September theme: Fire 🔥

Teaser

brew, broil, breed, ferment, burn, bourbon whiskey, broth, bread

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- to bubble, to boil, to brew

  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁ti primary verb

    • Albanian mbruaj to knead
    • Celtic

      • Old Irish bruithid boils, seethes, cooks

        • Irish bruith to boil, to bake, to burn
    • Germanic *brewwaną to brew

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse brugga to brew

          • Danish brygge to brew
          • Icelandic brugga to brew, to scheme
      • West Germanic *breuwan

        • Old English brēowan to brew

          • Middle English brewen

            • English brew
        • Frankish *breuwan

          • Dutch brouwen to brew
        • Old High German briuwan to brew

          • Middle High German briuwen / brūwen

            • German brauen to brew
        • West Germanic *brōan o-grade intensive

          • Frankish *brōjan

            • Dutch broeien to be hot, to heat up

              • Dutch broeikas greenhouse
            • Old French bruir to burn

              • Old French brusler conflation with (b)usler from Latin (b)ustulāre

                • Middle French brusler

                  • French brûler to burn

                    • French crème brûlée

                      • English crème brûlée
                • Middle English broylen

                  • English broil
          • Old High German *bruoen *bruojan

            • Middle High German brüen / brüejen

              • German brühen to pour hot water over, to brew, to put a pot on
            • Old High German firbruoen

              • Middle High German verbrüejen

                • German verbrühen to scald
        • West Germanic *brōdi heat, warmth, incubation, brood, breeding

          • Old English brōd

            • Middle English brood / brod

              • English brood
          • Old High German bruot / pruot

            • Middle High German bruot / pruot

              • German Brut brood, offspring
          • West Germanic *brōdijan to keep warm, to brood, to breed

            • Old English brēdan

              • Middle English breden

                • English breed
                • Scots brede / breid
            • Frankish *bruoden

              • Dutch broeden
            • Old High German bruoten

              • Middle High German brüeten

                • German brüten
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁éyeti

    • Italic *βerwejezi

      • Latin fervēre to be hot, to burn, to boil

        • Central Romance

          • Italian fervere to be fervid, to be feverish
        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian fierbe to boil, to simmer, to scald
        • Western Romance

          • Spanish hervir to boil
        • Latin fervens / ferventem hot, burning, zealous, impetuous

          • Central Romance

            • Italian fervente fervent, ardent
          • Western Romance

            • Old French fervent

              • Middle French

                • French fervent fervent
              • Middle English

                • English fervent
            • Spanish hirviente boiling, enraged
        • Latin fervor boiling heat, ardor, fury, intoxication ^[1]

          • Old French fervor

            • Middle French

              • French ferveur
            • Middle English fervor / fervour

              • English fervor / fervour ^[1]
        • Latin fermentum fermentation, leavening, yeast, passion

          • Latin fermentare to ferment, to leaven, to break up, to loosen, to spoil

            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian frământa to knead, to churn, to agitate, to work, to fret
            • Middle French

              • French fermenter to ferment
              • Middle English

                • English ferment
            • Italian fermentàre to ferment
            • Spanish fermentar to ferment
            • Latin fermentātiō / fermentātiōnem fermentation

              • English fermentation
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰrowh₁ti

    • Germanic

      • West Germanic *brōan o-grade intensive

        • Frankish *brōjan

          • Dutch broeien to be hot, to heat up

            • Dutch broeikas greenhouse
          • Old French bruir to burn

            • Old French brusler conflation with (b)usler from Latin (b)ustulāre

              • Middle French brusler

                • French brûler to burn

                  • French crème brûlée

                    • English crème brûlée
              • Middle English broylen

                • English broil
        • Old High German *bruoen *bruojan

          • Middle High German brüen / brüejen

            • German brühen to pour hot water over, to brew, to put a pot on
          • Old High German firbruoen

            • Middle High German verbrüejen

              • German verbrühen to scald
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥wh₁wós

    • Celtic *berwos boiled, boiling

      • Brythonic

        • Welsh berw boiled, boiling, stew, agitation, waterfall

          • Welsh berwi to boil
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁tus seethe, burn abstract noun

    • Albanian burth mouth burning (animal disease)
    • Celtic

      • Old Irish breóaid to burn

        • Middle Irish breóïd to burn

          • Irish breoigh to sicken, to weaken
    • Germanic *brandaz fire, burning, torch, sword

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse brandr

          • Old East Norse

            • Danish brand (large, destructive) fire
          • Old West Norse

            • Icelandic brandur burning log, sword
      • West Germanic *brand

        • Old English brand fire, burning, torch, sword

          • Middle English brand / brond

            • English brand

              • Japanese ブランド burando brand in the modern, commercial sense
            • Middle English fyrbrand / furbrond

              • English firebrand
        • Frankish *brand fire, torch, sword

          • Dutch brand fire

            • Dutch branden to be burn, to set alight

              • Dutch brandewijn brandy, distilled liquor lit. "burnt wine"

                • English brandywine / brandy
          • Vulgar Latin *brandus fire, torch, sword

            • Vulgar Latin *brandīre to brandish (a sword)

              • Western Romance

                • Old French brandir / brandiss-

                  • Middle French brandir

                    • French brandir to brandish
                  • Middle English braundischen

                    • English brandish
              • Italian brandire to brandish, to wave
            • Vulgar Latin *brandulare

              • Western Romance

                • Old French bransler

                  • Middle French bransler

                    • French branler to shake, to masturbate
        • Old High German brant

          • Middle High German brant

            • German Brand fire
      • Samic *prāntē

        • Northern Sámi ráddi ember
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁néwti transitive imperfective

    • Germanic *brinnaną to burn, to be on fire

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 brinnan to burn
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse brinna to burn

          • Danish brænde to burn, to roast, to cremate, to sting
          • Icelandic brenna to burn
      • West Germanic *brinnan

        • Old English biernan to burn

          • Middle English brennen / bernen

            • English burn
        • Old High German brinnan to burn

          • Middle High German

            • German brinnen to burn archaic
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₁wr̥ *bʰr̥h₁wéns well, spring, source r/n-stem noun

    • Old Armenian աղբիւր ałbiwr fountain, spring

      • Armenian աղբյուր ałbyur spring, fountain, source

        • Armenian սկզբնաղբյուր skzbnałbyur primary source, original copy
    • Celtic *borvō foam, bubbling water

      • Gaulish *Borwō hot spring, Divinity of Healing Hot Springs

        • Latin Borvo
        • Gaulish *Borwānicos

          • Latin Borbanus place name (a spa town), Bourbon or Boulbon

            • Latin Aquae Borvonis place name (a spa town), Bourbonne-les-Bains

              • Western Romance

                • French Bourbonne-les-Bains
            • Western Romance

              • French Bourbon / Bourbon l'Archambault ^[2]

                • English Bourbon

                  • English bourbon whiskey / bourbon
              • Occitan Borbon

                • French Boulbon
        • Gaulish *Borbetomagus place name: Boruo's Field? Spring Field?

          • Latin Borbitomagus / Vormatia

            • Western Romance

              • Occitan Bòrmas dei Mimòsas / Bòrmas

                • French Bormes-les-Mimosas
            • Old High German Wormazia

              • Middle High German

                • German Worms

                  • English Worms

                    • English Diet of Worms
      • Old Irish Berbae river name, the River Barrow

        • Middle Irish

          • Irish Bhearú

            • English Barrow
    • Germanic *brunnô wellspring, fountain, brook

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰 brunna source, wellspring
        • Crimean Gothic brunna spring, fountain, source
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse brunnr

          • Old East Norse

            • Danish brønd well
          • Old West Norse

            • Icelandic brunnur well, spring, source
            • Scots brin brook, rivulet
      • West Germanic *brunnō

        • Old English burne / burna A stream, brook, river, or other running water

          • Middle English bourn / bourne / burn

            • English bourn / bourne / burn

              • English Bourne habitational surname: Stream
            • Scots burn stream, small river

              • Scots Burns habitational surname: Streams

                • English Burns
        • Frankish

          • Dutch bron well
        • Old High German brunno well

          • German Brunnen well
        • Old Saxon brunno / borno well, spring

          • Middle Low German borne / born

            • Low German Born

              • German Born well, spring
          • Old Saxon *Patherbrunno place name: Source of the Pader River

            • Middle Low German Paderborn

              • Low German Patterbuorn
              • Middle High German Paderborn

                • German Paderborn

                  • English Paderborn
            • Latin Paderbrunnen / Paderbrunna / Patresbrun
    • Hellenic *pʰrḗwər

      • Classical Greek φρέαρ phréar well, tank, cistern

        • Greek φρέαρ fréar well, elevator shaft, manhole, trench
        • English phreatic
    • Italic

      • Latin Furrina Divinity of unknown portfolio, associated with water

        • Latin Furrinalia
    • Indo-Iranian *bʰŕ̥Hwa

      • Indo-Aryan *bʰŕ̥Hwa

        • Sanskrit भु॒र्व bhurvá restless movement of water
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰrutos

    • Celtic

      • Brythonic

        • Welsh brwd hot, fervent, avid
    • Germanic *bruþą broth

      • West Germanic *broþ

        • Old English broþ broth

          • Middle English

            • English broth
        • Frankish *brod

          • Latin brodium broth

            • Central Romance

              • Italian brodo broth
            • Western Romance

              • Old French breu *brou

                • Old French broet diminutive

                  • Middle French brouet

                    • French brouet broth
    • Italic *frutom

      • Italic *dēfrutom

        • Latin dēfrutum

          • Latin dēfrutāre to reduce to a syrup (by boiling)
    • Tocharian *präts?

      • Old Chinese *pɯds boil

        • Middle Chinese 沸 pʉiH boil

          • Mandarin 沸 fèi to boil
          • Middle Chinese 煮沸 to boil

            • Mandarin 煮沸 zhǔfèi to boil
            • Japanese 煮沸 / しゃふつ shafutsu boiling
        • Middle Korean 블〮 pur fire

          • Korean 불 bul fire, fireplace

            • Korean 불고기 bulgogi grilled meat dish lit. "fire-meat"

              • English bulgogi Korean grilled meat dish
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰrutus

    • Celtic *brutus fermentation, boiling heat

      • Old Irish bruth raging, violent or boiling heat

        • Middle Irish

          • Irish bruth heat, rash, surf
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰobʰro- reduplication

    • Old Armenian բորբ borb bright, burning

      • Armenian բորբ borb bright, burning
  • Proto-Indo-European *bʰrowh₁tóm

    • Germanic *braudą bread ^[3]

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic *brauþ

          • Crimean Gothic broe bread
          • Visigothic

            • Portuguese broa cornbread, broa

              • English broa
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse brauð bread

          • Old East Norse

            • Danish brød bread
          • Old West Norse

            • Icelandic brauð bread, loaf, livelihood
      • West Germanic *braud bread

        • Old English brēad

          • Middle English

            • English bread ^[3]
            • Scots breid bread
        • Frankish *brōt

          • Dutch brood bread, baked good, livelihood
        • Old High German brōt bread

          • Middle High German

            • German Brot bread, loaf, livelihood
            • Yiddish ברויט broyt bread, loaf, livelihood

Visual

Collected English words

firebrand, burn, brew, crème brûlée, broil, brood, breed, fervent, fervour, ferment, fermentation, brand, brandywine, brandish, Bourbon, bourbon whiskey, Worms, Diet of Worms, Barrow, bourne, Bourne, Burns, Paderborn, phreatic, broth, bulgogi, broa, bread

Footnotes

1. ^

   Despite the similarity of meaning and sound between fervor (fervor) and fever (febris), fever comes from a different root. Italic merged of *bʰ and *dʰ (and *gʷʰ) at the beginning of words—plus the later French lenition of b to v—creating the misleading similarity between fervor and fever from the originally very different roots: *bʰrewh₁- and *dʰegʷʰ-, respectively.

2. ^

   Bourbon l'Archembault (Latin Borbanus and probably Gaulish *Borwanicos) is a French spa town (and thus solidly under the purview of the Gaulish god Borwō, divinity of healing springs). l'Archembault part of the name refers to the House Dampierre Lords of Bourbon from c. 900 to 1249, of whom 9 out of 12 were named Archambaud.

   After Archambaud IX, Lordship of Bourbon passed to each of his two daughters in turn, then to his granddaughter Beatrice, Lady of Bourbon, and then to Beatrice's son Louis I, Duke of Bourbon, whose father was the 6th son of Saint Louis IX Capet of France, thus founding the House of Bourbon as a cadet branch of House Capet.

   The direct House Capet male line failed in 1328 and kingship passed to House Valois (another cadet branch) and then to this cadet branch of Bourbon in 1589 (technically Bourbon-Vendôme by that point) with the end of the Valois male line.

3. ^

   It's disputed whether or not *braudą comes from *bʰrewh₁-. If that's correct, there's some reason to believe that there was a period in which *braudą "bread" meant leavened (i.e. fermented or "brewed") bread, while the older word, *hlaibaz "loaf", meant unleavened bread ("wheel-shaped bread"?).