lang="nav-Latn">óola</span> <span class="meaning">gold</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19033" class="albanian borrowing"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">ar</span> <span class="meaning">gold</span> </li> <li id="19034" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Basque</span> <span class="orthography" lang="eus-Latn">urre</span> <span class="meaning">gold</span> </li> <li id="19035" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">ór</span> <span class="meaning">gold</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19036" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">ór</span> <span class="meaning">gold</span> </li> <li id="19037" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">Órfhlaith</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Gold-Sovereignty, Gold-Princess</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19038" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Órfhlaith</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19039" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Orla</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19040" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">aur</span> <span class="meaning">gold</span> </li> <li id="19041" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Au</span> </li> <li id="19042" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Aurelius</span> <span class="meaning">Golden (family name)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19043" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Aurelianus</span> <span class="meaning">of the Golden (personal name)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19044" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Aurelianum</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19045" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19046" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Orléans</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19047" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Orleans</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19048" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">New Orleans</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19049" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19050" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="orthography tocharian" lang="xto-Latn">wäs</span> <span class="meaning">gold</span> </li> <li id="19051" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="orthography tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">yasā</span> <span class="meaning">gold</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19052" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ey-</span> <span class="meaning">day, morning, fire?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="835" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂eydʰ-</span> <span class="meaning">ignite, fire</span> <span class="note">place in fire??</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="836" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éydʰeti</span> <span class="meaning">burning, igniting</span> <span class="note">primary verb</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="837" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Háydʰati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="838" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="839" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀏𑀥𑀢𑁂</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">édhate</span> <span class="meaning">to spread, to grow, to increase, to prosper</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="840" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*áitʰō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="841" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αἴθω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aíthō</span> <span class="meaning">To kindle, to light, to burn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="842" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αἴθων</span> <span class="meaning">a burning, a blaze, lightning, a thing that flashes like burnished metal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="843" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Αἴθων</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Aíthōn</span> <span class="meaning">eagle that eats Prometheus's liver</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="844" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Aethon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="845" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Aethon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="846" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αἰθήρ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aithḗr</span> <span class="meaning">The pure upper air breathed by the gods, clear sky, heaven, aether, ether</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="847" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αιθήρ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">aithír</span> <span class="meaning">sky, air</span> </li> <li id="848" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αιθέρας</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">aithéras</span> <span class="meaning">ether</span> </li> <li id="849" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aethēr</span> <span class="meaning">Pure upper air, daytime sky, brightness surrounding a deity</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="850" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">éther</span> <span class="meaning">ether</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="851" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ether</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="852" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Kana">エーテル</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="jpn-Latn">ēteru</span> <span class="meaning">ether</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="853" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Äther</span> <span class="meaning">ether</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="854" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">etere</span> <span class="meaning">ether</span> </li> <li id="855" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">éter</span> <span class="meaning">ether</span> </li> <li id="856" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aetherius</span> <span class="meaning">pertaining to ether, pertaining to the sky, pertaining to heaven; ethereal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="857" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">éthéré</span> <span class="meaning">ethereal</span> </li> <li id="858" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">etereo</span> <span class="meaning">ethereal</span> </li> <li id="859" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ethereal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="860" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">эфир</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">efir</span> <span class="meaning">ether</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="861" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*áitʰ-ókʷs</span> <span class="note">"eye-burning"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="862" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αἶθοψ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aîthops</span> <span class="meaning">gleaming, sparkling, blazing</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="863" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*áitʰiókʷs</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="864" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀀𐀂𐀴𐀍𐀦</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="gmy-Latn">a-i-ti-jo-qo</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopian</span> </li> <li id="865" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Αἰθίοψ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Aithíops</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="866" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Αἰθιοπία</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="867" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Aethiopia</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="868" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Ethiopia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="869" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">ʻAikiopa</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="870" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Amharic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="amh-Ethi">ኢትዮጵያ</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="amh-Latn">ʾityop̣p̣ya</span> <span class="meaning">Ethiopia</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="871" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éydʰs</span> <span class="note">root noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="872" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*aiþs</span> <span class="meaning">place with a hearth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="873" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aedis</span> <span class="meaning">house, room, shrine, temple</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="874" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aedificare</span> <span class="meaning">to build, to establish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="875" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="876" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">edificare</span> <span class="meaning">to build, erect, edify</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="877" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="878" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">edifier</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="879" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">edifier</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="880" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">édifier</span> <span class="meaning">to construct, erect, edify</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="881" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">edifier</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="882" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">edify</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="883" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">edificar</span> <span class="meaning">to build, set a good example</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="884" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aedificatio</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aedificātiōnem</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="885" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">edification</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="886" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aedificium</span> <span class="meaning">building, structure</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="887" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="888" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">edificio</span> <span class="meaning">building, organization</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="889" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="890" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">édifice</span> <span class="meaning">building, structure</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="891" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">edifice</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="892" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">edificio</span> <span class="meaning">building</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="893" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aedicula</span> <span class="meaning">small building, small temple</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="894" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="895" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">edicola</span> <span class="meaning">newstand, shrine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="896" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aedilis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="897" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">aedile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="898" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éydʰos</span> <span class="meaning">burning</span> <span class="note">action noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="899" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*aidos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="900" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">áed</span> <span class="meaning">fire</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="901" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">Áed</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Fire</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="902" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Aodh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="903" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Hugh</span> <span class="note">Anglicization, merger with <span class="orthography" lang="">Hughe</span>/<span class="orthography" lang="">Hugo</span></span> </li> <li id="904" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Ó hAodha</span> <span class="meaning">surname: descendant of Aodh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="905" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">O'Hea</span> </li> <li id="906" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Hayes</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="907" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">Áedán</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Fire(ling)</span> <span class="note"><span class="orthography" lang="sga-Latn">áed</span> + diminutive/substantive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="908" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Aodhan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="909" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Aidan</span> </li> <li id="910" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Eithne</span> <span class="note">Possibly a feminine form of <span class="orthography" lang="">Aodhan</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="911" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Enya</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="912" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">Áedócán</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="913" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Aodhagán</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="914" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Egan</span> </li> <li id="915" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Mac Aodhagáin</span> <span class="note">patronymic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="916" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">MacEgan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="917" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Keegan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="918" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">Máedóc</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: My-Little-Fire</span> <span class="note">affectionate + <span class="orthography" lang="sga-Latn">áed</span> + dimunitive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="919" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Maddoc</span> </li> <li id="920" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">Madog</span> </li> <li id="921" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">Mo Aodh Og</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="922" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Mogue</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="923" class="celtic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">Cináed</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: Fire-Born</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="924" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Kenneth</span> <span class="note">also used as anglicization of Irish <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">Coinneach</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="925" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*aidaz</span> <span class="meaning">fire, pyre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="926" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="927" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ād</span> <span class="meaning">fire, pyre</span> </li> <li id="928" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">eit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="929" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*áitʰos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="930" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">αἶθος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aîthos</span> <span class="meaning">heat, fire</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="931" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="932" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="933" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀏𑀥</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">édha</span> <span class="meaning">fuel, firewood</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="934" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éydʰtus</span> <span class="meaning">burning</span> <span class="note">action noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="935" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*aissus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="936" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aestus</span> <span class="meaning">heat, fire, passion, tidal surge</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="937" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aestuarium</span> <span class="meaning">tidal marsh, estuary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="938" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="939" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">estuario</span> <span class="meaning">estuary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="940" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="941" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">étier</span> <span class="meaning">channel through a salt marsh</span> </li> <li id="942" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">estero</span> <span class="meaning">river delta, lagoon, pond</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="943" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">estuary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="944" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éydʰlom</span> <span class="note">instrument</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="945" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*ailą</span> <span class="meaning">fire</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="946" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*ailijaną</span> <span class="meaning">to burn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="947" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*aili-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="948" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*ailisk-</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*alisk-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="949" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">elska</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">ælska</span> <span class="meaning">to love</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="950" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="951" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">elske</span> <span class="meaning">to love</span> </li> <li id="952" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">älska</span> <span class="meaning">to love</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="953" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="954" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Faroese</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="fao-Latn">elska</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="fao-Latn">alska</span> <span class="meaning">to love</span> </li> <li id="955" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">elska</span> <span class="meaning">love, to love</span> </li> <li id="956" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">elsk</span> <span class="meaning">to love</span> <span class="note">Shetland dialect</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="957" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="958" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ǣlan</span> <span class="meaning">to kindle, to burn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="959" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">onǣlan</span> <span class="meaning">to set fire to, to burn up, to make hot</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="960" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">anneal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="961" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*ailidaz</span> <span class="meaning">fire, pyre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="962" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*ailidaʀ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="963" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">eldr</span> <span class="meaning">fire</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="964" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="965" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">ild</span> <span class="meaning">fire, ardor</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="966" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="967" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">eldur</span> <span class="meaning">fire</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="968" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">eldfjall</span> <span class="meaning">fire-mountain, volcano</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="969" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">mǫrueldr</span> <span class="meaning">phosphorence on the ocean</span> <span class="note">lit. "sea-fire"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="970" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="971" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">mareld</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="972" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="973" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Norn</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="nrn-Latn">*mareld</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="974" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">mareel</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="975" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="976" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">æled</span> <span class="meaning">fire, conflagration</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="977" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="978" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">aelwyd</span> <span class="meaning">hearth, fireside, home</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="979" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éydʰteh₂ts</span> <span class="note">state of being, ~"heat, on-fire-ness"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="980" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*aissāts</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="981" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aestas</span> <span class="meaning">summer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="982" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="983" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Dalmatian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="dlm-Latn">instuat</span> <span class="meaning">summer</span> </li> <li id="984" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">state</span> <span class="meaning">summer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="985" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">estate</span> <span class="meaning">summer</span> <span class="note">re-Latinization</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="986" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="987" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="988" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Campidanese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="sro-Latn">stadi</span> <span class="meaning">summer</span> </li> <li id="989" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Logudorese</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="src-Latn">istade</span> <span class="meaning">summer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="990" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="991" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">estet</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="992" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">été</span> <span class="meaning">summer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="993" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aestivus</span> <span class="meaning">summery</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="994" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">tempus aestivum</span> <span class="meaning">summertime</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="995" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Vulgar Latin</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*aestīvuᵐ</span> <span class="meaning">summer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="996" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="997" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">estío</span> <span class="meaning">summer (poetic)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="998" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aestivare</span> <span class="meaning">to summer, to spend the summer (in a place)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="999" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">estivate</span> <span class="note">like <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">hibernate</span>, but in the summer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19053" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂óyr̥</span> <span class="note">r-stem noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19054" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Háyr̥</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19055" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19056" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬀𐬫𐬀𐬭</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">ayar</span> <span class="meaning">day</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19057" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éyeri</span> <span class="meaning">in the morning, early</span> <span class="note">locative adverb</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19058" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">herët</span> <span class="meaning">early in the morning, at dawn</span> </li> <li id="19059" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*airi</span> <span class="meaning">early</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19060" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19061" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌹𐍂</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">air</span> <span class="meaning">early, soon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19062" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">ár</span> <span class="meaning">early, primevally, at dawn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19063" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">árla</span> <span class="meaning">early</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19064" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">årle</span> </li> <li id="19065" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">árla</span> <span class="meaning">early</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19066" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">áðr</span> <span class="meaning">already, before, ere, until</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19088" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">áður</span> <span class="meaning">before, earlier, previously</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19067" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*airi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19068" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ǣr</span> <span class="meaning">early, previous, former</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19069" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ere</span> </li> <li id="19070" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">air</span> <span class="meaning">early</span> </li> <li id="19071" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">ear</span> <span class="meaning">before, ere</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19072" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*ēr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19073" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">eer</span> <span class="meaning">before, ere</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19074" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">er</span> <span class="meaning">early, before, ere, formerly, until</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19075" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">eher</span> <span class="meaning">quite (adjective quantifier), earlier, sooner, prefer to, more likely</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19076" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*airizô</span> <span class="meaning">earlier (adjective)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19077" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19078" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌶𐌰</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">airiza</span> <span class="meaning">earlier, sooner, forerunners</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19079" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*airiʀō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19080" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ǣrra</span> <span class="meaning">earlier, former</span> </li> <li id="19081" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*ēriro</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19082" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">eerder</span> <span class="meaning">earlier, former, prior</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19083" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ēriro</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19075" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">eher</span> <span class="meaning">quite (adjective quantifier), earlier, sooner, prefer to, more likely</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19084" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*airiz</span> <span class="meaning">earlier (adverb)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19067" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*airi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19068" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ǣr</span> <span class="meaning">early, previous, former</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19069" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ere</span> </li> <li id="19070" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">air</span> <span class="meaning">early</span> </li> <li id="19071" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">ear</span> <span class="meaning">before, ere</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19072" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*ēr</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19073" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">eer</span> <span class="meaning">before, ere</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19074" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">er</span> <span class="meaning">early, before, ere, formerly, until</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19075" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">eher</span> <span class="meaning">quite (adjective quantifier), earlier, sooner, prefer to, more likely</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19085" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19086" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">airis</span> <span class="meaning">earlier, sooner</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19087" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19066" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">áðr</span> <span class="meaning">already, before, ere, until</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19088" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">áður</span> <span class="meaning">before, earlier, previously</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19089" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*airist</span> <span class="meaning">earliest, first, foremost</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19090" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*airist</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19091" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ǣrest</span> <span class="meaning">first, at first</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19092" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">erst</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19093" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">erstwhile</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19094" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*ērist</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19095" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">eerste</span> <span class="meaning">first</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19096" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">ērist</span> <span class="meaning">earliest, first</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19097" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">erste</span> <span class="meaning">first</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19098" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*airlīkaz</span> <span class="meaning">early</span> <span class="note">"early-like"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19099" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19063" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">árla</span> <span class="meaning">early</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19064" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">årle</span> </li> <li id="19065" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">árla</span> <span class="meaning">early</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19100" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19101" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ǣrlīċ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19102" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">early</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19103" class="germanic synchronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*airuz</span> <span class="meaning">messenger, herald</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19104" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19105" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἦρι</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">êri</span> <span class="meaning">in the morning, early</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19106" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἠριγένεια</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ērigéneia</span> <span class="meaning">divine epithet: early-born (of Eos), dawn, day</span> </li> <li id="19107" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἠριγέρων</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ērigérōn</span> <span class="meaning">groundsel</span> <span class="note">"early-old-man"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19108" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">Erigeron</span> <span class="meaning">taxonomic genus in the Aster family</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19109" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*ayeryos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19110" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἠέριος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">ēérios</span> <span class="meaning">early in morning, at dawn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19111" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*ayeriston</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="19112" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄριστον</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">áriston</span> <span class="meaning">breakfast</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="19113" class="parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂éyos</span> <span class="meaning">metal, copper, bronze</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44791" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*aiz</span> <span class="meaning">copper, bronze, ore</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44792" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44793" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐌹𐌶</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">aiz</span> <span class="meaning">copper, brass, or bronze</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44794" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44795" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">eir</span> <span class="meaning">brass, copper</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44796" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*aiʀ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44797" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ār</span> <span class="meaning">brass, copper, ore</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44798" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Háyas</span> <span class="meaning">metal, copper</span> </li> <li id="44799" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*aos</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*aez-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44800" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aes</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aer-</span> <span class="meaning">copper, bronze, money, fee, debt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44801" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aera</span> <span class="meaning">bronzes, tokens</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44802" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Aera Hispanica</span> <span class="meaning">The Spanish Era</span> <span class="note">an epoch starting 38 BCE and counted with bronze markers</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44803" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">era</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44804" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">as</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">assem</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*assum</span> <span class="meaning">a penny, a copper coin, unit, the smallest possible value</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44805" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44806" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">asso</span> <span class="meaning">ace</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44807" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44808" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">as</span> <span class="meaning">the one on a die</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44809" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">as</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44810" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">as</span> <span class="meaning">ace</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44811" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">aas</span> <span class="meaning">ace</span> </li> <li id="44812" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">as</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44813" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ace</span> </li> <li id="44814" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">as</span> <span class="meaning">ace</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44815" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">sēmis</span> <span class="meaning">half, half unit, half as</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44816" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">sēstertius</span> <span class="meaning">two and a half, sesterce</span> <span class="note">lit. "the third half": 0.5, 1.5, 2.5</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44817" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">sesterce</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="44818" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">sesterce</span> </li> <li id="44819" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">sesterce</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="44820" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*aeznos</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*aezneos</span> <span class="meaning">made of bronze, brazen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4299" class="parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂epó</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂pó</span> <span class="meaning">off, away</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="91" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂po-h₃elh₁-</span> <span class="meaning">fall off, fall away, clear away</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="92" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂poh₃lh₁ti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="93" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="94" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="95" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">pulti</span> <span class="meaning">to fall</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="96" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ph₃elh₁néti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="97" class="parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Pre-Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*polleneti</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="98" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*fallaną</span> <span class="meaning">to fall</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="99" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*fallan</span> <span class="meaning">to fall</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="100" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">feallan</span> <span class="meaning">to fall</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="101" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">fallen</span> <span class="meaning">to fall</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="102" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">fall</span> </li> <li id="103" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">vall</span> <span class="meaning">to fall, to begin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="104" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂ph₃lh₁néwti</span> <span class="note">transitive imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="105" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="106" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀπόλλυμι</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">apóllumi</span> <span class="meaning">to destroy utterly, to slay, to perish, to vanish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="107" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Koine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ἀπολλύων</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Apollúōn</span> <span class="meaning">divine name: the Destroyer</span> <span class="note">phono-semantic mathcing to <span class="transliteration">ʾaḇaddôn</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="108" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Apollȳōn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="109" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Apollyon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3949" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*aw</span> <span class="meaning">of, from</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3950" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3951" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">o</span> <span class="meaning">from, of, out of</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3952" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">ó</span> <span class="meaning">from, of, with, since, after</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3953" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">ó</span> <span class="meaning">of, from, since</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4300" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Anatolian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4301" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Hittite</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="hit-Xsux">𒀀𒀊𒉺</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="hit-Latn">a-ap-pa</span> <span class="meaning">behind, afterward, back, again</span> </li> <li id="4302" class="anatolian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="anatolian"> <span class="language anatolian">Luwian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4303" class="anatolian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language anatolian">Cuneiform Luwian</span> <span class="orthography anatolian" lang="xlu-Xsux">𒀀𒀊𒉺</span> <span class="transliteration anatolian" lang="xlu-Latn">a-ap-pa</span> <span class="meaning">back, again</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4304" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*apa</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4305" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">pa</span> <span class="meaning">without, minus, not including</span> </li> <li id="4306" class="albanian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*pər apa</span> <span class="note">lit. "front away"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4307" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">prapë</span> <span class="meaning">again, back, anew</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4308" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pa</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4309" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*po</span> <span class="meaning">by, at, after</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31416" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pomorьje</span> <span class="meaning">by the sea, seaboard, coastal region</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="37556" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">поморье</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">pomorĭje</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="37557" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">помо́рье</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">pomórʹje</span> <span class="meaning">seaboard, coastal region</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="37558" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="37559" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">Поморје</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">Pomorje</span> <span class="meaning">Pomerania</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="37560" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pomořje</span> <span class="meaning">seaboard, Pomerania</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="37561" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">pomoří</span> <span class="meaning">seaboard</span> </li> <li id="37562" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">Pomorze</span> <span class="meaning">Pomerania</span> </li> <li id="37563" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pomořane</span> <span class="meaning">Pomeranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="37564" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">Pomorzanie</span> <span class="meaning">Pomeranian</span> </li> <li id="37565" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polabian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="37566" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gml-Latn">Pomeren</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gml-Latn">Pommern</span> <span class="meaning">Pomeranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="37567" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">Pommern</span> <span class="meaning">Pomeranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="37568" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Pommern</span> <span class="meaning">Pomerania</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="37569" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">New Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Pomerania</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="37570" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Pomerania</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="37571" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Pomeranian</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4310" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Grek">*φo</span> </li> <li id="4311" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*aba</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*ab</span> <span class="meaning">away, away from, off of, of</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4312" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*aβa</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*aβ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4313" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">æf</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">af</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">of</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ob</span> <span class="meaning">off, away, from, down, excessively, reduction of</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4314" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">of</span> <span class="meaning">of, off</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4315" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">of</span> </li> <li id="4316" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">off</span> </li> <li id="4317" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">don of</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">doffen</span> <span class="meaning">to take off</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="16037" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">doff</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="16903" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ofdūne</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">adūne</span> <span class="meaning">off the hill, downhill</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="16904" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">down</span> <span class="note">direction</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="16905" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">downtown</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="17288" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*abateuhaną</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4318" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*apó</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4319" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀀𐀢</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="gmy-Latn">a-pu</span> <span class="meaning">from</span> </li> <li id="4320" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Arcadocypriot</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Cprt">𐠀𐠡</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">a-po</span> <span class="meaning">from</span> </li> <li id="4321" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀπό</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">apó</span> <span class="meaning">from, away, because of</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4322" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀπὸ μηχανῆς θεός</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">apò mēkhanês theós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18462" class="italic parent calque"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">deus ex māchinā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="37085" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">deus ex machina</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4323" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">από</span> </li> <li id="16297" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀποθήκη</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">apothḗkē</span> <span class="meaning">repository, warehouse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="16298" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">apothēca</span> <span class="meaning">repository, warehouse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="16299" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="16300" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Occitan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="pro-Latn">botica</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="16301" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">boutique</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="16302" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">boutique</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="16303" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">bodega</span> <span class="meaning">cellar, winery, stockroom</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="16304" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">bodega</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="16305" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">apothēcārius</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="16306" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">apotecaire</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="16307" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apothecary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28500" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀποκαλύπτω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">apokalúptō</span> <span class="meaning">I reveal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28501" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αποκαλύπτω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">apokalýpto</span> <span class="meaning">I reveal, I expose, I uncover</span> </li> <li id="28502" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀποκάλυψις</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">apokálupsis</span> <span class="meaning">revelation, disclosure</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28503" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">apocalypsis</span> <span class="meaning">revelation</span> </li> <li id="28504" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Koine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰωάννου</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">Apokálupsis Iōánnou</span> <span class="meaning">The Apocalypse of John, aka The Book of Revelation</span> <span class="note">original language title and first word</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28505" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αποκάλυψη</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">apokálypsi</span> </li> <li id="28506" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">апокалипсис</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">apokalipsis</span> </li> <li id="28507" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Medieval Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">Apocalypsis Ioannis</span> <span class="meaning">The Apocalypse of John</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28508" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Medieval Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">apocalypsis</span> <span class="meaning">The Christian end of days prophesied in the Apocalypse of John</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28509" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">apocalypse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28510" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apocalypse</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28511" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">apocalisse</span> </li> <li id="28512" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">apocalipsis</span> </li> <li id="28513" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Old Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="sga-Latn">abcolips</span> </li> <li id="28514" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">apacailipsis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31417" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀφαιρέω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aphairéō</span> <span class="meaning">I take away, I deprive, I rob, I abstract away</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31418" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apheresis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31419" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀφορίζω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aphorízō</span> <span class="meaning">I mark off, I set apart, I define</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31420" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">aphorism</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31421" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀποκόπτω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">apokóptō</span> <span class="meaning">I cut off</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31422" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apocope</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31423" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀπολογία</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">apologíā</span> <span class="meaning">speech in defense of something, justification, apology</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31424" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apology</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31425" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀποπλήσσω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">apoplḗssō</span> <span class="meaning">I strike down, I cripple, I become dazed</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31426" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apoplexy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31427" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀπόπτωσις</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">apóptōsis</span> <span class="meaning">a falling away, a depositing, a vanishing</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="48336" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apoptosis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31428" class="hellenic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀφίστημι</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">aphístēmi</span> <span class="meaning">I stand away, I depart</span> </li> <li id="31429" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀπόστασις</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">apóstasis</span> <span class="meaning">departure, defection, revolt, distance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56118" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀποστάτης</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">apostátēs</span> <span class="meaning">deserter, rebel, apostate</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56119" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">apostata</span> <span class="meaning">apostate</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="56120" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apostate</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31430" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀποστρέφω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">apostréphō</span> <span class="meaning">I turn away</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31431" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apostrophe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31432" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀποθεόω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">apotheóō</span> <span class="meaning">I deify, I make a god</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31433" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apotheosis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31434" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀποτρέπω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">apotrépō</span> <span class="meaning">I cause to turn away, I halt</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31435" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apotropaic</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="14605" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*apódótis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="14606" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Mycenaean Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="gmy-Linb">𐀀𐀢𐀉𐀯</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="gmy-Latn">a-pu-du-si</span> <span class="meaning">delivery, attribution</span> </li> <li id="14607" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἀπόδοσις</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">apódosis</span> <span class="meaning">giving back, restitution, payment, assignment, attribution, consequent of a conditional</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="14608" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apodosis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4324" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hapá</span> <span class="meaning">off, away, from</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4325" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4326" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀧-</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">apa-</span> <span class="meaning">away, off, back, down</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4327" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4328" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬀𐬞𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">apa</span> </li> <li id="4329" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sogdo-Bactrian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4330" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bactrian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xbc-Latn">*aba</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4331" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bactrian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xbc-Grek">αβαγανο</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xbc-Latn">abagano</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4332" class="indoiranian parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">افغان</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">afğân</span> <span class="meaning">Pashtun, Afghan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4333" class="afroasiatic borrowing"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">أَفْغَانِيّ</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">ʾafḡāniyy</span> <span class="meaning">Afghan</span> </li> <li id="4334" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Afghan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4335" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">afghan</span> <span class="meaning">blanket or throw, usually crocheted or knitted</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4336" class="indoiranian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">افغانستان</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">afğânestân</span> <span class="meaning">Land of the Pashtuns, Afghanistan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4337" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Afghanistan</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4338" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4339" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎠𐎱</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">apa</span> <span class="meaning">away</span> </li> <li id="4340" class="armenian borrowing possible"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">ապա</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">apa</span> <span class="meaning">then, after that, so, therefore, however, but</span> <span class="note">but also compare Georgian <span class="orthography" lang="kat-Geor">აბა</span> <span class="transliteration">aba</span>: "so, well, right"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4341" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*apa</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="77" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*apolejezi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="78" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abolēre</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="79" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">abolir</span> <span class="note">second conjugation, with innovative <span class="orthography" lang="frm-Latn">-iss-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="80" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">abolir</span> <span class="meaning">to abolish</span> </li> <li id="81" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">abolisshen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="82" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abolish</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="83" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abolitiō</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4342" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ab</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ab-</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abs-</span> <span class="meaning">from, with, out of, after, at</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3973" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">au-</span> <span class="meaning">from, away, off, completely</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </li> <li id="4343" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ab Urbe condita</span> </li> <li id="4344" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4345" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">a</span> <span class="meaning">to, at, with, by</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4346" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">a capella</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9332" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">a cappella</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4347" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">alle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3361" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">all'arme</span> <span class="meaning">to arms</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3362" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">alarme</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3363" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">alarm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4348" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">all'erta</span> <span class="meaning">to the heights</span> <span class="note">to watch out for danger</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="50010" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">à l'erte</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="50011" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">alert</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4349" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3686" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">a</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3687" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3688" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">à</span> <span class="meaning">to, at, from, by</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3689" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">à la mode</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39342" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">à la mode</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">a la mode</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3690" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apropos</span> </li> <li id="31412" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">adroit</span> <span class="meaning">skilled, apt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3691" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">auiourd'huy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18258" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">aujourd'hui</span> <span class="meaning">today</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18261" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">a jor</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">a jorn</span> <span class="meaning">to the day</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18262" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">ajorner</span> <span class="meaning">to wait until the day, to postpone, to adjourn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18263" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18264" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">ajourner</span> <span class="meaning">to postpone, to adjourn, to put off</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18265" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">ajournen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18266" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">adjourn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31411" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">asener</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4350" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">a</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4351" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ab ante</span> <span class="meaning">in front of, away from, before</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4352" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4353" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">avanti</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4354" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4355" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4356" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4357" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">avant</span> <span class="meaning">before</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4358" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avantgarde</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avangarde</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avangarde</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avantgarde</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4359" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">avant-garde</span> <span class="meaning">vanguard, avante-garde</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4360" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">avant-garde</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4361" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">vanguard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4362" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avantbrace</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">vambras</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="6955" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">vauntbras</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">vambrace</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="6956" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">vambrace</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4363" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avantage</span> <span class="meaning">advantage, gain</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4364" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">avantage</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4365" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αβαντάζ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">avantáz</span> </li> <li id="4366" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">vantaggio</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4367" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">avantage</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4368" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">advantage</span> </li> <li id="4369" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">vantage</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4370" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">vantage</span> </li> <li id="4371" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">mantais</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4372" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">avante</span> <span class="meaning">ahead</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4373" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">abante</span> <span class="meaning">forward movement, progress</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4374" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abante heri</span> <span class="meaning">day before yesterday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="15228" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="15229" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">avantieri</span> <span class="meaning">day before yesterday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="15230" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="15231" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="15232" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="15233" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">avant-hier</span> <span class="meaning">day before yesterday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="15234" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">anteayer</span> <span class="meaning">day before yesterday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4375" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*abanteāre</span> <span class="meaning">to advance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4376" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4377" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">avanzare</span> <span class="meaning">to advance, to stick out, to overcome, to escape</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4378" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αβαντζάρω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">avantzáro</span> <span class="meaning">to pay in advance, to deposit, to exceed, to be extra</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4379" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4380" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avancier</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4381" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">avancer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4382" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">avancieren</span> <span class="meaning">to advance, to be promoted</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4383" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">avauncen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4384" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">advance</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4385" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">avanzar</span> <span class="meaning">to advance</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="11527" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abscēdere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="11528" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abscess</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="16053" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abscondere</span> </li> <li id="17302" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abdūcere</span> </li> <li id="21576" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ab oculīs</span> <span class="meaning">blind</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21818" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21819" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avogle</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">aveule</span> <span class="meaning">blind, blind person</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21820" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">avegule</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21821" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">aveugle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21822" class="italic creole diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic creole">Haitian Creole</span> <span class="orthography italic creole" lang="hat-Latn">aveg</span> <span class="meaning">blind</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31437" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abicere</span> <span class="meaning">to throw down, to throw away, to give up, to overthrow, to belittle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="32950" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abiectus</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abiecta</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abiectum</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="32951" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="32952" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">abietto</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">abietta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="32953" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">abject</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="32954" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">abject</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">abjet</span> </li> <li id="32955" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">abject</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">abiect</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="32956" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abject</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31438" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abluere</span> <span class="meaning">to wash away, to cleanse, to purify</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="35099" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">luere</span> <span class="meaning">to wash, to cleanse, to purge</span> <span class="note">backformed from <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">abluere</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31439" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">āmanuēnsis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31440" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">amanuensis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31441" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aborīrī</span> <span class="meaning">to disappear, to fail to appear, to miscarry</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="50740" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abortus</span> <span class="meaning">premature delivery, miscarriage, abortion, miscarried, aborted, disappeared</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="50741" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abortāre</span> <span class="note">variant of <span class="orthography" lang="">aborior</span> with the stem levelled</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="50742" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abort</span> </li> <li id="50743" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">aborto</span> <span class="meaning">miscarriage, abortion</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="50744" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abortiō</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abortiōnem</span> <span class="meaning">premature delivery, miscarriage, abortion</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="50745" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abortion</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31442" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">absolvere</span> <span class="meaning">to release, to discharge, to detach, to liberate, to prove innocent</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="36377" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="36378" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">assoudre</span> <span class="meaning">to absolve, to liberate</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="36379" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">absoudre</span> <span class="meaning">to absolve</span> </li> <li id="36380" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">assoil</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="36381" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">absolve</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31443" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abundāre</span> <span class="meaning">to flow from, to overflow, to exceed</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="65515" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="65516" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">abbondàre</span> <span class="meaning">to be plentiful, to have or use in large quantities, to abound</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="65517" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="65518" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">abbunnàri</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="65519" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="65520" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">abonder</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="65521" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">abonder</span> <span class="meaning">to be found in large amounts, to abound, to finance</span> </li> <li id="65522" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abound</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="65523" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">abundar</span> <span class="meaning">to abound, to satisfy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="65524" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abundāns</span> <span class="meaning">overflowing, abundant, copious</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="65525" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abundant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31444" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">avocare</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31445" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">avocation</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="13154" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*apwerjezi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="13155" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aperīre</span> <span class="meaning">to uncover, to reveal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="13156" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aprīcus</span> <span class="meaning">sunny, warmed by the sun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="13157" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">apricāre</span> <span class="meaning">to warm in the sun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="7992" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*abrigare</span> <span class="meaning">to cover, to shelter, to wrap</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="13851" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*abrig</span> <span class="meaning">shelter, refuge</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="13852" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Occitan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="oci-Latn">abric</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="13853" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Occitan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="oci-Latn">Abric de Cròsmanhon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="13855" class="italic calque"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Abri de Cro-Magnon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="13854" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">abri</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="13855" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">Abri de Cro-Magnon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4386" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*po</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4387" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">po-</span> <span class="meaning">off, away</span> </li> <li id="31436" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*pozinezi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58805" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">pōnere</span> <span class="meaning">to place, to put, to ordain, to set up</span> <span class="note">passive participle: <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">positus</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31486" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">compōner</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58808" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">composer</span> <span class="meaning">to come to an agreement, to compose, to make</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58813" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">composen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58814" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">compose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="58809" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">compositus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58810" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">compositum</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58811" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">compositum tella</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58812" class="italic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Compostela</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="33084" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Santiago de Compostela</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31516" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dēpōnere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58612" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dēpositus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58816" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">deposit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="58815" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">depose</span> </li> <li id="58817" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">deponent</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31532" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dispōnere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58818" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">dispose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31547" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">oppōnere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58823" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">oppose</span> </li> <li id="58824" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">opponent</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31569" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">expōnere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58819" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">expose</span> </li> <li id="58820" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">expound</span> </li> <li id="58821" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">expositus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58615" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">expositiō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58616" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">exposition</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31613" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">impōnere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58822" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">impose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31771" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">prōpōnere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58827" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">proposer</span> <span class="meaning">to propose, to offer</span> <span class="note">influenced by <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">pausāre</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58828" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">proposer</span> <span class="meaning">to propose, to suggest</span> </li> <li id="58829" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">propose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31778" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">praepōnere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58617" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">praepositiō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58618" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">preposition</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31796" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">repōnere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58830" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">repose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31834" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">trānspōnere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58832" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">transpose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31868" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">suppōnere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58831" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">suppose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="58601" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">positus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58602" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58603" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">posto</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58604" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">posta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58605" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">poste</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58606" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">post</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58607" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">posthaste</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="58608" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">postale</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58609" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">postal</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58610" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">postal</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="58611" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">posit</span> </li> <li id="58612" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dēpositus</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58816" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">deposit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="58613" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">positiō</span> <span class="meaning">position, place, framing, attitude</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58614" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">position</span> </li> <li id="58615" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">expositiō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58616" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">exposition</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="58617" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">praepositiō</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58618" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">preposition</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="58806" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58807" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">poser</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58808" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">composer</span> <span class="meaning">to come to an agreement, to compose, to make</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58813" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">composen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58814" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">compose</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="58825" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">postpōnere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="58826" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">postpone</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4388" class="diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language">Messapian</span> <span class="orthography" lang="cms-Grek">ΑΠΑ</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="cms-Latn">apa</span> <span class="meaning">from, out of, by</span> </li> <li id="4389" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂poneh₁</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4390" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*fanē</span> <span class="meaning">from</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4391" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4392" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*fan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4393" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">van</span> <span class="meaning">of, by, from</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4394" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">fon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4395" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">von</span> <span class="meaning">from, of, by, with</span> </li> <li id="4396" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">פֿון</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">fun</span> <span class="meaning">of, from, by</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4397" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂eps</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4398" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4399" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">ἄψ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">áps</span> <span class="meaning">back, again, in return</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4400" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*aps</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4342" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ab</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ab-</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abs-</span> <span class="meaning">from, with, out of, after, at</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3973" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">au-</span> <span class="meaning">from, away, off, completely</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </li> <li id="4343" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ab Urbe condita</span> </li> <li id="4344" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4345" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">a</span> <span class="meaning">to, at, with, by</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4346" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">a capella</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="9332" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">a cappella</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4347" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">alle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3361" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">all'arme</span> <span class="meaning">to arms</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3362" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">alarme</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3363" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">alarm</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4348" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">all'erta</span> <span class="meaning">to the heights</span> <span class="note">to watch out for danger</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="50010" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">à l'erte</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="50011" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">alert</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4349" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3686" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">a</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3687" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3688" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">à</span> <span class="meaning">to, at, from, by</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="3689" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">à la mode</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="39342" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">à la mode</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">a la mode</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3690" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apropos</span> </li> <li id="31412" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">adroit</span> <span class="meaning">skilled, apt</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="3691" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">auiourd'huy</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18258" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">aujourd'hui</span> <span class="meaning">today</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18261" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">a jor</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">a jorn</span> <span class="meaning">to the day</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18262" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">ajorner</span> <span class="meaning">to wait until the day, to postpone, to adjourn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18263" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18264" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">ajourner</span> <span class="meaning">to postpone, to adjourn, to put off</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="18265" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">ajournen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="18266" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">adjourn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31411" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">asener</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4350" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">a</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4351" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ab ante</span> <span class="meaning">in front of, away from, before</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4352" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4353" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">avanti</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4354" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4355" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4356" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4357" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">avant</span> <span class="meaning">before</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4358" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avantgarde</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avangarde</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avangarde</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avantgarde</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4359" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">avant-garde</span> <span class="meaning">vanguard, avante-garde</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4360" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">avant-garde</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4361" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">vanguard</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4362" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avantbrace</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">vambras</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="6955" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">vauntbras</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">vambrace</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="6956" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">vambrace</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4363" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avantage</span> <span class="meaning">advantage, gain</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4364" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">avantage</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4365" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αβαντάζ</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">avantáz</span> </li> <li id="4366" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">vantaggio</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4367" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">avantage</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4368" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">advantage</span> </li> <li id="4369" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">vantage</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4370" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">vantage</span> </li> <li id="4371" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">mantais</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4372" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">avante</span> <span class="meaning">ahead</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4373" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">abante</span> <span class="meaning">forward movement, progress</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4374" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abante heri</span> <span class="meaning">day before yesterday</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="15228" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="15229" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">avantieri</span> <span class="meaning">day before yesterday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="15230" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="15231" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="15232" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="15233" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">avant-hier</span> <span class="meaning">day before yesterday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="15234" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">anteayer</span> <span class="meaning">day before yesterday</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4375" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*abanteāre</span> <span class="meaning">to advance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4376" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4377" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">avanzare</span> <span class="meaning">to advance, to stick out, to overcome, to escape</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4378" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">αβαντζάρω</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">avantzáro</span> <span class="meaning">to pay in advance, to deposit, to exceed, to be extra</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4379" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4380" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avancier</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4381" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">avancer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4382" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">avancieren</span> <span class="meaning">to advance, to be promoted</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4383" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">avauncen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4384" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">advance</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4385" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">avanzar</span> <span class="meaning">to advance</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="11527" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abscēdere</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="11528" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abscess</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="16053" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abscondere</span> </li> <li id="17302" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abdūcere</span> </li> <li id="21576" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">ab oculīs</span> <span class="meaning">blind</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21818" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21819" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">avogle</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">aveule</span> <span class="meaning">blind, blind person</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21820" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">avegule</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21821" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">aveugle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21822" class="italic creole diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic creole">Haitian Creole</span> <span class="orthography italic creole" lang="hat-Latn">aveg</span> <span class="meaning">blind</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31437" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abicere</span> <span class="meaning">to throw down, to throw away, to give up, to overthrow, to belittle</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="32950" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abiectus</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abiecta</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abiectum</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="32951" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="32952" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">abietto</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">abietta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="32953" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">abject</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="32954" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">abject</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">abjet</span> </li> <li id="32955" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">abject</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">abiect</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="32956" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abject</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31438" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abluere</span> <span class="meaning">to wash away, to cleanse, to purify</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="35099" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">luere</span> <span class="meaning">to wash, to cleanse, to purge</span> <span class="note">backformed from <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">abluere</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31439" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">āmanuēnsis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31440" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">amanuensis</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31441" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">aborīrī</span> <span class="meaning">to disappear, to fail to appear, to miscarry</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="50740" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abortus</span> <span class="meaning">premature delivery, miscarriage, abortion, miscarried, aborted, disappeared</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="50741" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abortāre</span> <span class="note">variant of <span class="orthography" lang="">aborior</span> with the stem levelled</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="50742" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abort</span> </li> <li id="50743" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">aborto</span> <span class="meaning">miscarriage, abortion</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="50744" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abortiō</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abortiōnem</span> <span class="meaning">premature delivery, miscarriage, abortion</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="50745" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abortion</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31442" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">absolvere</span> <span class="meaning">to release, to discharge, to detach, to liberate, to prove innocent</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="36377" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="36378" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">assoudre</span> <span class="meaning">to absolve, to liberate</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="36379" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">absoudre</span> <span class="meaning">to absolve</span> </li> <li id="36380" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">assoil</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="36381" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">absolve</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31443" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abundāre</span> <span class="meaning">to flow from, to overflow, to exceed</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="65515" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="65516" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">abbondàre</span> <span class="meaning">to be plentiful, to have or use in large quantities, to abound</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="65517" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Insular Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="65518" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Sardinian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="srd-Latn">abbunnàri</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="65519" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="65520" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">abonder</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="65521" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">abonder</span> <span class="meaning">to be found in large amounts, to abound, to finance</span> </li> <li id="65522" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abound</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="65523" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">abundar</span> <span class="meaning">to abound, to satisfy</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="65524" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">abundāns</span> <span class="meaning">overflowing, abundant, copious</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="65525" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abundant</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="31444" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">avocare</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="31445" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">avocation</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4401" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂eperos</span> <span class="meaning">further away, further back</span> <span class="note">comparative</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4402" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*aferą</span> <span class="meaning">after, following, later</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4403" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4404" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">afar</span> <span class="meaning">after, following, according to</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4405" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*aferą</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4406" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">*aferfalhuʀ</span> <span class="meaning">after-socket?, back attachment point?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4407" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">aurfalr</span> <span class="meaning">ferrule, butt of a spear</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4408" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*afer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4409" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">aber</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4410" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">aber</span> <span class="meaning">but, however, though, again, to a surprising degree</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4411" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*áparas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4412" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*áparas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4413" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀅𑀧𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">ápara</span> <span class="meaning">later, following, another, different, western, distant</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4414" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pka-Latn">*avara</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4415" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">আর</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ben-Latn">ar</span> <span class="meaning">and</span> </li> <li id="4416" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language indoiranian">Bengali</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ben-Beng">ও</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ben-Latn">ō</span> <span class="meaning">and, also</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4417" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="psu-Brah">𑀅𑀯𑀭</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="psu-Latn">avara</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4418" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Madhya Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4419" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">और</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">aur</span> <span class="meaning">other, more, and</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4420" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4421" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Punjabi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pan-Guru">ਹੋਰ</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pan-Latn">hor</span> <span class="meaning">more, another, different</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4422" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4423" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Romani</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="rom-Latn">aver</span> <span class="meaning">other</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4424" class="dravidian borrowing"> <span class="language dravidian">Telugu</span> <span class="orthography dravidian" lang="tel-Telu">అపరము</span> <span class="transliteration dravidian" lang="tel-Latn">aparamu</span> <span class="meaning">other, another</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4425" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*áparah</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4426" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">apara</span> <span class="meaning">later, further back</span> </li> <li id="4427" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4428" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="peo-Xpeo">𐎠𐎱𐎼</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">apara</span> <span class="meaning">later, after</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4429" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂epteros</span> <span class="note">contrastive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4430" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*afteraz</span> <span class="meaning">back, behind</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4431" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*after</span> <span class="meaning">after, behind</span> <span class="note">locative adverb</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4432" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmq-Runr">ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="gmq-Latn">after</span> <span class="meaning">after</span> <span class="note"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tune_stone">on the Tune Stone</a></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4433" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">eptir</span> <span class="meaning">after, afterwards, along</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4434" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*after</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4435" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">æfter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4436" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">æfter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4437" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">after</span> </li> <li id="4438" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Scots</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="sco-Latn">efter</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4439" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*after</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4440" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">achter</span> <span class="meaning">behind, beyond</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4441" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">after</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4442" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">after</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4443" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂epotm̥mos</span> <span class="meaning">furthest back, furthest away</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4444" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*Hapatamás</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4445" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4446" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4447" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="peo-Latn">*apatama</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4448" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">افدم</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">afdom</span> <span class="meaning">last, end, oldest, finale</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4449" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂épyeh₂</span> <span class="meaning">an awaying? a turning back?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4450" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*abjǭ</span> <span class="meaning">an ebb</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4451" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4452" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">efja</span> <span class="meaning">mud, ooze</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4453" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*abbjā</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4454" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">ebba</span> <span class="meaning">an ebb, a tide</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4455" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ebb</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4456" class="uralic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*apaja</span> <span class="meaning">bay, fishing spot</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="4457" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">apaja</span> <span class="meaning">fishing spot, fishing waters</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="4458" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*h₂époh₃kʷos</span> <span class="meaning">looking back</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21703" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21704" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21705" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">apúokas</span> <span class="meaning">eagle owl</span> <span class="note">for being able to turn their head around and look backward</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21706" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*opakъ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21707" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21708" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">опак</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">opak</span> <span class="meaning">wicked, spiteful, severe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21709" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*abuhaz</span> <span class="meaning">backwards, inverted, wicked</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21710" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">East Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21711" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Gothic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="got-Goth">𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌺𐍃</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="got-Latn">ibuks</span> <span class="meaning">backward, back</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21712" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">North Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21713" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">ǫfugr</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">afigr</span> <span class="meaning">backward, unkind, harsh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21714" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21715" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">avet</span> <span class="meaning">backward</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21716" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21717" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">öfugur</span> <span class="meaning">backward, inverted, wrong, inside out, queer</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21718" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">awke</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21719" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">awk</span> </li> <li id="21720" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">aukeward</span> <span class="meaning">in the wrong direction</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21721" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">awkward</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21722" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21723" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="ang-Latn">*afuh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21724" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">afuhlic</span> <span class="meaning">perverse, evil</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="21725" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">abuh</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21726" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="gmh-Latn">ebich</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="21727" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">äbich</span> <span class="meaning">inside out</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/autism.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/autism.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-autism.html#102">fall</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#109">Apollyon</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#11528">abscess</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#14608">apodosis</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#16037">doff</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#16302">boutique</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#16304">bodega</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#16307">apothecary</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#16904">down</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#16905">downtown</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#17964">O'Donovan</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#18032">O'Toole</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#18266">adjourn</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#18853">Eärendil</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#18860">Eos</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#18888">aurora</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#18889">aurora australis</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#18891">Aurora</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#18916">Easter</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#18926">aria</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#18929">malaria</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#18937">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#18943">air</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#18947">aero-</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#18961">aura</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#18966">soar</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#18980">east</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#19009">Australia</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#19039">Orla</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#19041">Au</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#19047">Orleans</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#19048">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#19069">ere</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#19092">erst</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#19093">erstwhile</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#19102">early</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#19108">Erigeron</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#21719">awk</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#21721">awkward</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#28510">apocalypse</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#28633">autocracy</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#31418">apheresis</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#31420">aphorism</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#31422">apocope</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#31424">apology</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#31426">apoplexy</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#31431">apostrophe</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#31433">apotheosis</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#31435">apotropaic</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#31440">amanuensis</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#31445">avocation</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#32956">abject</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#3363">alarm</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#36380">assoil</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#36381">absolve</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#3690">apropos</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#37085">deus ex machina</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#37570">Pomerania</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#37571">Pomeranian</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#39342">à la mode</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4017">autonomous</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4018">autonomous sensory meridian response</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4033">authentic</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4037">automobile</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4043">autism</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4087">negotiate</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#40916">August</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4107">eke</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4120">augment</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4124">auxiliary</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4126">author</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4127">auteur</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4129">authority</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4131">octroy</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4132">authorize</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4134">auction</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4178">august</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4180">Augustus</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4181">Aosta</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4184">Kaiseraugst</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4185">Saragossa</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4186">Zaragoza</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4188">Augsburg</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4210">nickname</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4229">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4251">wax</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4269">waist</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#42951">O'Neill</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4315">of</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4316">off</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4334">Afghan</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4335">afghan</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4337">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4360">avant-garde</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4361">vanguard</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4368">advantage</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4370">vantage</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4384">advance</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4437">after</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4455">ebb</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44803">era</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44813">ace</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44819">sesterce</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44836">Edmund</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44846">Edric</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44853">Odoacer</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44866">Edwin</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4487">exuvia</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44885">Eddington</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44887">Attenborough</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44888">Attenborosaurus</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44889">attenboroughi</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44890">Acisoma attenboroughi</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44891">Blakea attenboroughi</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44892">Ctenocheloides attenboroughi</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44893">Electrotettix attenboroughi</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44894">Euptychia attenboroughi</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44895">Materpiscis attenboroughi</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44896">Microleo attenboroughi</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44897">Prethopalpus attenboroughi</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44898">Trigonopterus attenboroughi</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#44899">Zaglossus attenboroughi</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4517">ocarina</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4528">aviary</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4532">osprey</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4535">auspice</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4537">avian</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4538">Aves</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4595">egg</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4600">Cockney</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4614">avgolemono</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4636">caviar</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4654">oval</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4695">ewe</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4727">Ovis</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#4737">ovine</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#48336">apoptosis</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#50011">alert</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#50514">Austria</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#50742">abort</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#50745">abortion</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#53556">Essex</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#56120">apostate</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58606">post</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58607">posthaste</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58610">postal</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58611">posit</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58614">position</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58616">exposition</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58618">preposition</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58814">compose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58815">depose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58816">deposit</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58817">deponent</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58818">dispose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58819">expose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58820">expound</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58822">impose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58823">oppose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58824">opponent</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58826">postpone</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58829">propose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58830">repose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58831">suppose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#58832">transpose</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#62414">Gyges</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#62462">ohm</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#62463">Ω</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#62480">uncle</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#65522">abound</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#65525">abundant</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#66458">Faraday</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#66459">faraday</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#66460">farad</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#66461">F</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#6956">vambrace</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#82">abolish</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#845">Aethon</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#851">ether</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#859">ethereal</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#8648">O'Connor</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#868">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#882">edify</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#885">edification</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#891">edifice</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#897">aedile</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#903">Hugh</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#905">O'Hea</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#906">Hayes</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#909">Aidan</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#911">Enya</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#914">Egan</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#916">MacEgan</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#917">Keegan</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#919">Maddoc</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#922">Mogue</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#924">Kenneth</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#9332">a cappella</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#943">estuary</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#960">anneal</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#974">mareel</a>, <a href="/word-family-autism.html#999">estivate</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">au-</span> (from <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew-</span>) became an allomorph of <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">ab-</span> (<span class="transliteration">*h₂epó</span>) used before base words starting with <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">f-</span>, interpreted as if it was a dissimilatory variant of <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">ab-</span>.</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p>As I've said before, I'm not always thrilled with the word <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">autism</span>—it was originally coined to describe a symptom of a completely different neurotype, and then applied to us by a Nazi. And yet, it's still probably the best term available. If I break down the morpehemes past Greek all the way to PIE, I get <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew-tó-id-ye-mos</span>, which I translate as "doing-that-again-ness", which I can get behind.</p> </li> <li id="footnote-3"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-3-a">^</a></span><p>Proto-Indo-European <span class="transliteration">*h₂weg-</span> and <span class="transliteration">*h₂ewg-</span>, both "to increase, to enlarge" are clearly variants, with one (or both) formed by guessing were the root vowel was supposed to be from a zero-grade form. Typologically, it is more common for that re-analysis to have gone from <span class="transliteration">*h₂weg-</span> to <span class="transliteration">*h₂ewg-</span>. But if the pair is connected to <span class="transliteration">*h₂ew-</span> perhaps it went the other way. Or perhaps both were back formed separately from the same zero-grade extension form, <span class="transliteration">*h₂wg-</span>.</p> </li> </ol> 2023-10-13T00:00:00-07:002023-10-13T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2023-10-13:/word-family-cook.html

<h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12615">cook</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12708">cook</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12627">coach</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12669">quiche</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12694">cake</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12735">kitchen</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12765">culinary</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12782">abrecock</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12815">Pepsi-Cola</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12833">biscuit</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12872">Budapest</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="12501" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*pekʷ-</span> <span class="meaning">to cook, to ripen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12502" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*pékʷeti</span> <span class="meaning">to ripen, to be cooking</span> <span class="note">root imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12503" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*peka</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12504" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">pjek</span> <span class="meaning">bake, broil, roast</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12505" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pektei</span> <span class="meaning">to bake</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12506" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*keptei</span> <span class="note">metathesis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12507" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Latvian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lav-Latn">cept</span> </li> <li id="12508" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">kèpti</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12509" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*peťì …</span></summary></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul></details></li></ul>

<h3>Teaser</h3> <p> <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12615">cook</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12708">cook</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12627">coach</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12669">quiche</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12694">cake</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12735">kitchen</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12765">culinary</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12782">abrecock</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12815">Pepsi-Cola</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12833">biscuit</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12872">Budapest</a> </p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="12501" class="parent"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*pekʷ-</span> <span class="meaning">to cook, to ripen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12502" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*pékʷeti</span> <span class="meaning">to ripen, to be cooking</span> <span class="note">root imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12503" class="albanian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Pre-Albanian</span> <span class="transliteration albanian" lang="Latn">*peka</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12504" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">pjek</span> <span class="meaning">bake, broil, roast</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12505" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pektei</span> <span class="meaning">to bake</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12506" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Baltic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*keptei</span> <span class="note">metathesis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12507" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Latvian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lav-Latn">cept</span> </li> <li id="12508" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Lithuanian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="lit-Latn">kèpti</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12509" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*peťì</span> <span class="meaning">to bake, to put effort into</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12510" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">печи</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">peči</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12511" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">печь</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">pečʹ</span> <span class="meaning">to bake, to scorch</span> </li> <li id="12512" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">пекти</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">pekty</span> <span class="meaning">to bake, to roast, to scorch, to scold</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12513" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12514" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Glag">ⱂⰵⱋⰹ</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrl">пещи</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="chu-Latn">pešti</span> <span class="meaning">to bake, to worry</span> </li> <li id="12515" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">пека</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="bul-Latn">peka</span> <span class="meaning">to bake, to roast, to burn</span> </li> <li id="12516" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">пећи</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">peći</span> <span class="meaning">to bake, to roast, to burn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12517" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12518" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">péct</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">péci</span> <span class="meaning">to bake, to roast</span> </li> <li id="12519" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">piec</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">piyc</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">piekć</span> <span class="meaning">to bake, to burn, to worry at</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12520" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*peťařь</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pekařь</span> <span class="meaning">baker</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12521" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12522" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">пекарь</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">pekarʹ</span> <span class="meaning">baker</span> </li> <li id="12523" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">пекар</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">pekar</span> <span class="meaning">baker</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12524" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12525" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">пекар</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="bul-Latn">pekar</span> <span class="meaning">baker</span> </li> <li id="12526" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">пекар</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">pekar</span> <span class="meaning">baker</span> </li> <li id="12527" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">pék</span> <span class="meaning">baker</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12528" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12529" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">pekař</span> <span class="meaning">baker</span> </li> <li id="12530" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">piekarz</span> <span class="meaning">baker</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12531" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*péponts</span> <span class="meaning">cooking, ripening</span> <span class="note">from the participle <span class="transliteration">*pékʷonts</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12532" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πέπων</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">pépōn</span> <span class="meaning">ripe, soft, kind, weak</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12533" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Koine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">μηλοπέπων</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">mēlopépōn</span> <span class="meaning">melon (Cucumis melo)</span> <span class="note">lit. "ripe/soft/sweet fruit"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12534" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mēlopepō</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mēlopepōnem</span> <span class="meaning">melon (Cucumis melo)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12535" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">mealbhacán</span> <span class="meaning">wild carrot, melon</span> </li> <li id="12536" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mēlō</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mēlōnem</span> <span class="meaning">melon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12537" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12538" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">melone</span> <span class="meaning">melon (Cucumis melo)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12539" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12540" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">melon</span> <span class="meaning">melon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12541" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12542" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">melon</span> <span class="meaning">melon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12543" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">melone</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12544" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">meloen</span> <span class="meaning">melon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12545" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">meloun</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">melon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12546" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">melon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12547" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">melón</span> <span class="meaning">melon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12548" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">pepō</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">pepōnem</span> <span class="meaning">large melon, pumpkin</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12549" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12550" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">popone</span> <span class="meaning">melon</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12551" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12552" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12553" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">pepon</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">pompon</span> <span class="meaning">melon, cucumber</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12554" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12555" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">pompon</span> <span class="meaning">pompon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12556" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pompom</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12557" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">pompoen</span> </li> <li id="12558" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pumpion</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12559" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pumpkin</span> <span class="note">with the obsolete <span class="orthography" lang="">-kin</span> of resemblance, not the diminutive <span class="orthography" lang="">-kin</span></span> </li> <li id="12560" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">pwmpen</span> <span class="meaning">pumpkin</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12561" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="osp-Latn">pepón</span> <span class="meaning">cucumber, melon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12562" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pepón</span> <span class="meaning">watermelon</span> </li> <li id="12563" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pepino</span> <span class="meaning">cucumber, unripe melon</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12564" class="italic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">pepinillo</span> <span class="meaning">pickle</span> <span class="note">double diminutive</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12565" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12566" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">pepene</span> <span class="meaning">melon, watermelon, cucumber (dialectic)</span> </li> <li id="12567" class="albanian parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="albanian"> <span class="language albanian">Old Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">pjepënë</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12568" class="albanian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">pjepër</span> <span class="meaning">cantaloupe, cucumber</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12569" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">pepo</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12570" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*páčati</span> <span class="meaning">to cook</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12571" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*páćati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12572" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀧𑀘𑀢𑀺</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">pácati</span> <span class="meaning">to cook, to bake, to boil, to digest, to ripen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12573" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Magadhi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12574" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Assamese</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="asm-Beng">পকা</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="asm-Latn">poka</span> <span class="meaning">to ripen, to mature, ripe</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12575" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sauraseni</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12576" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindustani</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12577" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">पकाना</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">pakānā</span> <span class="meaning">to cook, to prepare, to ripen, to arrange</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12578" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*páčati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12579" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Avestan</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="ave-Avst">𐬞𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="ave-Latn">pacaiti</span> </li> <li id="12580" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Pashto</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="pus-Aran">پخول</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="pus-Latn">paxawә́l</span> <span class="meaning">to cook</span> </li> <li id="12581" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Scythian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12582" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Alanian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12583" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Ossetian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="oss-Cyrl">фыцын</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="oss-Latn">fycyn</span> <span class="meaning">to cook</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12584" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Western Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12585" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Northwestern Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12586" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Kurdish</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="kmr-Latn">pehtin</span> </li> <li id="12587" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Parthian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="xpr-Mani">𐫛𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫗</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="xpr-Latn">puḥtn</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12588" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Old Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12589" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Middle Persian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12590" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Persian</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="fas-Aran">پختن</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="fas-Latn">poxtan</span> <span class="meaning">to cook, to bake, to make ready, to ripen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12591" class="parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Italo-Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*kʷékʷeti</span> <span class="note">regular regressive assimilation of <span class="transliteration">*p-kʷ-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12592" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*kʷokʷeti</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="12593" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*pobɨd</span> <span class="meaning">to cook, to bake</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12594" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">pobi</span> <span class="meaning">to bake, to roast, to have a fever</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12595" class="celtic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">popty</span> <span class="meaning">bakery, oven</span> <span class="note">lit. "bake-house" with <span class="orthography" lang="">-tŷ</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12596" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*kʷekʷezi</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12597" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">coquere</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="lat-Latn">*cocere</span> <span class="meaning">to cook, to ripen, to roast, to dry</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12598" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12599" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">cuòcere</span> <span class="meaning">to cook, to bake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12600" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Eastern Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12601" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Aromanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="rup-Latn">coc</span> <span class="meaning">I bake, I ripen</span> </li> <li id="12602" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">coace</span> <span class="meaning">to bake, to ripen</span> </li> <li id="12603" class="albanian borrowing"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">kuq</span> <span class="meaning">I fry, I cook</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12604" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12605" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">cuyre</span> <span class="meaning">to cook</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12606" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12607" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">cuire</span> <span class="meaning">to cook</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12608" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">cury</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="12609" class="germanic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">curry</span> <sup id="footnote-link-2-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-2">[2]</a></sup> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12610" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">cocer</span> <span class="meaning">to boil, to cook, to brew, to chafe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12611" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">kusí</span> <span class="meaning">to cook</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12612" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*kokōn</span> <span class="meaning">to cook</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12613" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="ang-Latn">*cōcian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12614" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12615" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">cook</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12616" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12617" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12618" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">kochen</span> <span class="meaning">to cook, to boil, to get agitated</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12619" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Koch</span> <span class="meaning">a cook, occupational surname: Cook</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12620" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Koch</span> </li> <li id="12621" class="uralic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">Kocs</span> <span class="meaning">placename: Cook's (farmstead)?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12622" class="uralic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">kocsi szekér</span> <span class="meaning">cart from Kocs, coach</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="12623" class="uralic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">kocsi</span> <span class="meaning">cart, carriage, car</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12624" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Kutsche</span> <span class="meaning">carriage, coach</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12625" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">koets</span> <span class="meaning">coach</span> </li> <li id="12626" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">coche</span> <span class="meaning">(stage)-coach</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12627" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">coach</span> <sup id="footnote-link-3-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-3">[3]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="12628" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">coach</span> <span class="meaning">coach (trainer)</span> </li> <li id="12629" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Coach</span> <span class="meaning">coach (trainer)</span> </li> <li id="12630" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Kana">コーチ</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="jpn-Latn">kōchi</span> <span class="meaning">coach (trainer)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12631" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">cóiste</span> <span class="meaning">coach, sidecar</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12632" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">cocchio</span> <span class="meaning">coach, chariot</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12633" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">קאָכן</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">kokhn</span> <span class="meaning">to cook</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12634" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*kokon</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12635" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12636" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">koken</span> <span class="meaning">to cook, to boil</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12637" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="osx-Latn">*kokōn</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12638" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Low German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12639" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">koge</span> <span class="meaning">to boil, to cook</span> </li> <li id="12640" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">koka</span> <span class="meaning">to boil</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12641" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">kokata</span> <span class="meaning">to cook</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12642" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*kuxati</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12643" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12644" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">куховарити</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">kuxovaryty</span> <span class="meaning">to cook</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12645" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12646" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">кувати</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">kuvati</span> <span class="meaning">to cook</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12647" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*kōkô</span> <span class="meaning">cake</span> <sup id="footnote-link-4-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="12648" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12649" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">coeke</span> <span class="meaning">cake</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12650" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">koek</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12651" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">couque</span> </li> <li id="12652" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">koekje</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12653" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">cookie</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12654" class="sinotibetan sintic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="sinotibetan sintic"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Cantonese</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="yue-Hani">曲奇</span> <span class="transliteration sinotibetan sintic" lang="yue-Latn">kuk¹ kei⁴</span> <span class="meaning">cookie</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12655" class="sinotibetan sintic borrowing"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Mandarin</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Hani">曲奇</span> <span class="transliteration sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Latn">qūqí</span> <span class="meaning">cookie</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12656" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">cookie</span> </li> <li id="12657" class="indoiranian borrowing"> <span class="language indoiranian">Hindi</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="hin-Deva">कुकी</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="hin-Latn">kukī</span> <span class="meaning">cookie</span> </li> <li id="12658" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">куки</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">kuki</span> <span class="meaning">HTTP cookie</span> </li> <li id="12659" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Thai</span> <span class="orthography" lang="tha-Thai">คุกกี้</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="tha-Latn">kúk-gîi</span> <span class="meaning">cookie</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12660" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">kuohho</span> <span class="meaning">cake, pie</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12661" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12662" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Kuchen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12663" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">kuchen</span> </li> <li id="12664" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Lebkuchen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12665" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">lebkuchen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12666" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">קוכן</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">kukhn</span> <span class="meaning">cake</span> </li> <li id="12667" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Lorraine Franconian</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Küeche</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12668" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">quiche</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12669" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">quiche</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12670" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Korean</span> <span class="orthography" lang="kor-Hang">키슈</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="kor-Latn">kisyu</span> <span class="meaning">quiche</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12671" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Quiche</span> <span class="meaning">quiche</span> </li> <li id="12672" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">κις</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">kis</span> <span class="meaning">quiche</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12673" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="osx-Latn">*kōko</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12674" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Low German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12675" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">Kook</span> <span class="meaning">cake</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12676" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">Kookje</span> <span class="meaning">cookie, cracker, biscuit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12677" class="uralic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*kakku</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12696" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">kakku</span> <span class="meaning">cake</span> </li> <li id="12697" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">kakko</span> <span class="meaning">a kind of cakey bread, a dumpling</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12678" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*kōkilaz</span> <span class="meaning">little cake, bun</span> <span class="note">diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12679" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">cyċel</span> <span class="meaning">little cake, morsel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12680" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">kichel</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">kechel</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12681" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">císte</span> <span class="meaning">cake, tart</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12682" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">kuohhil</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12683" class="germanic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">kuohhilīn</span> <span class="note">double diminutive</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12684" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12685" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Küchlein</span> <span class="meaning">small cake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12686" class="germanic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="non-Latn">kaka</span> <sup id="footnote-link-4-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-4">[4]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="12677" class="uralic parent borrowing possible"> <details> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Finnic</span> <span class="transliteration uralic" lang="Latn">*kakku</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12696" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">kakku</span> <span class="meaning">cake</span> </li> <li id="12697" class="uralic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">kakko</span> <span class="meaning">a kind of cakey bread, a dumpling</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12687" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12688" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">kage</span> <span class="meaning">cake</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12689" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Kalaallisut</span> <span class="orthography" lang="kal-Latn">kaagi</span> <span class="meaning">cake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12690" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old West Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12691" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">kaka</span> <span class="meaning">cake, cookie</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12692" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Icelandic</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="isl-Latn">legkaka</span> <span class="meaning">placenta</span> <span class="note">calque of New Latin <span class="orthography" lang="">placenta uterī</span></span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12693" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">cake</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12694" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">cake</span> </li> <li id="12695" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">cáca</span> <span class="meaning">cake</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12698" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">coquus</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cocus</span> <span class="meaning">a cook</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12699" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12700" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">cuoco</span> <span class="meaning">a cook, a chef</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12701" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12702" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12703" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12704" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">queux</span> <span class="meaning">a cook</span> <span class="note">obsolete</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12705" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*kok</span> <span class="meaning">a cook</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12706" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">cōc</span> <span class="meaning">a cook</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12707" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12708" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">cook</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12709" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Thai</span> <span class="orthography" lang="tha-Thai">กุ๊ก</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="tha-Latn">gúk</span> <span class="meaning">a cook</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12710" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="frk-Latn">*kok</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12711" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12712" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">kok</span> <span class="meaning">a cook, a chef</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12713" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">coq</span> <span class="meaning">a cook</span> <span class="note">rare</span> </li> <li id="12714" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Kana">コック</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="jpn-Latn">kokku</span> <span class="meaning">a cook, a chef</span> </li> <li id="12715" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">кок</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">kok</span> <span class="meaning">ship's cook</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12716" class="celtic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*kog</span> <span class="meaning">a cook</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12717" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="wlm-Latn">coc</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12718" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">cog</span> <span class="meaning">a cook</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12719" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">coquīna</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">cocīna</span> <span class="meaning">relating to cooking, the skill of cooking, kitchen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12720" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12721" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">cucina</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, cookery, cuisine</span> </li> <li id="12722" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Venetian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12723" class="albanian borrowing"> <span class="language albanian">Albanian</span> <span class="orthography albanian" lang="sqi-Latn">kuzhinë</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen</span> </li> <li id="12724" class="hellenic borrowing"> <span class="language hellenic">Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="ell-Grek">κουζίνα</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="ell-Latn">kouzína</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, cuisine</span> </li> <li id="12725" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">кужина</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">kužina</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, cuisine</span> <span class="note">regional</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12726" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12727" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">cuisine</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, cuisine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12728" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">cuisine</span> </li> <li id="12729" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Malagasy</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="mlg-Latn">lakozy</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12730" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">cocina</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, stove, cuisine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12731" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">kusina</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12732" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">West Germanic</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="Latn">*kukinā</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12733" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">cycene</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">cycen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12734" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12735" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">kitchen</span> </li> <li id="12736" class="celtic borrowing"> <span class="language celtic">Irish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="gle-Latn">cistin</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12737" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Frankish</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12738" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12739" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">keuken</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, cuisine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12740" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old High German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="goh-Latn">chuhhina</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12741" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle High German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12742" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Küche</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, cuisine</span> </li> <li id="12743" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yiddish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yid-Hebr">קיך</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="yid-Latn">kikh</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, cuisine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12744" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">kuchyně</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, cuisine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12745" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">kuchnia</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, cuisine, stove</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12746" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">кухня</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">kuxnja</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, cuisine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12747" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">կուխնի</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">kuxni</span> <span class="meaning">kichen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12748" class="baltoslavic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">кухиња</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">kuhinja</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, cuisine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12749" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">konyha</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, cuisine</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12750" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Saxon</span> <span class="transliteration germanic" lang="osx-Latn">*kukina</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12751" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Low German</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12752" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Low German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nds-Latn">Köken</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, cooking, cuisine</span> </li> <li id="12753" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">Danish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dan-Latn">køkken</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, cuisine</span> </li> <li id="12754" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">kök</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, cuisine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12755" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">kyökki</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12756" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">culīna</span> <span class="meaning">kitchen, small portable stove</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12757" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="ang-Latn">cyline</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12758" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12759" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">kiln</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12760" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12761" class="germanic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Old East Norse</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12762" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Swedish</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="swe-Latn">kölna</span> <span class="meaning">kiln, oast</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12763" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">culīnārius</span> <span class="meaning">related to cooking or kitchens, culinary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12764" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">culinaire</span> <span class="meaning">culinary</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12765" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">culinary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12766" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">culinario</span> <span class="meaning">culinary</span> </li> <li id="12767" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">culinario</span> <span class="meaning">culinary</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12768" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">praecoquere</span> <span class="meaning">to ripen before, to ripen early</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12769" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">praecox</span> <span class="meaning">early-ripening, premature, precocious</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12770" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">precocious</span> </li> <li id="12771" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">précoce</span> <span class="meaning">early, premature, precocious</span> </li> <li id="12772" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">precoce</span> <span class="meaning">premature, early, hasty, untimely</span> </li> <li id="12773" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">precoz</span> <span class="meaning">precocious, early</span> </li> <li id="12774" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">persica praecocia</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">praecocia</span> <span class="meaning">early-ripening peaches</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12775" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Koine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πραικόκιον</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">praikókion</span> <span class="meaning">apricot</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12777" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">βερικοκκια</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">berikokkía</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12778" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="arc-Latn">bārqoqa</span> <span class="meaning">plum, apricot (archaic)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12779" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">برقوق</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">barqūq</span> <span class="meaning">plum, apricot (archaic, dialectic), peach (dialectic)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12780" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">albercoc</span> <span class="meaning">apricot</span> <span class="note">incorporating definite article <span class="transliteration">al-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12781" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">abrecoc</span> <span class="meaning">apricot</span> <span class="note">dialectic pronunciation</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12782" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abrecock</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apricot</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12776" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">mālum praecoquum</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">praecoquum</span> <span class="meaning">early-ripening (fruit)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12775" class="hellenic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Koine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πραικόκιον</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">praikókion</span> <span class="meaning">apricot</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12777" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Byzantine Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">βερικοκκια</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">berikokkía</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12778" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Aramaic</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="arc-Latn">bārqoqa</span> <span class="meaning">plum, apricot (archaic)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12779" class="afroasiatic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="afroasiatic"> <span class="language afroasiatic">Arabic</span> <span class="orthography afroasiatic" lang="ara-Arab">برقوق</span> <span class="transliteration afroasiatic" lang="ara-Latn">barqūq</span> <span class="meaning">plum, apricot (archaic, dialectic), peach (dialectic)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12780" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">albercoc</span> <span class="meaning">apricot</span> <span class="note">incorporating definite article <span class="transliteration">al-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12781" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Catalan</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="cat-Latn">abrecoc</span> <span class="meaning">apricot</span> <span class="note">dialectic pronunciation</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12782" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">abrecock</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">apricot</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12783" class="tocharian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="tocharian"> <span class="language tocharian">Tocharian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="Latn">*päk-</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12784" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Arshian</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xto-Latn">päk-</span> <span class="meaning">to cook, to boil, to ripen</span> </li> <li id="12785" class="tocharian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language tocharian">Kushean</span> <span class="transliteration tocharian" lang="xtb-Latn">päk-</span> <span class="meaning">to cook, to boil, to ripen</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12786" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*pékʷyeti</span> <span class="note">transitive imperfective</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12787" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*péťťō</span> <span class="meaning">to cook, to ripen</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12788" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πέσσω</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12789" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="Latn">*páčyatay</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12790" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12791" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="orthography indoiranian" lang="san-Brah">𑀧𑀘𑁆𑀬𑀢𑁂</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">pácyate</span> <span class="meaning">to ripen, to develop, to mature</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12792" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*pokʷtós</span> <span class="meaning">cooked, ripe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12793" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*paktas</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12794" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pȍtъ</span> <span class="meaning">sweat</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12795" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">потъ</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">potŭ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12796" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">пот</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">pot</span> <span class="meaning">sweat</span> </li> <li id="12797" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">піт</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">pit</span> <span class="meaning">sweat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12798" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12799" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Glag">ⱂⱁⱅⱏ</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrl">потъ</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="chu-Latn">potŭ</span> <span class="meaning">sweat</span> </li> <li id="12800" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slovene</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="slv-Latn">pọ́t</span> <span class="meaning">sweat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12801" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12802" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">pot</span> <span class="meaning">sweat</span> </li> <li id="12803" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">pot</span> <span class="meaning">sweat</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12804" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Celtic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*kʷoxtos</span> <span class="meaning">cooked, hot</span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="12805" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Brythonic</span> <span class="transliteration celtic" lang="Latn">*poɨθ</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12806" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Breton</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="bre-Latn">poazh</span> </li> <li id="12807" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Cornish</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cor-Latn">pooth</span> </li> <li id="12808" class="celtic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="celtic"> <span class="language celtic">Middle Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="wlm-Latn">poeth</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12809" class="celtic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language celtic">Welsh</span> <span class="orthography celtic" lang="cym-Latn">poeth</span> <span class="meaning">hot, mulled, fevered</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12810" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pekʷtós</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12811" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πεπτός</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">peptos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12812" class="hellenic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">δύσπεπτος</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">dúspeptos</span> <span class="meaning">difficult to digest, unripe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12813" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dyspepsia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12814" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">dyspepsia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12815" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Pepsi-Cola</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Pepsi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12816" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italic</span> <span class="transliteration italic" lang="Latn">*kʷoktos</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12817" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">coctus</span> <span class="meaning">cooked, ripened</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12818" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12819" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">cotto</span> <span class="meaning">cooked</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12820" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">biscotto</span> <span class="meaning">biscuit, cookie</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12825" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">biscotti</span> <span class="note">from the plural</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12821" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">terracotta</span> <span class="meaning">terracotta</span> <span class="note">lit. "cooked earth", i.e. unglazed earthenware</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12822" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">terracotta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12823" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">biscoctus</span> <span class="meaning">twice-cooked</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12824" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12820" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">biscotto</span> <span class="meaning">biscuit, cookie</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12825" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">biscotti</span> <span class="note">from the plural</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12826" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Western Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12827" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Old French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fro-Latn">bescuit</span> <span class="meaning">biscuit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12828" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Middle French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">bescuit</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">biscuit</span> / <span class="orthography italic" lang="frm-Latn">besquit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12829" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">French</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="fra-Latn">biscuit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12830" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="dum-Latn">bescuut</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12831" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Dutch</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="nld-Latn">beschuit</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12832" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">Middle English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">bisquyte</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="enm-Latn">bisquit</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12833" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">biscuit</span> </li> <li id="12834" class="germanic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">Yola</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="yol-Latn">busk</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12835" class="italic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">bizcocho</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12836" class="italic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">recocta</span> <span class="meaning">recooked</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12837" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Central Romance</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12838" class="italic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Italian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ita-Latn">ricotta</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12839" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">ricotta</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12840" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*pₔkʷwós</span> <span class="meaning">cooked, ripe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12841" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Iranian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12842" class="indoiranian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="indoiranian"> <span class="language indoiranian">Indo-Aryan</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12843" class="indoiranian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language indoiranian">Sanskrit</span> <span class="transliteration indoiranian" lang="san-Latn">pakvá</span> <span class="meaning">cooked, baked, ripe, mature, accomplished, old, cooked food, ripe grain</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12844" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*pₔkʷrós</span> <span class="meaning">cooked, ripe</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12845" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pekVras</span> <span class="note">unknown vowel <span class="transliteration">*V</span> probably deriving from a metathesis of the <span class="transliteration">*ₔ</span> in the PIE</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12846" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pečVrь</span> <span class="meaning">roasted</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12847" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pečVrica</span> <span class="meaning">agaric mushroom, esp. common mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)</span> <span class="note">~"thing to be roasted"</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12848" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">*pečěrica</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12849" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">печерица</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">pečerica</span> <span class="meaning">common mushroom</span> </li> <li id="12850" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">печериця</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">pečerycja</span> <span class="meaning">agaric mushroom</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12851" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pečurka</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12852" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">печурка</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="bul-Latn">pečurka</span> <span class="meaning">mushroom</span> </li> <li id="12853" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">печурка</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">pečurka</span> <span class="meaning">mushroom, esp. agaric mushroom</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12854" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pečarka</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12855" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">pečárka</span> <span class="meaning">agaric mushroom, esp. common mushroom</span> </li> <li id="12856" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">pieczarka</span> <span class="meaning">agaric mushroom</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12857" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*pékʷtis</span> <span class="note">action noun</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12858" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Balto-Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pektis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12859" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*pȅťь</span> <span class="meaning">oven</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12860" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">печь</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">pečĭ</span> <span class="meaning">stove, oven, furnace</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12861" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">печь</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">pečʹ</span> <span class="meaning">stove, oven, furnace, kiln</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12862" class="armenian borrowing"> <span class="language armenian">Armenian</span> <span class="orthography armenian" lang="hye-Armn">փեչ</span> <span class="transliteration armenian" lang="hye-Latn">pʿečʿ</span> <span class="meaning">stove, oven</span> </li> <li id="12863" class="uralic borrowing"> <span class="language uralic">Finnish</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="fin-Latn">pätsi</span> <span class="meaning">furnace, hellfire</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12864" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">піч</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">pič</span> <span class="meaning">oven</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12865" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12866" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">пещ</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="bul-Latn">pešt</span> <span class="meaning">furnace, oven</span> </li> <li id="12867" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Glag">ⱂⰵⱋⱐ</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrl">пещь</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="chu-Latn">peštĭ</span> <span class="meaning">oven, stove</span> </li> <li id="12868" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">пећ</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">peć</span> <span class="meaning">furnace, oven, stove</span> </li> <li id="12869" class="uralic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">Pest</span> <span class="meaning">Pest</span> <sup id="footnote-link-5-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-5">[5]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="12870" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Pest</span> </li> <li id="12871" class="uralic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">Budapest</span> <span class="meaning">Budapest</span> <sup id="footnote-link-5-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-5">[5]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="12872" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Budapest</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12873" class="germanic calque"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Ofen</span> <span class="meaning">Buda</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12874" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12875" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Czech</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ces-Latn">pec</span> <span class="meaning">oven, furnace</span> </li> <li id="12876" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">piec</span> <span class="meaning">fireplace, stove, furnace</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12877" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Slavic</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="Latn">*peťera</span> <span class="meaning">cave</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12878" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">East Slavic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="orv-Cyrl">печера</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="orv-Latn">pečera</span> <span class="meaning">cave</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12879" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Ukrainian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Cyrl">печера</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="ukr-Latn">pečera</span> <span class="meaning">cave</span> </li> <li id="12880" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Polish</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="pol-Latn">pieczara</span> <span class="meaning">small cave, grotto</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12881" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">South Slavic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12869" class="uralic parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">Pest</span> <span class="meaning">Pest</span> <sup id="footnote-link-5-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-5">[5]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="12870" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Pest</span> </li> <li id="12871" class="uralic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="uralic"> <span class="language uralic">Hungarian</span> <span class="orthography uralic" lang="hun-Latn">Budapest</span> <span class="meaning">Budapest</span> <sup id="footnote-link-5-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-5">[5]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="12872" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Budapest</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12873" class="germanic calque"> <span class="language germanic">German</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="deu-Latn">Ofen</span> <span class="meaning">Buda</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12882" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">пещера</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="bul-Latn">pešterá</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12883" class="baltoslavic parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Bulgarian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="bul-Cyrl">Пещера</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="bul-Latn">Peštera</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12884" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Peshtera</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12885" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Church Slavonic</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="chu-Cyrl">пещера</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="chu-Latn">peštera</span> <span class="meaning">cave, dungeon, refuge</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12886" class="italic borrowing"> <span class="language italic">Romanian</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="ron-Latn">peșteră</span> <span class="meaning">cave</span> </li> <li id="12887" class="baltoslavic borrowing"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Russian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="rus-Cyrl">пещера</span> <span class="transliteration baltoslavic" lang="rus-Latn">peščera</span> <span class="meaning">cave</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12888" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Serbo-Croatian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Cyrl">пећина</span> / <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="hbs-Latn">pećina</span> <span class="meaning">cave</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12889" class="baltoslavic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="baltoslavic"> <span class="language baltoslavic">West Baltic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12890" class="baltoslavic diachronic_derivation possible"> <span class="language baltoslavic">Old Prussian</span> <span class="orthography baltoslavic" lang="prg-Latn">pagaptis</span> <span class="meaning">spit (for roasting)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12891" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12892" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πέψῐς</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">pépsis</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12813" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Latin</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="lat-Latn">dyspepsia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12814" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">dyspepsia</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12815" class="germanic synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Pepsi-Cola</span> / <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Pepsi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="12893" class="parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class=""> <span class="language">Proto-Indo-European</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="Latn">*pékʷmn̥</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12894" class="hellenic parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="hellenic"> <span class="language hellenic">Hellenic</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="Latn">*pékʷmə</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="12895" class="hellenic diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language hellenic">Classical Greek</span> <span class="orthography hellenic" lang="grc-Grek">πέμμα</span> <span class="transliteration hellenic" lang="grc-Latn">pémma</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/cook.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/cook.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-cook.html#12546">melon</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12556">pompom</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12558">pumpion</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12559">pumpkin</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12569">pepo</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12609">curry</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12615">cook</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12620">Koch</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12627">coach</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12653">cookie</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12663">kuchen</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12665">lebkuchen</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12669">quiche</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12694">cake</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12708">cook</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12728">cuisine</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12735">kitchen</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12759">kiln</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12765">culinary</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12770">precocious</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12782">abrecock</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12814">dyspepsia</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12815">Pepsi-Cola</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12822">terracotta</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12825">biscotti</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12833">biscuit</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12839">ricotta</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12870">Pest</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12872">Budapest</a>, <a href="/word-family-cook.html#12884">Peshtera</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p><span class="transliteration">*p-kʷ</span> has regular regressive assimilation to <span class="transliteration">*kʷ-kʷ</span> in Celtic and Italic. This is also seen in *pérkʷu-s: "oak" (-> Irish <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">cert</span> and Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">quercus</span>) and *pénkʷe: "five" (-> Irish <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">cúig</span> and Latin <span class="orthography" lang="lat-Latn">quīnque</span>).</p> <p>Though this is confusing in Brythonic and Osco-Umbrian where <span class="transliteration">*kʷ-</span> became <span class="transliteration">*p-</span>. In Osco-Umbrian, that's a merger with the existing <span class="transliteration">*p-</span>, but in Brythonic we can be sure it reflects proto-Celtic <span class="transliteration">*kʷ-</span>, because PIE <span class="transliteration">*p-</span> becomes Proto-Celtic <span class="transliteration">*φ-</span>, which was then lost in all modern Celtic languages.</p> </li> <li id="footnote-2"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-2-a">^</a></span><p>Middle English cury: "cookery, cooking" is in the title of the historical cookbook "The Forme of Cury", published in 1390 in Richard II's court.</p> <p>Though the modern English word curry is primarily from Tamil <span class="orthography" lang="tam-Taml">கறி</span> <span class="transliteration">kaṟi</span>: "curry, sauce, pepper", it is thought that the existing English <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">cur(r)y</span> influenced the form.</p> <p>Sadly (at least for current purposes), the surname <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Curry</span> is not an occupational surname for a cook, but an Anglicization from one or more Irish surnames, such as <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">Ó Comhraidhe</span> (which becomes <span class="orthography" lang="gle-Latn">Ó Camhraí</span> after the spelling reform).</p> </li> <li id="footnote-3"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-3-a">^</a></span><p>The town of Kocs is on the road between Vienna and Budapest (now part of European route E60), and carting goods was a big part of its economy. The "Kocs cart" (<span class="orthography" lang="hun-Latn">kocsi szekér</span>) spread across the rest of Europe, possibly due to the steel-spring suspension—but that may have been a later innovation after they had already spread.</p> <p>In Oxford slang, coach was used metaphorically for a tutor who "carries" someone through an exam. This meaning (and even more so, the extension to sports) was then borrowed as a separate word into many languages that already had the word for the cart.</p> </li> <li id="footnote-4"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-4-a">^</a></span><p>It's extremely uncertain to derive West Germanic <span class="transliteration">*kōkô</span> and Old Norse <span class="orthography" lang="non-Latn">kaka</span> (the origins of cookie and cake) from the West Germanic borrowing from Latin that gives <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">cook</span> and <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">kitchen</span>; all the other words in that group have very clear, later paths into the North Germanic languages, but <span class="orthography" lang="non-Latn">kaka</span> mostly goes the other way—from Old Norse into the West Germanic languages. But all the other derivations of *kōkô/<span class="orthography" lang="non-Latn">kaka</span> are just as questionable and don't connect to any real family of any size. So this is the best place to cover this mini- and/or sub-family.</p> </li> <li id="footnote-5"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-5-a">^</a></span><p>Budapest is a merger of multiple towns that grew into each other, including Buda and Pest. The name <span class="orthography" lang="hun-Latn">Pest</span> may be from a South Slavic language, and mean "oven", "cave", and/or "a cave used as an oven or limekiln"; from Slavic <span class="transliteration">*pȅťь</span>: "oven" (Bulgarian <span class="orthography" lang="bul-Cyrl">пещ</span> <span class="transliteration">pešt</span>) or its derivative <span class="transliteration">*peťera</span>: "cave" (Bulgarian <span class="orthography" lang="bul-Cyrl">пещера</span> <span class="transliteration">pešterá</span>).</p> <p>In German, the town of Buda is called <span class="orthography" lang="deu-Latn">Ofen</span>: "oven, furnace"—an apparent translation of <span class="orthography" lang="hun-Latn">Pest</span> with shifted refererrence. Though that does not prove for sure that <span class="transliteration">*pȅťь</span> is the origin of the name <span class="orthography" lang="">Pest</span>, only that someone thought it was at some point.</p> </li> </ol> 2023-10-13T00:00:00-07:002023-10-13T00:00:00-07:00Aidantag:www.aidanem.com,2023-10-13:/word-family-hawaii.html

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Dr. Melenaite Taumoefolau makes a compelling and intriguing argument: that Nuclear Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*sawaiki</span>: "traditional/mythological homeland"—whence <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Hawaii</span>—may be a cognate of <span class="transliteration">*sau ʔariki</span> borrowed from the Tongic branch into Nuclear Polynesian. (Note that <span class="transliteration">*sawaiki</span> can only be reconstructed to NP, it is not present in Tongic or …</p>

<h3>Introduction</h3> <p>Dr. Melenaite Taumoefolau makes a compelling and intriguing argument: that Nuclear Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*sawaiki</span>: "traditional/mythological homeland"—whence <span class="orthography" lang="eng-Latn">Hawaii</span>—may be a cognate of <span class="transliteration">*sau ʔariki</span> borrowed from the Tongic branch into Nuclear Polynesian. (Note that <span class="transliteration">*sawaiki</span> can only be reconstructed to NP, it is not present in Tongic or other related groups.)</p> <p>Tongic reflexes of <span class="transliteration">*ʔariki</span> all show loss of the <span class="transliteration">*r</span>: Niuēan <span class="orthography" lang="niu-Latn">iki</span>, Tongan <span class="orthography" lang="ton-Latn">ʻeiki</span>, Tongan <span class="orthography" lang="ton-Latn">houʻeiki</span>. And Nuclear Polynesian had lost the Proto-Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*ʔ</span>; so a borrowing from Tongic to Nuclear Polynesian would strip both <span class="transliteration">*ʔ</span> and <span class="transliteration">*r</span> from <span class="transliteration">*sau ʔariki</span>, leaving <span class="transliteration">*sau aiki</span>. Once re-interpreted as monomorphemic in the borrowing language, the stress would shift, changing <span class="transliteration">*u</span> to <span class="transliteration">*w</span>, completing the transformation into reconstructed NP <span class="transliteration">*sawaiki</span>!</p> <p>This borrowing would presumably be linked with the second wave of colonization from western Tonga to the already inhabited Marquesas Islands (necessarily also passing through the Society Islands between) that happened a little before the expansion of the Marquesic and Tahitic subfamilies to the remote islands.</p> <p>If this theory is correct, then Hawaiʻian has doublets <span class="orthography" lang="haw-Latn">aualiʻi</span> (normal development) vs <span class="orthography" lang="haw-Latn">Hawaiʻi</span> (borrowing from Tongic to NP); and likewise Tongan has doublets <span class="orthography" lang="ton-Latn">houʻeiki</span> (normal development) vs <span class="orthography" lang="ton-Latn">Hauaiʻi</span> (re-borrowing back from from Hawaiʻian).</p> <p>I have not been able to find any information about the Fijian (Oceanic, non-Polynesian) place name <span class="orthography" lang="fij-Latn">Sawaieke</span>, and how or whether it fits in to this.</p> <h3>Full Text</h3> <ul class="wordfamily"> <li id="28808" class="austronesian parent"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayo-Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*haɟi</span> <span class="meaning">king, chief</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28809" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Kawi</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="kaw-Latn">haji</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28810" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Javanese</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="jav-Java">ꦲꦗꦶ</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="jav-Latn">aji</span> <span class="meaning">king</span> </li> <li id="28811" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">hari</span> <span class="meaning">king</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28812" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Malayic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28813" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Malay</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="msa-Latn">aji</span> <span class="meaning">king</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28814" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Philippine</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28815" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Ilokano</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="ilo-Latn">ári</span> <span class="meaning">king</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28816" class="austronesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Oceanic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*ari</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28817" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation possible"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*ʔariki</span> <span class="meaning">foremost, noble, chief</span> <span class="note">unexpected <span class="transliteration">*ʔ</span></span> <sup id="footnote-link-1-a" class="note"><a href="#footnote-1">[1]</a></sup> </summary> <ul> <li id="28807" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*sau-ʔariki</span> <span class="meaning">council of chiefs? high chief? aristocratic government?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28846" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*sau-aliki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28847" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28848" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">saualiʻi</span> <span class="meaning">spirits</span> </li> <li id="28849" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tokelauan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkl-Latn">haualiki</span> <span class="meaning">demigod</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28850" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*hau-aliki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28851" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28852" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">aualiʻi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28853" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*hau-ariki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28854" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">hau ari'i</span> <span class="meaning">government, kingdom, kingship</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28855" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Outlier Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28856" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tikopia</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkp-Latn">sau ariki</span> <span class="meaning">to select a chief</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28857" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*sau-ʔiki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28858" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">houʻeiki</span> <span class="meaning">chiefs</span> <span class="note">irregular plural of <span class="orthography" lang="ton-Latn">ʻeiki</span></span> </li> <li id="28859" class="austronesian polynesian parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*sawaiki</span> <span class="meaning">traditional/mythological homeland</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28860" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28861" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">Savai'i</span> <span class="meaning">island in western Samoa (also called Salafai)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28862" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28863" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28864" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">Hawaiʻi</span> <span class="meaning">the Hawaiian Islands, the Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28865" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Hawaii</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28866" class="sinotibetan sintic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="sinotibetan sintic"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Cantonese</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="yue-Hani">夏威夷</span> <span class="transliteration sinotibetan sintic" lang="yue-Latn">haa⁶ wai¹ ji⁴</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28867" class="sinotibetan sintic borrowing"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Mandarin</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Hani">夏威夷</span> <span class="transliteration sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Latn">Xiàwēiyí</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28868" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Kana">ハワイ</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="jpn-Latn">Hawai</span> </li> <li id="28869" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Hawái</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28870" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">Haway</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28871" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">Hauaiʻi</span> </li> <li id="28872" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi</span> <span class="meaning">Hawaiʻian language</span> </li> <li id="28873" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">haw</span> <span class="meaning">ISO 639 code for Hawaiʻian</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28874" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">Havaiʻi</span> <span class="meaning">underworld, mythical homeland of the first humans in the west</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28875" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28876" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">Hawaiki</span> <span class="meaning">ancient homeland, where the voyage to Aotearoa left from and where souls return after death</span> </li> <li id="28877" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">Havaiʻi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28818" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Niuafoʻou</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="num-Latn">ʻaliki</span> <span class="meaning">chief</span> </li> <li id="28819" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*aliki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28820" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*aliki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28821" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28822" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">aliʻi</span> <span class="meaning">noble, ruler, monarch, royal, to rule, to govern</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28823" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">naʻau aliʻi</span> <span class="meaning">beneficent, forgiving, loving, kind</span> <span class="note">lit. "noble mind/heart/temper"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28824" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">aʻiki</span> <span class="meaning">chief, steward, rich man</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28825" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Rapa Nui</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="rap-Latn">ʻariki</span> <span class="meaning">chief, king, lord</span> </li> <li id="28826" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*ariki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28827" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Cook Islands Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="rar-Latn">ariki</span> <span class="meaning">chief</span> </li> <li id="28828" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">ariki</span> <span class="meaning">high chief, lord, god, noble, first born (in a noble family)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28829" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">Arikinui</span> <span class="meaning">Paramount Chief</span> <span class="note">lit. "Great Chief"</span> </li> <li id="28830" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">whānau ariki</span> <span class="meaning">noble family, celestial bodies of the solar system</span> </li> <li id="28831" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">whare ariki</span> <span class="meaning">royal house, royal flush (poker)</span> </li> <li id="28832" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">Ngā mata o te ariki o Tāwhirimātea</span> <span class="meaning">the Pleiades</span> <span class="note">"the Eyes of the God Tāwhirimātea"/"the Eyes of the Lord of Tāwhirimātea"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28833" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Paʻumotu</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="pmt-Latn">ariki</span> <span class="meaning">chief</span> </li> <li id="28834" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">ariʻi</span> <span class="meaning">high chief, king</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28835" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28836" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">aliʻi</span> </li> <li id="28837" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tokelauan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkl-Latn">aliki</span> <span class="meaning">chief, lord, gentelman</span> </li> <li id="28838" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tuvaluan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tvl-Latn">aliki</span> <span class="meaning">chief</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28839" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Outlier Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28840" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Anuta</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="aud-Latn">ariki</span> <span class="meaning">chief</span> </li> <li id="28841" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Takuu</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="nho-Latn">ariki</span> <span class="meaning">chief</span> </li> <li id="28842" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tikopia</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkp-Latn">ariki</span> <span class="meaning">chief, chiefly, to become chief</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28843" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*ʔaiki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28844" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Niuēan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="niu-Latn">iki</span> <span class="meaning">chief, important person</span> </li> <li id="28845" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">ʻeiki</span> / <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">egi</span> <span class="meaning">chief, noble, headman</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28775" class="austronesian parent"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian"> <span class="language austronesian">Oceanic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian" lang="Latn">*sau</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28776" class="austronesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian">Fijian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="fij-Latn">sau</span> <span class="meaning">high chief</span> </li> <li id="28777" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*sau</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28778" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*sau</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28779" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*hau</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28780" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28781" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">hau-</span> <span class="meaning">-ruler (non productive)</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28782" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">Haulani</span> <span class="meaning">personal name: High-Ruler</span> </li> <li id="28783" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">Haumea</span> <span class="meaning">divinity of fertility</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28784" class="germanic borrowing"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Haumea</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28785" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">hau</span> <span class="meaning">government</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28786" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28787" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">hau</span> <span class="meaning">peace, government, nation, homeland</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28788" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*hau</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28789" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">hau</span> <span class="meaning">ruler, to rule, to conquer</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28790" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">tukuhau</span> <span class="meaning">tribute, taxes</span> <span class="note">lit. "let go to the ruler"</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28791" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*faka-sau</span> <span class="meaning">to be like a ruler</span> <span class="note">with causative/simulative <span class="transliteration">*faka-</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28792" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28793" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">fakahau</span> <span class="meaning">tyrannical, rigorous, troublesome</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28794" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*faka-sau</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28795" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*faka-hau</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28796" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28797" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">whakahau</span> <span class="meaning">to rule, to command</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28798" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation possible"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*sau-malu</span> <span class="meaning">~shelter of authority?</span> <span class="note">with <span class="transliteration">*malu</span>: "shade, shelter", but uncertain that it is the same <span class="transliteration">*sau</span></span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28799" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*sau-malu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28800" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*hau-malu</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28801" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Rapa Nui</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="rap-Latn">haumarū</span> <span class="meaning">peace</span> </li> <li id="28802" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28803" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">haumalu</span> <span class="meaning">quiet</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28804" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*hau-maru</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28805" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">haumaru</span> <span class="meaning">safety, shelter</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28806" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">mōhiti haumaru</span> <span class="meaning">safety googles</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28807" class="austronesian polynesian parent synchronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*sau-ʔariki</span> <span class="meaning">council of chiefs? high chief? aristocratic government?</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28846" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*sau-aliki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28847" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28848" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">saualiʻi</span> <span class="meaning">spirits</span> </li> <li id="28849" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tokelauan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkl-Latn">haualiki</span> <span class="meaning">demigod</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28850" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*hau-aliki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28851" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28852" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">aualiʻi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28853" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*hau-ariki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28854" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">hau ari'i</span> <span class="meaning">government, kingdom, kingship</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28855" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Outlier Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28856" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tikopia</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tkp-Latn">sau ariki</span> <span class="meaning">to select a chief</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28857" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongic</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*sau-ʔiki</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28858" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">houʻeiki</span> <span class="meaning">chiefs</span> <span class="note">irregular plural of <span class="orthography" lang="ton-Latn">ʻeiki</span></span> </li> <li id="28859" class="austronesian polynesian parent borrowing possible"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Nuclear Polynesian</span> <span class="transliteration austronesian polynesian" lang="Latn">*sawaiki</span> <span class="meaning">traditional/mythological homeland</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28860" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28861" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Samoan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="smo-Latn">Savai'i</span> <span class="meaning">island in western Samoa (also called Salafai)</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28862" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Eastern Polynesian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28863" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28864" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details open> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">Hawaiʻi</span> <span class="meaning">the Hawaiian Islands, the Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28865" class="germanic parent borrowing"> <details open> <summary class="germanic"> <span class="language germanic">English</span> <span class="orthography germanic" lang="eng-Latn">Hawaii</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28866" class="sinotibetan sintic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="sinotibetan sintic"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Cantonese</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="yue-Hani">夏威夷</span> <span class="transliteration sinotibetan sintic" lang="yue-Latn">haa⁶ wai¹ ji⁴</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28867" class="sinotibetan sintic borrowing"> <span class="language sinotibetan sintic">Mandarin</span> <span class="orthography sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Hani">夏威夷</span> <span class="transliteration sinotibetan sintic" lang="cmn-Latn">Xiàwēiyí</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28868" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Japanese</span> <span class="orthography" lang="jpn-Kana">ハワイ</span> <span class="transliteration" lang="jpn-Latn">Hawai</span> </li> <li id="28869" class="italic parent borrowing"> <details> <summary class="italic"> <span class="language italic">Spanish</span> <span class="orthography italic" lang="spa-Latn">Hawái</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28870" class="austronesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian">Tagalog</span> <span class="orthography austronesian" lang="tgl-Latn">Haway</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28871" class="austronesian polynesian borrowing"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tongan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="ton-Latn">Hauaiʻi</span> </li> <li id="28872" class="austronesian polynesian synchronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Hawaiʻian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="haw-Latn">ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi</span> <span class="meaning">Hawaiʻian language</span> </li> <li id="28873" class="borrowing"> <span class="language">Translingual</span> <span class="orthography" lang="mul-Latn">haw</span> <span class="meaning">ISO 639 code for Hawaiʻian</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28874" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Marquesan</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mqm-Latn">Havaiʻi</span> <span class="meaning">underworld, mythical homeland of the first humans in the west</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> <li id="28875" class="austronesian polynesian parent diachronic_derivation"> <details> <summary class="austronesian polynesian"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitic</span> </summary> <ul> <li id="28876" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Māori</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="mri-Latn">Hawaiki</span> <span class="meaning">ancient homeland, where the voyage to Aotearoa left from and where souls return after death</span> </li> <li id="28877" class="austronesian polynesian diachronic_derivation"> <span class="language austronesian polynesian">Tahitian</span> <span class="orthography austronesian polynesian" lang="tah-Latn">Havaiʻi</span> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> </details> </li> </ul> <h3>Visual</h3> <p><a href="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/hawaii.pdf"><img src="https://www.aidanem.com/images/word_family/hawaii.png" alt="Image is a visual representation of the text content above." style="max-width: 80%;"></a></p> <h3>Collected English words</h3> <p><a href="/word-family-hawaii.html#28784">Haumea</a>, <a href="/word-family-hawaii.html#28865">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/word-family-hawaii.html#28873">haw</a></p> <h3>Footnotes</h3> <ol class="footnotes"> <li id="footnote-1"> <span class="backlink"><a href="#footnote-link-1-a">^</a></span><p>Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*ʔariki</span>: "foremost, noble, chief" seems like it should be connected to Javanese and Malay <span class="orthography" lang="msa-Latn">aji</span> and Ilokano <span class="orthography" lang="ilo-Latn">ári</span>, all meaning "king" (Malayo-Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*haɟi</span>), but the correspondence between Proto-Malayo-Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*h-</span> and Polynesian <span class="transliteration">*ʔ-</span> is irregular.</p> <p>I wish I could find an Oceanic but non-Polynesian reflex to help bridge the gap. In the absence of that, it's very possible that Malay and Ilokano also borrowed the word from Kawa (Old Javanese)—as Tagalog did—and there is no real correspondence above the Polynesian level.</p> <p>If there is a correspondence, the extra <span class="transliteration">*-ki</span> can be explained as the same derivational suffix seen in various other pairs of words, like <span class="transliteration">*muʔa</span>: "before, in front" and <span class="transliteration">*muʔa-ki</span>: "to be first, to lead" or <span class="transliteration">*lua</span> and <span class="transliteration">*lua-ki</span>, both "to vomit"—probably a variant of <span class="transliteration">*-ʔaki</span> which forms verbs from nouns or adds an intensive or iterative meaning. (Note that in Polynesian languages adjectives and stative verbs, and even noun are not very distinct from each other; while <span class="transliteration">*ʔariki</span> usually seems noun- or adjective-like, that doesn't stop it from being derived from verb morphology.)</p> </li> </ol>