Introduction
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew: "away from, since, again" cannot be formally tied to *h₂epó: "off, away", but the similarity is suggestive. Perhaps Pre-Proto-Indo-European *b became either *p (by fortition) or *w (by lenition) in almost all cases, accounting for the paucity of *b in PIE.
In any case, the later (re?)-merger of the two etymons in Italic and Celtic convinced me to present them together.
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂os: "maternal grandfather, maternal uncle" similarly merges with *h₂ew: "from" in the Irish ó/ua, and has plausible semantic relationship, so I've included that also even though I don't have an explanation for where the *-h₂os came from.
The root *h₂ews-: "sunrise" is probably also connected, especially in light of *h₂éwgeh₂: "sunrise, dawn"
Teaser
autism,
nickname,
negotiate,
uncle,
author,
August,
Yugoslavia,
waist,
of,
off,
bodega,
alert,
avocation,
position,
after,
awkward
Full Text
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Pre-Proto-Indo-European *qʷ:eb-??
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew away from, since, again
- Old Armenian հաւ haw beginning, rise, origin
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Balto-Slavic *au
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Slavic *u away from, at, near
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East Slavic
- Russian у u at, by, near, from, of, belonging to
- Ukrainian у u in, at phonological merger with *vъ from PIE *h₁én: "in"
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South Slavic
- Bulgarian у u at the home of, chez, with, among, in the possession of
- Serbo-Croatian у / u at the home of, chez partially merged with *vъ from PIE *h₁én: "in"
- Czech u at, by
- Polish u of, by, at, with, chez, from, among
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Celtic *aw of, from
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Brythonic
-
Old Irish ó from, of, with, since, after
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Hellenic
- Classical Greek αὖ again, in turn, further, on the other hand
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Indo-Iranian *Hu
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew- away from, since, again prefix
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Pre-Albanian *awa-
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Balto-Slavic *au- away from
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Baltic
-
East Baltic
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West Baltic
-
Old Prussian *au-
- Old Prussian aumūsnan washing off, ablution
- Old Prussian auklextes chaff, waste from winnowing
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Sudovian *au-
- Sudovian aucima village, countryside
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Italic *au-
- Latin au- from, away, off, completely
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Proto-Indo-European *h₁én-h₂ewti to put on clothes lit. "in-clothe"
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Anatolian
- Hittite unu to adorn, to set (a table)
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Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dó-h₂ewti to put on clothes lit. "in-clothe"
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Hellenic
- Classical Greek ἐνδύω endúō I go into, I put on, I clothe
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Italic *endouezi
-
Latin induere to put on (clothes), to assume (a role)
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Latin indūmentum garment, robe
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Central Romance
- Italian indumento garment
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Western Romance
- Spanish indumento clothing, outfit
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Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs-h₂ewti to take off clothes
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Balto-Slavic
-
Baltic
-
East Baltic
- Lithuanian auti to take off shoes
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Slavic *jьzuti to take off footwear
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East Slavic
- Russian изуть izutʹ to take off shoes (dialectal)
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South Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian изути / izuti to take off footwear
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West Slavic
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Italic *eksuezi
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Latin exuere to take off, to extract, to refuse
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Latin exuvia shed skin (of a snake), equipment stripped from a fallen enemy, booty
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwtrom thing for wearing
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwmn̥? clothing
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Old Armenian ագանիմ aganim to clothe, to put on
- Armenian հագնել hagnel to put on clothes or shoes
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Celtic
- Old Irish fūan coat, tunic, mantle
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂owes covering, clothing
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwis bird perhaps, "one who is clothed (in feathers)"
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Old Armenian հաւ haw bird, poultry
- Armenian հավ hav chicken, hen
-
Indo-Iranian *Háwiš bird
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Indo-Aryan *Hwíṣ bird
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Iranian *Hwíš
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Italic *awis *awim
- Umbrian 𐌀𐌅𐌉𐌚 avif bird
-
Latin avis / avem bird, omen, portent
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Western Romance
- Latin auca
-
Central Romance
-
Italian oca goose
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Italian ocarina ocarina lit. "little goose"
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Western Romance
-
Latin avicula / avicella / aucella / aucellus little bird
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Central Romance
-
Western Romance
-
Old French oisel bird, chick
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Middle French oyseau bird
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Latin aviārium
-
Latin avis prede bird of prey
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Old French ospriet
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Middle English ospray osprey
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Latin auspex augur, officiating priest lit. "bird-watcher"
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Latin auspicium divination, augury, sign, auspices
- Latin augur»1 augur, diviner
- English avian
- Translingual Aves taxonomic class of birds
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂wyetós *sh₂wyetós
- Albanian shotë big duck
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Celtic *sawyetos duck
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Hellenic *awieto
-
Classical Greek ἀετός aetós eagle, omen
-
Greek αετός aetós eagle
- Greek χαρταετός chartaetós kite lit. "paper eagle"
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéyteh₂
-
Pre-Albanian *weitā *aweitā
- Albanian vito dove, woodpigeon
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂wísteh₂
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm egg
-
Proto-Armenian *yōwyo- *yōyo-
-
Old Armenian ձու ju egg
- Armenian ձու ju egg, testicle
-
Balto-Slavic
-
Slavic *jȃje egg
-
South Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian јаје / jaje egg, testicle
-
West Slavic
- Polish jajo egg, testicle
-
Slavic *jajьce egg diminutive
-
East Slavic
- Russian яйцо jajco egg, testicle
-
South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic ⰰⰹⱌⰵ / аице aice egg
- Serbo-Croatian јајце / jajce egg, testicle
-
West Slavic
-
Celtic *āuyom
-
Brythonic *ọi egg
- Breton vi egg
- Cornish oy egg
- Welsh wy egg
-
Old Irish og egg
-
Middle Irish
- Irish ubh egg
- Manx ooh egg
- Scottish Gaelic ugh egg
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Germanic *ajją egg
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌹 addi
- Crimean Gothic ada egg
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North Germanic *ajją
-
Old Norse egg egg
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Old East Norse
-
Old West Norse
-
Middle English egg
-
West Germanic *ajj
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Old English ǣġ egg
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Middle English ey egg
- Old English ǣgerfelma membrane of an egg
-
Frankish *ei
-
Old High German ei egg
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Middle High German ei egg
- German Ei egg, testicle, money, fool
- Yiddish איי ey egg, testicle
-
Hellenic *ōyyón egg
-
Classical Greek ᾠόν ōión egg, seed
-
Classical Greek τὰ ᾠά tà ōiá the eggs
-
Greek τ' αβγά t' avgá the eggs
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Greek αυγό / αβγό avgó egg back formation
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Greek αυγολέμονο / αβγολέμονο avgolémono avgolemono, egg and lemon soup or sauce
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Indo-Iranian *Hāwyám
-
Iranian *Hāwyám *Hāwyákam
- Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬨 aēm
- Pashto هګۍ hëgëy egg
-
Scythian
-
Western Iranian
-
Northwestern Iranian
-
Old Persian
-
Middle Persian 𐭧𐭠𐭣𐭪 ḥajk
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Persian خایه xâye egg, testicle
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Persian خاویار xâvyâr caviar
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Ottoman Turkish خاویار havyar caviar
- Turkish havyar caviar
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Greek χαβιάρι chaviári caviar
- Arabic خِبْيَارِيّ ḵibyāriyy caviar
- Italian caviale caviar
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Venetian caviaro caviar
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French caviar
- English caviar
- Arabic كَافْيَار kafyār caviar
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Italic *ōwom
-
Latin ōvum egg
-
Central Romance
-
Insular Romance
-
Eastern Romance
- Romanian ou egg, testicle
-
Western Romance
-
Old French oef egg
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Old Spanish hueuo egg
- Spanish huevo egg, testicle
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Latin ovālis to do with eggs
-
French ovale oval
- Italian ovale oval
- Spanish óvalo oval
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówis sheep perhaps, "one who provides clothes"
-
Anatolian
- Hittite 𒇻𒅖 ḫāwis sheep
- Lycian 𐊜𐊀𐊇𐊙 χawã sheep
-
Balto-Slavic *awis sheep
-
Baltic
-
Balto-Slavic *awinas ram
-
Baltic
-
Slavic *ovьnъ
-
East Slavic
-
South Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian ован / ovan ram
-
West Slavic
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Finnic *oinas ram
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Balto-Slavic *awikāˀ ewe
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Slavic *ovьcà
-
East Slavic
- Russian овца ovca sheep, ewe
-
South Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian овца / ovca sheep
-
West Slavic
-
Celtic *owis
-
Germanic *awiz sheep, ewe
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North Germanic *awiʀ
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West Germanic *awi
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Old English ēowu ewe
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Middle English ewe / ouwe / yowe ewe
- English ewe
- Scots yowe ewe
- Yola yowe ewe
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Frankish *ōi
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Old High German awi
-
Germanic *awistrą sheepfold
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐍃 awistris of the sheepfold inly attested as gen.
-
West Germanic *awistr
- Old English ēowestre sheepfold
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Frankish
- Dutch Avest place name: Sheepfold?
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Old High German ouwist sheepfold
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Alemmanic Äugst sheepfold
- German Aeugst am Albis place name: Sheepfold? in the Highlands
-
Hellenic
- Classical Greek οἶς oîs sheep
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Indo-Iranian *Háwiš sheep
-
Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀅𑀯𑀺 ávi sheep, ewe
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Iranian
-
Western Iranian
-
Old Persian
- Persian عفه afe sheepskin (coat)
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Italic *owis
- Umbrian 𐌖𐌅𐌄𐌌 uvem sheep
-
Latin ovis sheep
-
Eastern Romance
- Translingual Ovis taxonomic genus of sheep
-
Latin ovicula little sheep
-
Western Romance
-
Old French oeille / oaille
-
Middle French
- French ouaille ewe, flock
- Spanish oveja sheep
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Latin ovīnus ovine, to do with sheep
-
Eastern Romance
- English ovine
- French ovin ovine
- Italian ovino ovine
- Spanish ovino ovine
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Tocharian
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂owipeh₂? sheep-protecter
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Old Armenian հովիւ hoviw shepherd, herdsman, pastor
- Armenian հովիվ hoviv shepherd, herdsman
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówi-dʰh₁- sheep-placing
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówi-dʰh₁-yom sheepfold
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Balto-Slavic
-
Baltic
-
East Baltic
- Lithuanian avidė sheepfold
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Germanic *awidiją flock of sheep
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Germanic *awistrą sheepfold
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐍃 awistris of the sheepfold inly attested as gen.
-
West Germanic *awistr
- Old English ēowestre sheepfold
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Frankish
- Dutch Avest place name: Sheepfold?
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Old High German ouwist sheepfold
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Alemmanic Äugst sheepfold
- German Aeugst am Albis place name: Sheepfold? in the Highlands
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌹 awēþi flock of sheep
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West Germanic
- Old English ēowede flock of sheep
- Old High German ouwiti
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Proto-Indo-European *Hew- to weave
-
Proto-Indo-European *Hew-dʰh₁- weave-do
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Proto-Indo-European *Hewdʰh₁ós
-
Germanic *audaz wealth, riches
-
West Germanic *aud wealth, riches
- Old English ēad happiness, prosperity
- Old High German ōt
-
Germanic *Audamunduz personal name: Wealth-Protection
-
North Germanic
-
West Germanic *Audamundu
-
Old English Ēadmund
-
Middle English Edmund
- English Edmund
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Middle Irish Eadhmonn
- Old French Edmond
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Germanic *Audarīks personal name: Wealth-King
-
North Germanic
-
West Germanic *Audarīk
-
Old English Ēadrīc
- Old High German Ōtrich
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Germanic *Audawakraz personal name: Wealth-Alert
-
East Germanic
-
Gothic *audawakrs?
- Classical Greek Ὀδόακρος Odóakros Odoacer
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Latin Odoacer
-
West Germanic *Audawakr
- Germanic *Audawarduz personal name: Wealth-Guard
-
Germanic *Audawiniz personal name: Wealth-Friend
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse Auðunn
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Old West Norse
- Icelandic Auðunn
- Norwegian Audun
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West Germanic *Audawini
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Old English Ēadwine
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Old High German
- Latin Audoinus
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Germanic *Audawulfaz personal name: Wealth-Wolf
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North Germanic
-
Old Norse Auðulfr
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Old West Norse
- Faroese Eyðolvur
- Icelandic Auðólfur
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West Germanic
- Old English Ēadwulf
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Old High German Odolf
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West Germanic *Auda short form of bithematic names starting with Auda-
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Old English Ēada personal name
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Old English Ēading belonging to Ēada, son of Ēada
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Old English *Ēadingburg place name: Ēada's City or Ēada's Descendants' City
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Middle English Addyngborough
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English Attenborough
- Translingual Attenborosaurus a taxonomic genus of Pliosaur
-
Translingual attenboroughi species name: Attenborough's
- Translingual Acisoma attenboroughi species name: Attenborough's pintail (a dragonfly)
- Translingual Blakea attenboroughi species name: Attenborough's blakea (a flower)
- Translingual Ctenocheloides attenboroughi species name: Attenborough's ghost shrimp
- Translingual Electrotettix attenboroughi species name: Attenborough's amber grasshopper
- Translingual Euptychia attenboroughi species name: Attenborough's black-eyed satyr (a butterfly)
- Translingual Materpiscis attenboroughi species name: Attenborough's motherfish (a placoderm fish)
- Translingual Microleo attenboroughi species name: Attenborough's little lion (a thyloacene)
- Translingual Prethopalpus attenboroughi species name: Attenborough's goblin spider
- Translingual Trigonopterus attenboroughi species name: Attenborough's triangle-wing (a weevil)
- Translingual Zaglossus attenboroughi species name: Attenborough's tongue-among (an echidna)
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Old English *Ēadingtun place name: Ēada's Town or Ēada's Descendants' Town
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Frankish *Auda
- Old French Odile
- Old French Odette
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Old High German Ōtto personal name
- German Otto personal name
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Proto-Indo-European *Hewdʰh₁nós
- Germanic *audanaz granted, given
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-ge with intensifying particle *g(ʰ)e
-
Germanic *auk and, but, also, furthermore
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌺 auk because, but, but also
-
North Germanic *auk
-
Old Norse auk and
- Danish og and, also
- Icelandic auk in addition to
- Icelandic og and
-
West Germanic *auk
-
Old English ēac also, too, either, along with
-
Frankish *ōk
- Dutch ook also, too, either
-
Old High German ouh
- German auch also, too, even
-
Yiddish אויך oykh also, even
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-kʷe with *-kʷe: "and"
-
Hellenic
- Classical Greek αὖτε aûte again, furthermore, on the other hand
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewti *h₂ewtis
-
Hellenic
- Classical Greek αὖτε aûte again, furthermore, on the other hand
- Classical Greek αὖτις aûtis back, again, in turn
-
Italic *auti either, or
-
Latin aut or, otherwise, else
-
Central Romance
-
Insular Romance
- Sardinian a question marker
-
Eastern Romance
- Romanian au really? or (archaic)
-
Western Romance
- French ou or
- Spanish o or
- Oscan aut auti but, or
- Umbrian ute or
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewtos
-
Hellenic
-
Classical Greek αὐτός autós self, the same, he/she/it
- Greek αυτός aftós this, that, he/she/it
-
Classical Greek αὐτοκρατία autokratía
- English autocracy
-
Classical Greek αὐτοκρατορία autokratoría
- Greek αυτοκρατορία aftokratoría empire
-
Classical Greek αὐτόνομος autónomos independent, subject only to one's own laws, of free will
-
English autonomous
- English autonomous sensory meridian response / ASMR
-
French autonome autonomous
- French scaphandre autonome scuba set
-
Classical Greek αὐθέντης authéntēs one who accomplishes an act, murderer, suicide, absolute ruler, autocrat
-
Byzantine Greek ἀφέντης aphéntēs
- Greek αφέντης aféntis master, boss, ruler
-
Ottoman Turkish افندی efendi
- Turkish effendi
-
Uyghur ئەپەندى ependi
-
Literary Chinese 阿凡提 effendi, Nasrudin
- Mandarin 阿凡提 āfántí effendi, Nasrudin
-
Classical Greek αὐθεντικός authentikós authoritative, authentic
- Greek αυθεντικός afthentikós genuine
-
Latin authenticus
-
French authentique authentic, real, genuine
- English authentic
- Turkish otantik authentic
-
French auto-
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French automobile
- English automobile
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German Automobil
- Persian خودرو xodrow car, automobile
-
German Autismus
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Greek και αὐτός ποιος and who is this one?, who's this clown?
-
Turkish kıtıpiyos ordinary, unimportant, worthless
- Laz კიტიპიროზი ǩiťip̌irozi stingy
- Laz ხიტიპიჲოზი xiťip̌iyozi swindler, conman
- Phrygian αυτος autos self
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewtyos left behind, deserted, empty
-
Germanic *auþijaz empty, deserted, barren, void
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 auþeis deserted, barren, wild
-
North Germanic *auþjaʀ
-
Old Norse auðr desolate
-
Old East Norse
- Danish øde desolate, waste, wilderness
-
Old East Norse *auðkin desert
-
Old West Norse
- Icelandic auður empty, desolate
-
West Germanic *auþī
- Old English īeþe empty, barren
-
Old High German ōdi empty, desolate, void
- German öde empty, bleak, deserted, dull, tedious
-
Finnic *autijo deserted, desolate, uninhabited
- Finnish autio desolate, empty, abandoned
-
Samic *awta
-
Samic *vuovtē forest
- Northern Sámi vuovdi forest
-
Hellenic *awtsios
- Classical Greek αὔσιος aúsios idle
-
Italic *autiom
-
Latin ōtium leisure, free time, idleness, peace
- Italian ozio sloth, idleness
- Spanish ocio leisure, recreation, diversion
-
Latin negōtium business, labor, trouble "not leisure"
-
Central Romance
- Italian negozio shop, store, deal, transaction
- French négoce business
-
Latin negotiari to do business, to trade, to bank
-
Central Romance
- Italian negoziàre to negotiate, to trade, to deal
-
Eastern Romance
- Romanian neguța to engage in trade, to bargain, to negotiate
- French négocier to negotiate
-
Latin negotiatus past participle
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewo
-
Celtic *aw
- Old Irish úa from, from their, of which
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂os *h₂éwh₂s maternal grandfather, maternal uncle
-
Anatolian
- Hittite 𒄷𒄴𒄩𒀸 ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-as grandfather
-
Luwic
- Carian 𐊨𐊲𐊨 quq grandfather
-
Luwian
- Cuneiform Luwian 𒄷𒌋𒄩 ḫūḫa- grandfather
- Hieroglyphic Luwian 𔕳𔓷 huha- grandfather
- Lycian 𐊜𐊒𐊄𐊀 xuga-
-
Lydian 𐤨𐤰𐤨𐤠𐤮 kukaś grandfather, personal name: Grandfather
- Akkadian 𒄖𒊌𒄖 / 𒄖𒄖 gu-ug-gu gu-gu Gyges
-
Classical Greek Γύγης Gúgēs
-
Old Armenian հաւ haw grandfather, ancestor, uncle
- Armenian հավ hav ancestor, great-grandfather
-
Old Armenian *havuk diminutive/affectionate
- Cappadocian Greek αβούκα avoúka grandfather
-
Italic *awos
-
Latin avus
- Latin avunculus partly from *awos, but mostly from lost *awō(n) instead
-
Tocharian
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂eh₂ grandmother, aunt
-
Germanic *awǭ
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐍅𐍉 awō grandmother
-
Italic *awā
-
Latin ava grandmother, old wive's tale
-
Central Romance
- Italian ava female ancestor, ancestress
-
Insular Romance
- Sardinian aba grandmother
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂ō *h₂uh₂n-
-
Celtic *awū (maternal) uncle
-
Celtic *altrawū foster uncle
-
Brythonic *alltrọw
- Welsh athro teacher, professor
-
Middle Irish altra foster father
-
Middle Irish banaltra foster-mother, nurse lit. "woman-foster-uncle"
-
Irish banaltra (female) nurse
- Irish banaltra fir (male) nurse lit. "woman-foster-uncle man"
-
Celtic *awontīr (maternal) uncle with agentive *-tīr, "uncler"
-
Brythonic *ọɨntir
- Old Irish amnair maternal uncle
-
Germanic *awô grandfather
-
Germanic *awahaimaz maternal uncle
-
West Germanic *auhaim
-
Old English ēam (maternal) uncle
-
Middle English eam
- Scots eme maternal uncle, friend
-
Frankish *ōm
-
Middle Dutch ôom (maternal) uncle
-
Old High German ōheim uncle
-
Middle English ōheim / ōhem / ōem
- German Oheim uncle (archaic)
-
German Ohm uncle (archaic) informal spoken variant
-
German Ohm surname: Uncle
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse afi grandfather
- Icelandic afi grandfather
-
Italic *awō *awun-
-
Italic *awunkelos
-
Latin avunculus maternal uncle, great-uncle
-
Vulgar Latin *aunculus *unculus uncle
-
Eastern Romance
- Romanian unchi
-
Old Albanian ungël
-
Western Romance
-
Old French oncle uncle
-
Middle French
-
French oncle uncle
-
German Onkel uncle
- Yiddish אָנקל onkl uncle
-
Middle English uncle
-
English uncle
- Hawaiʻian ʻanakala uncle
- Irish uncail uncle
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewh₂yós
-
Balto-Slavic *auˀis maternal uncle
-
Baltic
-
Slavic *ujь maternal uncle
-
East Slavic
- Ukrainian вуй vuj maternal uncle, old man
-
West Slavic
- Polish wuj maternal uncle
-
Slavic *ujьkъ
-
South Slavic
- Bulgarian вуйчо vujčo maternal uncle
- Serbo-Croatian ујак / ujak maternal uncle
-
West Slavic
-
Balto-Slavic *auˀinas
-
East Baltic
- Lithuanian avynas maternal uncle
-
Celtic *auyos descendant, grandchild
-
Brythonic *uwer with excrescent *r or instead from *ɸuweros cognate to Latin puer: "child, boy"
- Gaulish aua grandaughter
-
Primitive Irish ᚐᚃᚔ avi descendant
-
Old Irish aue / úa grandson, descendent
-
Old Irish Úa Conchobur descendant of Conchobur
-
Old Irish uae Tuathail
-
Old Irish Úa Néill grandson/descendant of Niall
-
Middle Irish
-
Irish iníon uí daughter of descendant of
- Middle Irish úa
-
Irish ó
-
Irish Ó
-
Irish Ó Donndubháin surname: descendant of Donndubhán
- English O'Donovan / Donovan
-
Irish Ó Fearadaigh
-
English Faraday
- English faraday
-
English farad
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wg-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- to increase, to enlarge
-
Germanic *auk and, but, also, furthermore
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌺 auk because, but, but also
-
North Germanic *auk
-
Old Norse auk and
- Danish og and, also
- Icelandic auk in addition to
- Icelandic og and
-
West Germanic *auk
-
Old English ēac also, too, either, along with
-
Frankish *ōk
- Dutch ook also, too, either
-
Old High German ouh
- German auch also, too, even
-
Yiddish אויך oykh also, even
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwgeti primary verb
-
Balto-Slavic *augtei
-
Germanic *aukaną to increase, to grow
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 aukan to increase, to grow
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse auka to add, to increase, to surpass
- Danish øge to increase, to enhance
- Icelandic auka to increase, to augment
-
West Germanic *aukan
-
Old English ēacan to increase, to enlarge, to become pregnant
- Frankish *ōkan
- Old High German ouhhan
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ugséti se imperfective
-
Hellenic
- Classical Greek αὐξάνω auxánō to make grow, to increase, to promote, to honor
-
Indo-Iranian *Hukšáti
-
Indo-Aryan *Hukṣáti
- Sanskrit 𑀉𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀢𑀺 ukṣati to be strong
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂owgéyeti causative
-
Italic *augejezi
-
Latin augēre to increase, to augment, to spread, to strengthen, to enrich
-
Latin augmentum an increase, a growth, an augmentation
- English augment
-
Latin augmentare
-
Latin auxilium help, aid, remedy
-
Latin auxiliarius assistant, ally, auxiliary
-
Latin auctor creator, originator, author, vendor
- English author unetymologic h, possibly by conflation with unrelated authentic
- English auteur
-
Latin auctoritas credibility, prestige, reputation, power, authority
-
Latin auctorizo
- English octroy
- English authorize
-
Latin auctiō / auctiōnem an increase, a profit, an auction
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ugrós large, strengthened adjective
-
Indo-Iranian *Hugrás powerful, strong
-
Indo-Aryan *Hugrás
- Sanskrit 𑀉𑀕𑁆𑀭𑀂 ugráḥ powerful, mighty, terrible, wrathful
-
Iranian *Hugráh
- Avestan 𐬎𐬔𐬭𐬀 ugra powerful, mighty
- Venetic 𐌀𐌖𐌙𐌀𐌓 augar uncertain meaning on a votive offering
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwgos an increase noun
-
Indo-Iranian *Háwǰas
-
Indo-Aryan *Háwȷ́as
-
Sanskrit 𑀑𑀚𑀲𑁆 ójas ability, strength, vigour
-
Pali 𑀑𑀚𑀸 ojā strength, vitality, sap, essence
- Thai โอชา oo-chaa delicious
-
Iranian *Háwǰah
-
Avestan 𐬀𐬊𐬘𐬀𐬵 aojah strength, power
-
Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌⸱𐬀𐬊𐬘𐬀𐬵 pairi-aojah
-
Parthian 𐭐𐭓𐭂𐭅𐭆 pryoz victorious, personal name: Victorious
-
Middle Persian 𐭯𐭩𐭫𐭥𐭰 pērōz victorious, personal name: Victorious
- Persian پیروز piruz victorious, victor, personal name: Victor
-
Middle Persian 𐭯𐭩𐭫𐭥𐭰𐭩𐭧 pērōzīh victory
- Persian پیروزی piruzi victory
-
Middle Persian *pērōzag turquoise
-
Persian پیروزه pērōza turqoise
-
Hindustani
- Hindi पीरोज़ा pīrozā turqoise
- Urdu پیروزہ pīroza turqoise
- Arabic فيروز fayrūz turqoise
-
Western Iranian
-
Northwestern Iranian
-
Parthian *ōž
-
Old Armenian ոյժ oyž force, strength, vigour, virtue, effort
- Armenian ուժ už force, power, fertility, effort
-
Old Persian *aujah
-
Indo-Iranian *Háwǰaswants
-
Indo-Aryan *Háwjaswants
- Sanskrit 𑀑𑀚𑀲𑁆𑀯𑀢𑁆 ójasvant powerful, strong
-
Iranian *Háwjahwants
- Avestan 𐬀𐬊𐬘𐬋𐬢𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 aojōŋhuuaṇt swiftest
-
Italic *augos an increase
- Latin augur augur, diviner
-
Italic *augostos increased
-
Latin augustus
- English august
-
Latin Augustus
- English Augustus
- English Aosta
-
Latin mēnsis Augustus / Augustus
-
Old English Agustus August
-
Latin Caesaraugusta
- English Kaiseraugst
- English Saragossa
- English Zaragoza
-
Latin Augusta Vindelicorum
- Latin Augustodurum the Gate (or Forum) of Augustus, a city in Roman Gaul now Bayeux, France
-
Dutch oogst harvest
- Dutch oogsten to harvest, to obtain
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwgō an increase noun
-
Germanic *aukô increase, addition
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse auki
- Icelandic auki increase, addition
-
West Germanic *aukō
-
Old English ēaca addition, increase, supplement
-
Germanic *aukanamô added name, nickname
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse aukanafn / auknefni
-
Old East Norse
- Danish øgenavn
- Swedish öknamn
-
Old West Norse
-
West Germanic *aukanamō
-
Old English
-
Middle English ekename / neke name nickname, an additional name
-
Old Saxon
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwgeh₂ sunrise, dawn secondary noun: collective or feminine
-
Pre-Albanian *haug- *aug-
-
Albanian ag dawn, predawn light, shine, fog, pupils
-
Albanian vegoj to appear, to look blurry, to barely see
- Albanian vegim mirage, illusion, dream
-
Albanian agull dawn, predawn light, fog diminutive
- Albanian vagëlloj to barely see, to blink, to glow dimly, to dim, to weaken
-
Hellenic
-
Classical Greek αὐγή augḗ sunlight, dawn, sheen
- Greek αυγή avgí dawn, beginning
-
Balto-Slavic
-
Slavic *jùgъ south, south wind
-
South Slavic
- Bulgarian юг jug south
-
Serbo-Croatian југ jug south
-
Serbo-Croatian Југославија / Jugoslavija
- Albanian jug south
-
West Slavic
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwgs-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ugstos grown adjective
-
Balto-Slavic
-
Baltic
-
East Baltic
- Lithuanian aukštas high, tall, noble
-
Finno-Ugric *kawsa-
-
Finno-Ugric *kaswa- regular metathesis
-
Finnic *kasva- to grow
- Finnish kasvaa to grow, to become, to increment
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂weg-
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wégseti se imperfective
-
Germanic *wahsijaną
-
East Germanic
-
Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 wahsjan to grow
- Catalan guaixar to sprout
-
West Germanic *wahsan
-
Old English weaxan to grow
-
Hellenic *awéksō
- Classical Greek αὔξω aúxō to increase, to promote archaic
-
Indo-Iranian *Hwakšáyati
-
Iranian
- Avestan 𐬎𐬑𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬍 uxšiieitī grows
-
Western Iranian
- Persian وخشیدن vaxšidan to grow (archaic)
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wégses
-
Indo-Iranian *Hwákšas
-
Indo-Aryan
-
Sanskrit 𑀯𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀲𑁆 vákṣas chest, breast
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wégstus result noun
-
Germanic *wahstuz size, growth
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wegrom
-
Celtic *wegrom grass, hay
-
Brythonic *gweɣr
-
Old Irish fér grass
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wógros
-
Germanic *wōkraz gain, yield, offspring, interest, usury
-
East Germanic
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse okr
- Danish åger usury
- Icelandic okur usury
- Middle English oker / ocker
-
West Germanic *wōkr
- Old English wōcor offspring, living creatures collectively, interest, usury
-
Frankish *wōkar
-
Old High German wuohhar
- German Wucher usury, price-gouging
- Yiddish וואָכער vokher
-
Finnic *vookra
- Finnish vuokra lease, rent
-
Proto-Indo-European
-
Balto-Slavic
- Slavic *ovoťe fruit, yield
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- dawn, east
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ussḱéti is dawning ske- imperfective
-
Indo-Iranian *Hušćáti
-
Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀉𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀢𑀺 ucchati to dawn
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwsōs dawn, divinity of dawn
-
Old Armenian այգ ayg dawn, morning
- Armenian այգ ayg morning
- Old Armenian ցայգ cʿayg night lit. "until morning"
-
Old Armenian զայգոյ zaygoy until tomorrow, tomorrow morning lit. "after? morning"
- Georgian ზეგ zeg day after tomorrow
-
Germanic *auzi
-
Germanic *Auziwandilaz personal or divine name: Dawn-Wanderer?, Bright-Vandal?, Morning Star
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌶𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌻 auzandil morning star (Venus), Lucifer
-
North Germanic
-
West Germanic *Auʀiwandil
-
Old English Ēarendel
-
Quenya Eärendil personal name: Sea-Friend
- Old High German Orentil
-
Lombardic Auriwandalo
-
Hellenic *auhṓs
-
Classical Greek ἠώς ēṓs dawn, east
-
Classical Greek Ἠώς Ēṓs divinity of dawn
- English Eos
- Classical Greek Ἑωσφόρος Heōsphóros Morning Star, Venus
-
Indo-Iranian *Hušā́s
-
Indo-Aryan *Huṣā́s
-
Sanskrit 𑀉𑀱𑀲𑁆 uṣás dawn, divinity of dawn
- Hindi उषा uṣā dawn
-
Old Japanese *uzu
- Old Japanese 天鈿女 / あめのうずめ Ama no Uzume divinity of dawn
-
Iranian *Hušā́h dawn
-
Iranian *āHušā́h at dawn, tomorrow
- Avestan 𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬵 ušah dawn, morning light
-
Sogdo-Bactrian
-
Western Iranian
-
Northwestern Iranian
- Kurdish aso horizon, dawn, light
-
Old Persian *ušām
-
Middle Persian 𐭠𐭥𐭱 awš
-
Middle Persian 𐭠𐭥𐭱𐭡𐭠𐭬 awšbam with another word also meaning "dawn"
- Persian هوشبام hušbâm Zoroastrian divinity of dawn
-
Iranian *Hušataras eastern
- Avestan 𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 ušatara eastern
-
Italic *auzōs
-
Latin aurora dawn
-
Central Romance
- French aurore dawn, aurora
- Spanish aurora aurora
-
English aurora
-
Latin Aurora divinity of dawn
-
Proto-Indo-European *per-h₂usés before dawn
-
Old Armenian առաւաւտ aṙawawt
-
Old Armenian առաւօտ aṙawōt morning
- Armenian առավոտ aṙavot morning
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewsro
-
Albanian err dark, darkness
-
Albanian terr dark, darkness
- Albanian terrtohem to scowl
-
Balto-Slavic *aušra *auštra
-
Lithuanian aušrà dawn, daybreak
-
Lithuanian aušrìnis dawning, morning, dawn relational adjective
- Lithuanian Aušrinė personal and divine name: (of the) Dawn
-
Slavic *ùtro dawn
-
East Slavic
- Russian утро utro morning
-
South Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian јутро / jutro morning
-
West Slavic
- Czech jitro early morning
- Polish jutro tomorrow
-
Germanic *Austrǭ divinity of spring, springtime
-
West Germanic *Austrā
-
Old English Eostre festival of spring time, divinity of spring?, Easter
- Middle English Eestour / Ester / Yestre
- English Easter
-
Old High German ōstra
-
Middle High German ōstre / ōster
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewsḗr thing at dawn substantivized locative
-
Hellenic *auhḗr
-
Classical Greek ἀήρ aḗr morning mist, mist, wind, air, color of the sky
-
Latin aer air
-
Central Romance
-
Italian aria air
- English aria
- Italian bonario good natured, kindly, affable
-
Italian malaria
-
Insular Romance
-
Sardinian ària air
-
Sardinian Nostra Segnora (Santa Maria) del Bonaria Divine epithet: Our Lady (Saint Mary) of the Fair Wind
-
Aragonese Nuestra Sinyora Santa Maria del Buen Ayre
-
Aragonese Ciudat de Nuestra Sinyora Santa Maria del Buen Ayre
-
Spanish Ciudad de Nuestra Señora Santa Maria de los Buenos Aires
-
Eastern Romance
-
Western Romance
- Aragonese ayre
-
French air air
-
Spanish aire air
- Classical Syriac ܐܐܪ aar air, breeze
-
Classical Greek ἀέρος aéros of the air
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwsreh₂
-
Hellenic
-
Classical Greek αὔρα aúra fresh air, breeze, steam
-
Latin aura air, breeze
-
Central Romance
-
Eastern Romance
- Aromanian avrã breeze, coolness, freshness
-
Western Romance
-
Old French ore wind
- French orage thunderstorm
- Spanish orear to air
- Spanish orate crazy person
- English aura
-
Latin *exaurare to rise into the air
-
Western Romance
-
Old French essorer
- French essorer to hang out to dry
- English soar
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwsri
-
Hellenic
- Greek αύριο ávrio tomorrow, soon
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wōsrih₂
-
Celtic *wārī sunrise, east
-
Insular Celtic
- Old Irish fáir
-
Brythonic
- Welsh gwawr dawn, daybreak
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewsteros east contrastive, lit. "the dawn-er of them"
-
Germanic *austraz east
-
West Germanic
-
Old English ēast
- English east
-
Old French est east
-
Middle French
- French est east
- Italian est east
- Spanish este east
-
Old English Ēastseaxan Eastern Saxons
-
Old High German
- German Ost east
-
Old High German Ostarīhhi Austria lit. "Eastern realm/kingdom"
-
Middle High German
- German Österreich Austria
-
Medieval Latin Austria
-
Germanic *Austsaiwiz *Austrasaiwiz Baltic Sea
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse Austrsjór
-
Old East Norse Östersjön Baltic Sea
- Danish Østersøen Baltic Sea
- Old English Ostsǣ Baltic Sea
- Finnish Itämeri Baltic Sea
-
West Germanic
-
Frankish
-
Old Saxon
- Old English Ostsǣ Baltic Sea
- Low German Oostsee
-
Italic *austeros
-
Latin auster southerly wind, south
-
Central Romance
- Italian ostro southerly wind, the south
-
Eastern Romance
- Romanian austru dry wind from the south
-
Latin austrālis southern
- English aurora australis
-
English Australia
- Hawaiʻian ʻAukekulelia Australia
- Irish An Astráil (The) Australia
- Japanese オーストラリア Ōsutoraria Australia
-
Mandarin 澳大利亞 Àodàlìyà Australia
-
Mandarin 澳洲 / 澳 Àozhōu Ào Australia (Continent)
- Vietnamese Úc Châu / Úc Australia (Continent)
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₂uso glow of dawn, gold
-
Balto-Slavic
-
Latin aurum gold
-
Central Romance
-
Insular Romance
-
Eastern Romance
-
Western Romance
- French or gold
-
Spanish oro gold
- Albanian ar gold
- Basque urre gold
-
Old Irish ór gold
- Irish ór gold
-
Old Irish Órfhlaith personal name: Gold-Sovereignty, Gold-Princess
- Welsh aur gold
- Translingual Au
-
Latin Aurelius Golden (family name)
-
Latin Aurelianus of the Golden (personal name)
-
Tocharian
- Arshian wäs gold
- Kushean yasā gold
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey- day, morning, fire?
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- ignite, fire place in fire??
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰeti burning, igniting primary verb
-
Indo-Iranian *Háydʰati
-
Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀏𑀥𑀢𑁂 édhate to spread, to grow, to increase, to prosper
-
Hellenic *áitʰō
-
Classical Greek αἴθω aíthō To kindle, to light, to burn
-
Classical Greek αἴθων a burning, a blaze, lightning, a thing that flashes like burnished metal
-
Classical Greek Αἴθων Aíthōn eagle that eats Prometheus's liver
-
Classical Greek αἰθήρ aithḗr The pure upper air breathed by the gods, clear sky, heaven, aether, ether
- Greek αιθήρ aithír sky, air
- Greek αιθέρας aithéras ether
-
Latin aethēr Pure upper air, daytime sky, brightness surrounding a deity
-
French éther ether
-
English ether
- Japanese エーテル ēteru ether
- German Äther ether
- Italian etere ether
- Spanish éter ether
-
Latin aetherius pertaining to ether, pertaining to the sky, pertaining to heaven; ethereal
- French éthéré ethereal
- Italian etereo ethereal
- English ethereal
- Russian эфир efir ether
-
Hellenic *áitʰ-ókʷs "eye-burning"
- Classical Greek αἶθοψ aîthops gleaming, sparkling, blazing
-
Hellenic *áitʰiókʷs
- Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀂𐀴𐀍𐀦 a-i-ti-jo-qo Ethiopian
-
Classical Greek Αἰθίοψ Aithíops Ethiopian
-
Classical Greek Αἰθιοπία Ethiopia
-
Latin Aethiopia Ethiopia
-
English Ethiopia
- Hawaiʻian ʻAikiopa Ethiopia
- Amharic ኢትዮጵያ ʾityop̣p̣ya Ethiopia
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰs root noun
-
Italic *aiþs place with a hearth
-
Latin aedis house, room, shrine, temple
-
Latin aedificare to build, to establish
-
Central Romance
- Italian edificare to build, erect, edify
-
Western Romance
-
Old French edifier
-
Middle French edifier
- French édifier to construct, erect, edify
-
Middle English edifier
- Spanish edificar to build, set a good example
-
Latin aedificatio / aedificātiōnem
-
Latin aedificium building, structure
-
Central Romance
- Italian edificio building, organization
-
Western Romance
-
French édifice building, structure
- Spanish edificio building
-
Latin aedicula small building, small temple
-
Central Romance
- Italian edicola newstand, shrine
-
Latin aedilis
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰos burning action noun
-
Celtic *aidos
-
Old Irish áed fire
-
Old Irish Áed personal name: Fire
-
Irish Aodh
- English Hugh Anglicization, merger with Hughe/Hugo
-
Irish Ó hAodha surname: descendant of Aodh
- English O'Hea
- English Hayes
-
Old Irish Áedán personal name: Fire(ling) áed + diminutive/substantive
-
Irish Aodhan
- English Aidan
-
Irish Eithne Possibly a feminine form of Aodhan
-
Old Irish Áedócán
-
Irish Aodhagán
- English Egan
-
Irish Mac Aodhagáin patronymic
-
Old Irish Máedóc personal name: My-Little-Fire affectionate + áed + dimunitive
- English Maddoc
- Welsh Madog
-
Irish Mo Aodh Og
-
Old Irish Cináed personal name: Fire-Born
- English Kenneth also used as anglicization of Irish Coinneach
-
Germanic *aidaz fire, pyre
-
West Germanic
- Old English ād fire, pyre
- Old High German eit
-
Hellenic *áitʰos
- Classical Greek αἶθος aîthos heat, fire
-
Indo-Iranian
-
Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀏𑀥 édha fuel, firewood
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰtus burning action noun
-
Italic *aissus
-
Latin aestus heat, fire, passion, tidal surge
-
Latin aestuarium tidal marsh, estuary
-
Central Romance
-
Western Romance
- French étier channel through a salt marsh
- Spanish estero river delta, lagoon, pond
- English estuary
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰlom instrument
-
Germanic *ailą fire
-
Germanic *ailijaną to burn
-
North Germanic *aili-
-
North Germanic *ailisk- *alisk-
-
Old Norse elska / ælska to love
-
Old East Norse
- Danish elske to love
- Swedish älska to love
-
Old West Norse
- Faroese elska / alska to love
- Icelandic elska love, to love
- Scots elsk to love Shetland dialect
-
West Germanic
-
Old English ǣlan to kindle, to burn
-
Old English onǣlan to set fire to, to burn up, to make hot
-
Germanic *ailidaz fire, pyre
-
North Germanic *ailidaʀ
-
Old Norse eldr fire
-
Old East Norse
-
Old West Norse
-
Icelandic eldur fire
- Icelandic eldfjall fire-mountain, volcano
-
Old Norse mǫrueldr phosphorence on the ocean lit. "sea-fire"
-
Old East Norse
-
Old West Norse
-
West Germanic
-
Old English æled fire, conflagration
-
Brythonic
- Welsh aelwyd hearth, fireside, home
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰteh₂ts state of being, ~"heat, on-fire-ness"
-
Italic *aissāts
-
Latin aestas summer
-
Central Romance
- Dalmatian instuat summer
-
Italian state summer
- Italian estate summer re-Latinization
-
Insular Romance
-
Sardinian
- Campidanese stadi summer
- Logudorese istade summer
-
Western Romance
-
Latin aestivus summery
-
Latin tempus aestivum summertime
-
Vulgar Latin *aestīvuᵐ summer
-
Western Romance
- Spanish estío summer (poetic)
-
Latin aestivare to summer, to spend the summer (in a place)
- English estivate like hibernate, but in the summer
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyr̥ r-stem noun
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyeri in the morning, early locative adverb
- Albanian herët early in the morning, at dawn
-
Germanic *airi early
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 air early, soon
-
Old Norse ár early, primevally, at dawn
-
Old Norse árla early
- Danish årle
- Icelandic árla early
-
Old Norse áðr already, before, ere, until
- Icelandic áður before, earlier, previously
-
West Germanic *airi
-
Old English ǣr early, previous, former
- English ere
- Scots air early
- Yola ear before, ere
-
Frankish *ēr
-
Old High German er early, before, ere, formerly, until
- German eher quite (adjective quantifier), earlier, sooner, prefer to, more likely
-
Germanic *airizô earlier (adjective)
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌶𐌰 airiza earlier, sooner, forerunners
-
West Germanic *airiʀō
- Old English ǣrra earlier, former
-
Frankish *ēriro
- Dutch eerder earlier, former, prior
-
Old High German ēriro
- German eher quite (adjective quantifier), earlier, sooner, prefer to, more likely
-
Germanic *airiz earlier (adverb)
-
West Germanic *airi
-
Old English ǣr early, previous, former
- English ere
- Scots air early
- Yola ear before, ere
-
Frankish *ēr
-
Old High German er early, before, ere, formerly, until
- German eher quite (adjective quantifier), earlier, sooner, prefer to, more likely
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐍃 airis earlier, sooner
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse áðr already, before, ere, until
- Icelandic áður before, earlier, previously
-
Germanic *airist earliest, first, foremost
-
West Germanic *airist
-
Old English ǣrest first, at first
-
Frankish *ērist
-
Old High German ērist earliest, first
-
Germanic *airlīkaz early "early-like"
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse árla early
- Danish årle
- Icelandic árla early
-
West Germanic
- Germanic *airuz messenger, herald
-
Hellenic
-
Classical Greek ἦρι êri in the morning, early
- Classical Greek ἠριγένεια ērigéneia divine epithet: early-born (of Eos), dawn, day
-
Classical Greek ἠριγέρων ērigérōn groundsel "early-old-man"
- Translingual Erigeron taxonomic genus in the Aster family
-
Hellenic *ayeryos
- Classical Greek ἠέριος ēérios early in morning, at dawn
-
Hellenic *ayeriston
- Classical Greek ἄριστον áriston breakfast
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyos metal, copper, bronze
-
Germanic *aiz copper, bronze, ore
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌶 aiz copper, brass, or bronze
-
North Germanic
- Old Norse eir brass, copper
-
West Germanic *aiʀ
- Old English ār brass, copper, ore
- Indo-Iranian *Háyas metal, copper
-
Italic *aos *aez-
-
Latin aes / aer- copper, bronze, money, fee, debt
-
Latin aera bronzes, tokens
-
Latin Aera Hispanica The Spanish Era an epoch starting 38 BCE and counted with bronze markers
-
Latin as / assem *assum a penny, a copper coin, unit, the smallest possible value
-
Central Romance
-
Western Romance
-
Old French as the one on a die
-
Middle French as
- Dutch aas ace
-
Middle English as
-
Latin sēmis half, half unit, half as
-
Latin sēstertius two and a half, sesterce lit. "the third half": 0.5, 1.5, 2.5
-
Middle French sesterce
- French sesterce
- English sesterce
- Italic *aeznos *aezneos made of bronze, brazen
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó *h₂pó off, away
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂po-h₃elh₁- fall off, fall away, clear away
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂poh₃lh₁ti
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ph₃elh₁néti
-
Pre-Germanic *polleneti
-
Germanic *fallaną to fall
-
West Germanic *fallan to fall
-
Old English feallan to fall
-
Middle English fallen to fall
- English fall
- Yola vall to fall, to begin
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ph₃lh₁néwti transitive imperfective
-
Hellenic
-
Classical Greek ἀπόλλυμι apóllumi to destroy utterly, to slay, to perish, to vanish
-
Koine Greek Ἀπολλύων Apollúōn divine name: the Destroyer phono-semantic mathcing to ʾaḇaddôn
-
Celtic *aw of, from
-
Brythonic
-
Old Irish ó from, of, with, since, after
-
Anatolian
- Hittite 𒀀𒀊𒉺 a-ap-pa behind, afterward, back, again
-
Luwian
- Cuneiform Luwian 𒀀𒀊𒉺 a-ap-pa back, again
-
Pre-Albanian *apa
- Albanian pa without, minus, not including
-
Pre-Albanian *pər apa lit. "front away"
- Albanian prapë again, back, anew
-
Balto-Slavic *pa
-
Slavic *po by, at, after
-
Slavic *pomorьje by the sea, seaboard, coastal region
-
East Slavic поморье pomorĭje
- Russian помо́рье pomórʹje seaboard, coastal region
-
South Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian Поморје / Pomorje Pomerania
-
West Slavic *pomořje seaboard, Pomerania
- Czech pomoří seaboard
- Polish Pomorze Pomerania
-
West Slavic *pomořane Pomeranian
- Polish Pomorzanie Pomeranian
-
Polabian
-
Middle Low German Pomeren / Pommern Pomeranian
-
Middle High German Pommern Pomeranian
- Celtic *φo
-
Germanic *aba *ab away, away from, off of, of
-
West Germanic *aβa *aβ
-
Old English æf / af / of / ob off, away, from, down, excessively, reduction of
-
Middle English of of, off
- English of
- English off
-
Middle English don of / doffen to take off
-
Old English ofdūne / adūne off the hill, downhill
- Germanic *abateuhaną
-
Hellenic *apó
- Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀢 a-pu from
- Arcadocypriot 𐠀𐠡 a-po from
-
Classical Greek ἀπό apó from, away, because of
-
Classical Greek ἀπὸ μηχανῆς θεός apò mēkhanês theós
- Greek από
-
Classical Greek ἀποθήκη apothḗkē repository, warehouse
-
Latin apothēca repository, warehouse
-
Western Romance
-
Old Occitan botica
-
Spanish bodega cellar, winery, stockroom
-
Latin apothēcārius
-
Classical Greek ἀποκαλύπτω apokalúptō I reveal
- Greek αποκαλύπτω apokalýpto I reveal, I expose, I uncover
-
Classical Greek ἀποκάλυψις apokálupsis revelation, disclosure
- Latin apocalypsis revelation
-
Koine Greek Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰωάννου Apokálupsis Iōánnou The Apocalypse of John, aka The Book of Revelation original language title and first word
- Greek αποκάλυψη apokálypsi
- Russian апокалипсис apokalipsis
-
Medieval Latin Apocalypsis Ioannis The Apocalypse of John
-
Medieval Latin apocalypsis The Christian end of days prophesied in the Apocalypse of John
-
French apocalypse
- Italian apocalisse
- Spanish apocalipsis
- Old Irish abcolips
- Irish apacailipsis
-
Classical Greek ἀφαιρέω aphairéō I take away, I deprive, I rob, I abstract away
-
Classical Greek ἀφορίζω aphorízō I mark off, I set apart, I define
-
Classical Greek ἀποκόπτω apokóptō I cut off
-
Classical Greek ἀπολογία apologíā speech in defense of something, justification, apology
-
Classical Greek ἀποπλήσσω apoplḗssō I strike down, I cripple, I become dazed
-
Classical Greek ἀπόπτωσις apóptōsis a falling away, a depositing, a vanishing
- Classical Greek ἀφίστημι aphístēmi I stand away, I depart
-
Classical Greek ἀπόστασις apóstasis departure, defection, revolt, distance
-
Classical Greek ἀποστάτης apostátēs deserter, rebel, apostate
-
Classical Greek ἀποστρέφω apostréphō I turn away
-
Classical Greek ἀποθεόω apotheóō I deify, I make a god
-
Classical Greek ἀποτρέπω apotrépō I cause to turn away, I halt
-
Hellenic *apódótis
- Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀢𐀉𐀯 a-pu-du-si delivery, attribution
-
Classical Greek ἀπόδοσις apódosis giving back, restitution, payment, assignment, attribution, consequent of a conditional
-
Indo-Iranian *Hapá off, away, from
-
Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀅𑀧- apa- away, off, back, down
-
Iranian
- Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀 apa
-
Sogdo-Bactrian
-
Bactrian *aba
-
Bactrian αβαγανο abagano
-
Persian افغان afğân Pashtun, Afghan
- Arabic أَفْغَانِيّ ʾafḡāniyy Afghan
-
English Afghan
- English afghan blanket or throw, usually crocheted or knitted
-
Persian افغانستان afğânestân Land of the Pashtuns, Afghanistan
-
Western Iranian
- Old Persian 𐎠𐎱 apa away
- Armenian ապա apa then, after that, so, therefore, however, but but also compare Georgian აბა aba: "so, well, right"
-
Italic *apa
-
Italic *apolejezi
-
Latin abolēre
-
Middle French abolir second conjugation, with innovative -iss-
- French abolir to abolish
-
Middle English abolisshen
- Latin abolitiō
-
Latin ab / ab- / abs- from, with, out of, after, at
- Latin au- from, away, off, completely
- Latin ab Urbe condita
-
Central Romance
-
Italian a to, at, with, by
-
Italian a capella
-
Italian alle
-
Italian all'arme to arms
-
Italian all'erta to the heights to watch out for danger
-
Western Romance
-
Old French a
-
Middle French
-
French à to, at, from, by
-
French à la mode
- English à la mode / a la mode
- English apropos
- French adroit skilled, apt
-
Middle French auiourd'huy
-
Old French a jor / a jorn to the day
-
Old French ajorner to wait until the day, to postpone, to adjourn
-
Middle French
- French ajourner to postpone, to adjourn, to put off
-
Middle English ajournen
- Old French asener
- Spanish a
-
Latin ab ante in front of, away from, before
-
Central Romance
-
Western Romance
-
Old French avant
-
Middle French
-
Old French avantgarde / avangarde / avangarde / avantgarde
-
French avant-garde vanguard, avante-garde
- English vanguard
-
Old French avantbrace / vambras
-
Middle English vauntbras / vambrace
-
Old French avantage advantage, gain
-
French avantage
- Greek αβαντάζ avantáz
- Italian vantaggio
-
Middle English avantage
- English advantage
-
Middle English vantage
- English vantage
- Welsh mantais
-
Spanish avante ahead
- Tagalog abante forward movement, progress
-
Latin abante heri day before yesterday
-
Central Romance
- Italian avantieri day before yesterday
-
Western Romance
-
Old French
-
Middle French
- French avant-hier day before yesterday
- Spanish anteayer day before yesterday
-
Latin *abanteāre to advance
-
Central Romance
-
Italian avanzare to advance, to stick out, to overcome, to escape
- Greek αβαντζάρω avantzáro to pay in advance, to deposit, to exceed, to be extra
-
Western Romance
-
Old French avancier
-
French avancer
- German avancieren to advance, to be promoted
-
Middle English avauncen
- Spanish avanzar to advance
-
Latin abscēdere
- Latin abscondere
- Latin abdūcere
-
Latin ab oculīs blind
-
Western Romance
-
Old French avogle / aveule blind, blind person
-
Middle French avegule
-
French aveugle
- Haitian Creole aveg blind
-
Latin abicere to throw down, to throw away, to give up, to overthrow, to belittle
-
Latin abiectus / abiecta / abiectum
-
Central Romance
- Italian abietto / abietta
-
Middle French abject
- French abject / abjet
-
Middle English abject / abiect
-
Latin abluere to wash away, to cleanse, to purify
- Latin luere to wash, to cleanse, to purge backformed from abluere
-
Latin āmanuēnsis
-
Latin aborīrī to disappear, to fail to appear, to miscarry
-
Latin abortus premature delivery, miscarriage, abortion, miscarried, aborted, disappeared
-
Latin abortāre variant of aborior with the stem levelled
- English abort
- Italian aborto miscarriage, abortion
-
Latin abortiō / abortiōnem premature delivery, miscarriage, abortion
-
Latin absolvere to release, to discharge, to detach, to liberate, to prove innocent
-
Western Romance
-
Old French assoudre to absolve, to liberate
- French absoudre to absolve
- English assoil
- English absolve
-
Latin abundāre to flow from, to overflow, to exceed
-
Central Romance
- Italian abbondàre to be plentiful, to have or use in large quantities, to abound
-
Insular Romance
-
Western Romance
-
Old French abonder
- French abonder to be found in large amounts, to abound, to finance
- English abound
- Spanish abundar to abound, to satisfy
-
Latin abundāns overflowing, abundant, copious
-
Latin avocare
-
Italic *apwerjezi
-
Latin aperīre to uncover, to reveal
-
Latin aprīcus sunny, warmed by the sun
-
Latin apricāre to warm in the sun
-
Western Romance *abrigare to cover, to shelter, to wrap
-
Western Romance *abrig shelter, refuge
-
Occitan abric
-
Occitan Abric de Cròsmanhon
- French Abri de Cro-Magnon
-
French abri
- French Abri de Cro-Magnon
-
Italic *po
- Latin po- off, away
-
Italic *pozinezi
-
Latin pōnere to place, to put, to ordain, to set up passive participle: positus
-
Latin compōner
-
Old French composer to come to an agreement, to compose, to make
-
Latin compositus
-
Latin compositum
-
Latin compositum tella
-
Spanish Compostela
- Spanish Santiago de Compostela
-
Latin dēpōnere
-
Latin dēpositus
- English depose
- English deponent
-
Latin dispōnere
-
Latin oppōnere
- English oppose
- English opponent
-
Latin expōnere
- English expose
- English expound
-
Latin expositus
-
Latin impōnere
-
Latin prōpōnere
-
Old French proposer to propose, to offer influenced by pausāre
- French proposer to propose, to suggest
- English propose
-
Latin praepōnere
-
Latin repōnere
-
Latin trānspōnere
-
Latin suppōnere
-
Latin positus
-
Central Romance
-
Italian posto
-
Italian posta
-
French poste
-
Italian postale
- English posit
-
Latin dēpositus
-
Latin positiō position, place, framing, attitude
- English position
-
Latin expositiō
-
Latin praepositiō
-
Western Romance
-
Old French poser
-
Old French composer to come to an agreement, to compose, to make
-
Latin postpōnere
- Messapian ΑΠΑ apa from, out of, by
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂poneh₁
-
Germanic *fanē from
-
West Germanic
-
Frankish *fan
-
Old High German fon
- German von from, of, by, with
- Yiddish פֿון fun of, from, by
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eps
-
Hellenic
- Classical Greek ἄψ áps back, again, in return
-
Italic *aps
-
Latin ab / ab- / abs- from, with, out of, after, at
- Latin au- from, away, off, completely
- Latin ab Urbe condita
-
Central Romance
-
Italian a to, at, with, by
-
Italian a capella
-
Italian alle
-
Italian all'arme to arms
-
Italian all'erta to the heights to watch out for danger
-
Western Romance
-
Old French a
-
Middle French
-
French à to, at, from, by
-
French à la mode
- English à la mode / a la mode
- English apropos
- French adroit skilled, apt
-
Middle French auiourd'huy
-
Old French a jor / a jorn to the day
-
Old French ajorner to wait until the day, to postpone, to adjourn
-
Middle French
- French ajourner to postpone, to adjourn, to put off
-
Middle English ajournen
- Old French asener
- Spanish a
-
Latin ab ante in front of, away from, before
-
Central Romance
-
Western Romance
-
Old French avant
-
Middle French
-
Old French avantgarde / avangarde / avangarde / avantgarde
-
French avant-garde vanguard, avante-garde
- English vanguard
-
Old French avantbrace / vambras
-
Middle English vauntbras / vambrace
-
Old French avantage advantage, gain
-
French avantage
- Greek αβαντάζ avantáz
- Italian vantaggio
-
Middle English avantage
- English advantage
-
Middle English vantage
- English vantage
- Welsh mantais
-
Spanish avante ahead
- Tagalog abante forward movement, progress
-
Latin abante heri day before yesterday
-
Central Romance
- Italian avantieri day before yesterday
-
Western Romance
-
Old French
-
Middle French
- French avant-hier day before yesterday
- Spanish anteayer day before yesterday
-
Latin *abanteāre to advance
-
Central Romance
-
Italian avanzare to advance, to stick out, to overcome, to escape
- Greek αβαντζάρω avantzáro to pay in advance, to deposit, to exceed, to be extra
-
Western Romance
-
Old French avancier
-
French avancer
- German avancieren to advance, to be promoted
-
Middle English avauncen
- Spanish avanzar to advance
-
Latin abscēdere
- Latin abscondere
- Latin abdūcere
-
Latin ab oculīs blind
-
Western Romance
-
Old French avogle / aveule blind, blind person
-
Middle French avegule
-
French aveugle
- Haitian Creole aveg blind
-
Latin abicere to throw down, to throw away, to give up, to overthrow, to belittle
-
Latin abiectus / abiecta / abiectum
-
Central Romance
- Italian abietto / abietta
-
Middle French abject
- French abject / abjet
-
Middle English abject / abiect
-
Latin abluere to wash away, to cleanse, to purify
- Latin luere to wash, to cleanse, to purge backformed from abluere
-
Latin āmanuēnsis
-
Latin aborīrī to disappear, to fail to appear, to miscarry
-
Latin abortus premature delivery, miscarriage, abortion, miscarried, aborted, disappeared
-
Latin abortāre variant of aborior with the stem levelled
- English abort
- Italian aborto miscarriage, abortion
-
Latin abortiō / abortiōnem premature delivery, miscarriage, abortion
-
Latin absolvere to release, to discharge, to detach, to liberate, to prove innocent
-
Western Romance
-
Old French assoudre to absolve, to liberate
- French absoudre to absolve
- English assoil
- English absolve
-
Latin abundāre to flow from, to overflow, to exceed
-
Central Romance
- Italian abbondàre to be plentiful, to have or use in large quantities, to abound
-
Insular Romance
-
Western Romance
-
Old French abonder
- French abonder to be found in large amounts, to abound, to finance
- English abound
- Spanish abundar to abound, to satisfy
-
Latin abundāns overflowing, abundant, copious
-
Latin avocare
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eperos further away, further back comparative
-
Germanic *aferą after, following, later
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 afar after, following, according to
-
North Germanic *aferą
-
North Germanic *aferfalhuʀ after-socket?, back attachment point?
- Old Norse aurfalr ferrule, butt of a spear
-
West Germanic *afer
-
Old High German aber
- German aber but, however, though, again, to a surprising degree
-
Indo-Iranian *áparas
-
Indo-Aryan *áparas
-
Sanskrit 𑀅𑀧𑀭 ápara later, following, another, different, western, distant
-
Magadhi *avara
- Bengali আর ar and
- Bengali ও ō and, also
-
Sauraseni 𑀅𑀯𑀭 avara
-
Madhya Sauraseni
- Hindi और aur other, more, and
-
Northwestern Sauraseni
- Punjabi ਹੋਰ hor more, another, different
-
Western Sauraseni
- Telugu అపరము aparamu other, another
-
Iranian *áparah
- Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 apara later, further back
-
Western Iranian
- Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎼 apara later, after
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂epteros contrastive
-
Germanic *afteraz back, behind
-
Germanic *after after, behind locative adverb
-
North Germanic ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ after after on the Tune Stone
- Old Norse eptir after, afterwards, along
-
West Germanic *after
-
Old English æfter
-
Middle English æfter
- English after
- Scots efter
-
Frankish *after
- Dutch achter behind, beyond
-
Old High German after
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂epotm̥mos furthest back, furthest away
-
Indo-Iranian *Hapatamás
-
Iranian
-
Western Iranian
-
Old Persian *apatama
- Persian افدم afdom last, end, oldest, finale
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂épyeh₂ an awaying? a turning back?
-
Germanic *abjǭ an ebb
-
North Germanic
-
West Germanic *abbjā
-
Old English ebba an ebb, a tide
-
Finnic *apaja bay, fishing spot
- Finnish apaja fishing spot, fishing waters
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂époh₃kʷos looking back
-
Balto-Slavic
-
East Baltic
- Lithuanian apúokas eagle owl for being able to turn their head around and look backward
-
Slavic *opakъ
-
South Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian опак opak wicked, spiteful, severe
-
Germanic *abuhaz backwards, inverted, wicked
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌺𐍃 ibuks backward, back
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse ǫfugr / afigr backward, unkind, harsh
-
Old East Norse
-
Old West Norse
- Icelandic öfugur backward, inverted, wrong, inside out, queer
-
Middle English awke
- English awk
-
Middle English aukeward in the wrong direction
-
West Germanic
-
Old English *afuh
- Old English afuhlic perverse, evil
-
Old High German abuh
Visual
Collected English words
fall,
Apollyon,
abscess,
apodosis,
doff,
boutique,
bodega,
apothecary,
down,
downtown,
O'Donovan,
O'Toole,
adjourn,
Eärendil,
Eos,
aurora,
aurora australis,
Aurora,
Easter,
aria,
malaria,
Buenos Aires,
air,
aero-,
aura,
soar,
east,
Australia,
Orla,
Au,
Orleans,
New Orleans,
ere,
erst,
erstwhile,
early,
Erigeron,
awk,
awkward,
apocalypse,
autocracy,
apheresis,
aphorism,
apocope,
apology,
apoplexy,
apostrophe,
apotheosis,
apotropaic,
amanuensis,
avocation,
abject,
alarm,
assoil,
absolve,
apropos,
deus ex machina,
Pomerania,
Pomeranian,
à la mode,
autonomous,
autonomous sensory meridian response,
authentic,
automobile,
autism,
negotiate,
August,
eke,
augment,
auxiliary,
author,
auteur,
authority,
octroy,
authorize,
auction,
august,
Augustus,
Aosta,
Kaiseraugst,
Saragossa,
Zaragoza,
Augsburg,
nickname,
Yugoslavia,
wax,
waist,
O'Neill,
of,
off,
Afghan,
afghan,
Afghanistan,
avant-garde,
vanguard,
advantage,
vantage,
advance,
after,
ebb,
era,
ace,
sesterce,
Edmund,
Edric,
Odoacer,
Edwin,
exuvia,
Eddington,
Attenborough,
Attenborosaurus,
attenboroughi,
Acisoma attenboroughi,
Blakea attenboroughi,
Ctenocheloides attenboroughi,
Electrotettix attenboroughi,
Euptychia attenboroughi,
Materpiscis attenboroughi,
Microleo attenboroughi,
Prethopalpus attenboroughi,
Trigonopterus attenboroughi,
Zaglossus attenboroughi,
ocarina,
aviary,
osprey,
auspice,
avian,
Aves,
egg,
Cockney,
avgolemono,
caviar,
oval,
ewe,
Ovis,
ovine,
apoptosis,
alert,
Austria,
abort,
abortion,
Essex,
apostate,
post,
posthaste,
postal,
posit,
position,
exposition,
preposition,
compose,
depose,
deposit,
deponent,
dispose,
expose,
expound,
impose,
oppose,
opponent,
postpone,
propose,
repose,
suppose,
transpose,
Gyges,
ohm,
Ω,
uncle,
abound,
abundant,
Faraday,
faraday,
farad,
F,
vambrace,
abolish,
Aethon,
ether,
ethereal,
O'Connor,
Ethiopia,
edify,
edification,
edifice,
aedile,
Hugh,
O'Hea,
Hayes,
Aidan,
Enya,
Egan,
MacEgan,
Keegan,
Maddoc,
Mogue,
Kenneth,
a cappella,
estuary,
anneal,
mareel,
estivate
Footnotes