September theme: Fire 🔥

Teaser

Tbilisi, tepid

Full Text

• ? Unknown original source ^[1]

  • Proto-Afro-Asiatic *dp- heat, fire, steam ^[1]

    • Chadic

      • Hausa dafa to cook
    • Cushitic *daf- steam, sweat

      • Gedeo daffa sweat
      • Oromo damfa steam

        • Oromo damfisa boil, heat in water
    • Semitic *d-p-ʔ- heat, be warm

      • Central Semitic

        • Arabic دفئ dāfiʾ warm
  • Proto-Kartvelian *ṭep- ^[1]

    • Georgian თბილი tbili warm

      • Georgian თბილისი Tbilisi place name: Warm (place) after the local hot springs

        • Russian Тбили́си Tbilísi

          • English Tbilisi
  • Proto-Indo-European *tep- to be warm, be hot ^[1]

    • Proto-Indo-European *tep-eti

      • Balto-Slavic

        • Slavic **tep-ti ^[2]

          • Slavic *teplъ

            • East Slavic

              • Russian тёплый tjóplyj warm
            • South Slavic *toplъ

              • Serbo-Croatian то̏пао tȍpao warm

                • Serbo-Croatian топлѝна toplìna heat, warmth

                  • Serbo-Croatian то̏пломје̄р tȍplomjēr thermometer
            • West Slavic

              • Polish ciepły warm
      • Indo-Iranian

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit तपति tápati to be hot, to heat up, to damage
    • Proto-Indo-European *tpeh₁y-eti

      • Albanian ftoh to cool
      • Italic *tepēō

        • Latin tepeō

          • Latin tepidus tepid, lukewarm

            • Sardinian tébidu
            • Western Romance

              • French tiède tepid
              • Italian tiepido tepid, lukewarm, half-hearted
              • Spanish tibio lukewarm
            • English tepid
    • Proto-Indo-European *tpsḱ-éti

      • Indo-Iranian

        • Iranian

          • Avestan tafsat̰
          • Northern Iranian

            • Scythian

              • Ossetian тӕфсы́н tæfsýn
          • Western Iranian

            • Old Persian

              • Persian تفسیدن tafsidan to become hot
    • Proto-Indo-European *topéy-eti

      • Balto-Slavic

        • Slavic *topìti to heat

          • East Slavic топити topiti

            • Russian топи́ть topítʹ to heat, to stoke (an oven)
          • South Slavic

            • Serbo-Croatian то̀пити tòpiti to melt, to melt down

              • Albanian topit I make blunt, I wear out
          • West Slavic

            • Polish topić to melt, to fuse
    • Proto-Indo-European *tptó-s heated

      • Indo-Iranian *taptá-

        • Dardic

          • Kashmiri تۆت tot hot, warm, zealous
        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit तप्त taptá

            • Pali 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀢 tatta hot, heated, glowing
            • Sauraseni 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀢 tatta

              • Madhya Sauraseni

                • Hindi तत्ता tattā hot, warm, zealous, wrathful
              • Western Sauraseni

                • Romani tato
        • Iranian *taftá-

          • Avestan tafta
          • Pashto تود‏ tod hot, warm
          • Northern Iranian

            • Scythian

              • Ossetian тӕвд tævd
          • Western Iranian

            • Old Persian

              • Persian تفت‏ taft heat, warmth
              • Old Armenian տօթ tōtʿ hot weather, heat of the sun, sunburn

                • Armenian տոթ totʿ oppressive or stuffy heat
    • Proto-Indo-European *tépo-s heat, warmth

      • Indo-Iranian *tápas

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit तपस् tápas heat, pain, mortification, penance

            • Old Gujarati तापस tāpasa ascetic
            • Hindi तापमापी tāpmāpī thermometer
        • Iranian *tapah-

          • Western Iranian

            • Old Persian

              • Persian تاب tâb heat, warmth, burning
              • Armenian տապ tap heat, warmth, inflammation
          • Iranian *tāpaka- heater, cooking place

            • Western Iranian

              • Old Persian

                • Middle Persian tābag frying pan

                  • Persian تاوه tâve frying pan, skillet

                    • Ottoman Turkish تاوه‏ tava frying pan

                      • Turkish tava frying pan, skillet
                      • Armenian թավա tʿava frying pan, skillet
                      • Serbo-Croatian та́ва táva frying pan, skillet
                  • Arabic طَابُوق ṭābūq brick
    • Proto-Indo-European *tépti-s?

      • Tocharian

        • Kushean antāpce torch, firebrand
    • Proto-Indo-European *tepent-s

      • Celtic *teɸents

        • Old Irish té hot

          • Irish te hot, warm
      • Indo-Iranian

        • Iranian *tapantī warming

          • Northern Iranian

            • Scythian *tavitī ^[3]

              • Classical Greek Ταβιτί Tabití Scythian divinity of hearth and/or fire ^[3]
    • Proto-Indo-European *tepnet-s

      • Celtic *teɸnets fire

        • Brythonic

          • Welsh tân fire
        • Old Irish teine

          • Irish tine fire

Visual

Collected English words

Tbilisi, tepid

Footnotes

1. ^

   Some combination of borrowing between Afro-Asiatic, Kartvelian, and Indo-European. Unless they all inherited it from Nostratic. Who knows?!

2. ^

   Attested words only allow reconstruction of the l-participle (resultative) of an otherwise unattested Slavic verb

3. ^

   According to Herodotus, a fire/hearth goddess and the most important deity in the Scythian pantheon. "Scythian Hestia" in the interpretatio graeca. That is to say, basically the chief goddess of the Amazons.