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  1. Word Family - Brother

    Teaser

    brother, pal, friar

    Full Text

    • Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr brother
      • Anatolian
        • Lydian 𐤡𐤭𐤠𐤱𐤭𐤳𐤦𐤳 brafrsis brother, community member
      • Pre-Armenian *rbayr regular *Br → *rB metathesis
        • Old Armenian եղբայր ełbayr brother
          • Armenian եղբայր ełbayr brother
      • Balto-Slavic *brā́ˀtē
        • East Baltic *brote
          • East Baltic *broterė́lis diminutive
          • Lithuanian brólis brother
        • Slavic *bràtrъ
          • East Slavic братъ …
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  2. Word Family - Autism

    Introduction

    Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew: "away from, since, again" cannot be formally tied to *h₂epó: "off, away", but the similarity is suggestive. Perhaps Pre-Proto-Indo-European *b became either *p (by fortition) or *w (by lenition) in almost all cases, accounting for the paucity of *b in PIE.

    In any case, the later (re …

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  3. Word Family - Cow

    June theme: Domestic Animals 🐕

    Introduction

    Proto-Indo-European has *gʷṓws: "cow, cattle" and possible *woḱéh₂: "(female) cow".

    And some other likely descendants of (the same?) Central Asian substrate words for "cattle": Sino-Tibetan *ŋwa: "cattle, ox", West Semitic *baḳar-: "cattle, ox"

    Teaser

    cow, butter, botany, beef, vaccine

    Full Text

    • ? Central Asian substrate?, a …
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  4. Word Family - Tree

    May theme: Plants 🌱

    Introduction

    In which dryad and druid are basically the same word, trust and tryst, trees and truce. Plus horse racing history.

    Teaser

    tree, true, true, endure, druid, dryad, larch, derby, tray, tray

    Full Text

    • Proto-Indo-European *drew- hard, firm, strong, wood, tree [1]
      • Proto-Indo-European *droweh₂yéti
        • Germanic *trūwijaną
          • North …
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  5. Word Family - Robot

    August theme: Science fiction 🤖

    Teaser

    orphan, robot

    Full Text

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ- to be part of (a group or family)?, to owe allegiance to?, to change owernship?
      • Anatolian
        • Hittite ḫarp- to associate with, to go over to, to change allegiance
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₃orbʰyo-m inheritance? plural: *h₃orbʰyéh₂
        • Celtic *orbyom inheritance plural: *orbyā
          • Old …
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  6. Word Family - Daughter

    May theme: kinship terms 👨‍👩‍👧‍👧

    Teaser

    female, doe, filial, Tethys, daughter

    Full Text

    • Teaser: female, doe, filial, Tethys, daughter
    • startbody
    • Proto-Indo-European *dʰewgʰ- to produce, to be strong, to be fruitful, to give milk
      • Proto-Indo-European *dʰéwgʰ-ti primary verb form
        • Hellenic
          • Ancient Greek τεύχω teúkhō
        • Indo-Iranian *dáwgdʰi to milk
          • Iranian *dáwgdi
            • Western Iranian …
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  8. Word Family - Mother

    May theme: Kinship Terms 👨‍👩‍👧‍👧

    Teaser

    mother, material, Manchester, mammal

    Full Text

    • Proto-World? *ma
      • Bantu *mààmá mother
        • Swahili mama mother
        • Zulu úm̤áma my mother
      • Basque ama mother, origin
      • Mon-Khmer *meeʔ mother
        • Khmer ម៉ែ mae mother
        • Vietnamese mẹ mother
      • Old Japanese 母 omo mother
        • Japanese 母 / あも amo mother (archaic …
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