September theme: Community 🏘️

Teaser

complete, supply, full, poly-, folk, filbert

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- to fill, full, numerous

  • Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ti primary verb, root perfective

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek πλῆτο plêto
  • Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁st sigma perfective

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥-pleh₁st "in-fill"

      • Indo-Iranian *HápraHt

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀢𑁆 áprāt to fill
  • Proto-Indo-European *pípleh₁ti reduplicate imperfective

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek πίμπλημι pímplēmi I fill, I satisfy
    • Indo-Iranian *píparti

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀧𑀺𑀧𑀭𑁆𑀢𑀺 पिप॑र्ति píparti to fill, to satisfy, to fulfil, to inflate, to blow
      • Iranian

        • Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬞𐬁𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 hampāfrāiti fills himself Vendidad 4.48
  • Proto-Indo-European *pl̥néh₁ti nasal infix imperfective

    • Indo-Iranian *pr̥náHti

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀧𑀾𑀡𑀸𑀢𑀺 pṛnā́ti fulfill, nourish, inflate
  • Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁yeti ye imperfective

    • Italic *plējezi

      • Latin plēre to fill, to fulfill

        • Latin complēre to fill up, to complete

          • Latin *accomplēre

            • Old French acomplir / acompliss-

              • Middle French

                • French accomplir to accomplish, to achieve
              • Middle English acomplissen

                • English accomplish
          • Central Romance

            • Italian compiere to finish, to complete, to reach an age

              • English comply
          • Western Romance

            • Spanish cumplir to fulfill, to complete, to reach an age

              • Spanish cumplimiento compliance, completion, formality

                • Italian complimento ceremony, congratulations, compliment

                  • French compliment compliment

                    • English compliment
          • Latin complētus filled, complete

            • English complete
          • Latin complēmentum complement (that which completes)

            • French complément complement
            • English complement
        • Latin dēplēre to empty out, to drain, to exhaust

          • English deplete
        • Latin explēre to fill out

          • Latin explētus filled out, completed

            • Latin explētīvus serving to fill out, filler

              • English expletive
        • Latin implēre to fill up, to satisfy, to fulfill

          • Central Romance

            • Italian empire to fill, to overflow archaic

              • Italian riempire to fill in, to fill up, to stuff, to heap
          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian umple to fill, to stuff, to cram
          • Western Romance

            • French emplir to fill
            • Spanish henchir to swell, to fill
          • Latin implēmentum

            • English implement
        • Latin replēre to fill again, to replenish, to restore, to satisfy

          • Latin replētus refilled, satisfied

            • Old French replet

              • Middle French

                • French replet plump, chubby
              • Middle English replete

                • English replete
            • Spanish repleto replete, full
        • Latin supplēre to make up for, to replace, to fill up, to supply, to supplement

          • Central Romance

            • Italian sopperire to provide (for)
          • Old French souploier

            • Middle French

              • French suppléer to supply, to replace
            • Middle English supplien

              • English supply
          • Spanish suplir to substitute, to supply, to eke out
          • Italian supplire to stand in (for), to make up (for)
          • Latin supplēmentum

            • French supplément supplement
            • English supplement
            • Spanish suplemento supplement
        • Latin amplus large, spacious, magnificent

          • Central Romance

            • Italian ampio wide, broad, loose, spacious
          • Western Romance

            • Old French ample

              • Middle French ample

                • French ample plentiful, abundant, ample
              • Middle English ample

                • English ample
            • Spanish ancho wide, broad, proud
          • Welsh ami frequent
          • Latin Amplitium

            • Central Romance

              • Italian Ampezzo

                • Italian Cortina d'Ampezzo

                  • Italian Milano Cortina 2026
  • Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁sḱéti iterative

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₁én-pelh₁sḱéti in-filling

      • Old Armenian յեղց yełcʿ full
  • Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁dʰwḗh₁s

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek πλῆθος plêthos large number, majority, crowd, mob, general public
    • Italic *plēðūs

      • Latin plēbs plebeians, common people

        • Central Romance

          • Italian pieve rural parish church
        • Brythonic *pluïβ

          • Welsh plwyf parish, community, poor relief
        • English pleb
        • French plèbe

          • English plebe
        • Italian plebe common people, rabble, riff raff
        • Latin plēbēius

          • Medieval Latin plebeianus

            • English plebeian
        • Latin plēbiscītum

          • French plébiscite

            • English plebiscite
      • Italic *plēðros

        • Oscan 𐌐𐌋𐌝𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌔 plífriks plebeian
  • Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós full

    • Balto-Slavic *pílˀnas full

      • Baltic

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian pìlnas full
      • Slavic *pьlnъ full

        • East Slavic

          • Russian полный polnyj full, complete, perfect, stout
        • South Slavic

          • Serbo-Croatian пун / pun full, compelte, occupied, plump
        • West Slavic

          • Polish pełny full
    • Celtic *ɸlānos full

      • Brythonic *lọn full

        • Welsh llawn full, abundant, fully, very
      • Old Irish lán full

        • Middle Irish

          • Irish lán full
    • Germanic *fullaz full, whole, entire

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍃 fulls full, whole, entire
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse fullr full

          • Old East Norse

            • Danish fuld full, complete, drunk
          • Old West Norse

            • Icelandic fullur full, drunk
      • West Germanic *full

        • Old English full full, complete, entire

          • Middle English ful full, very

            • English full

              • English full-blown
            • Scots fou full, well-fed, drunk
            • Yola vull full
        • Frankish

          • Middle Dutch vol full, complete

            • Dutch vol full
        • Old High German foll full

          • Old High German Follberht personal name: Fully-Bright

            • German Vollbrecht

              • English Fulbright

                • English Fulbright Program
          • Middle High German voll

            • German voll full, drunk
            • Yiddish פֿול ful full
      • Finnic *pullas round, thick

        • Finnish pullea plump, round
      • Samic *polnē hill, mound

        • Northern Sámi boldni
      • Germanic *fullijaną to fill, to make full

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 fulljan to fill
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse fylla to fill, to complete

            • Old East Norse

              • Danish fylde to fill, to load, to reach an age, to stuff (cooking)
              • Swedish fylla to fill, to make, to reach an age, to have a birthday
            • Old West Norse

              • Faroese fylla to fill, to reach an age, to have a birthday
              • Icelandic fylla to fill
        • West Germanic *fullijan

          • Old English fyllan to fill

            • Middle English

              • English fill
            • Old English fullfyllan to fulfill

              • Middle English

                • English fulfill
          • Frankish

            • Middle Dutch

              • Dutch vullen to fill
          • Old High German fullen to fill

            • Middle High German

              • German füllen to fill, to stuff (cooking)
    • Indo-Iranian *pr̥Hnás full, filled

      • Indo-Aryan *pr̥Hnás

        • Sanskrit पू॒र्णः पू॒र्णा पू॒र्णम् pūrṇáḥ pūrṇā́ pūrṇám filled, complete, past, satisfied, powerful, selfish

          • Magadhi

            • Bengali পূর্ণ purnô full, whole, complete
          • Sauraseni

            • Hindustani

              • Hindi पूरा pūrā whole, complete, fulfilled
            • Northwestern Sauraseni

              • Punjabi ਪੂਰਾ pūrā
          • Pali puṇṇa
          • Telugu పూర్ణము pūrṇamu full, complete, powerful, pie filling
          • Sanskrit 𑀧𑀽𑀭𑁆𑀡𑀺𑀫𑀸 pūrṇimā (day/night of) full moon

            • Sauraseni

              • Pali

                • Malay purnama moon
      • Iranian *pr̥Hnáh

        • Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀 pərəna
        • Sogdo-Bactrian

          • Bactrian πορρι porri
          • Sogdian 𐼾𐼴𐼻𐼷 puʳni *pur- full

            • Sogdian ܕܣܦܪܛܪ δsprtr hand towel, handkerchief "hand-full-wipe"

              • Persian لسپردرک laspardarak hand towel, handkerchief

                • Yiddish לאַפּסערדאַק lapserdak A traditional Jewish black kaftan

                  • English lapserdak
                  • Russian лапсердак lapserdak lapserdak
        • Pashto پر pur
        • Scythian

          • Saka *purrəh

            • Khotani purrä
        • Western Iranian

          • Northwestern Iranian

            • Kurdish pir piř very
          • Old Persian *purna

            • Middle Persian 𐫛𐫇𐫡 / 𐭯𐭥𐭫 pur

              • Persian پر por full
    • Italic *plēnos

      • Latin plēnus full, satisfied, plump

        • Central Romance

          • Italian pieno full
        • Insular Romance

          • Sardinian prenu full
        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian plin full
        • Western Romance

          • Old French plein

            • Middle French

              • French plein full, plenty, solid, mid-
          • Spanish lleno full
        • Latin plenitas fullness, abundance

          • Western Romance

            • Old French plenté fullness, abundance

              • Middle English plente / plentie

                • English plenty
                • Yola blenty
        • Latin plēnitūdō / plēnitūdinem fullness, abundance

          • Old French plenitude

            • Middle French

              • French plénitude plentitude, fullness
            • Middle English plenitude

              • English plenitude / plentitude
            • Spanish plenitud plentiude
        • Latin plēnārius full, complete, absolute

          • French plénier complete, entire, plenary
          • English plenary
          • Italian plenario plenary
          • Spanish plenario plenary
  • Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ros full

    • Italic *plēros

      • Latin plērus most, almost all
  • Proto-Indo-European *pléh₁res?

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek πλήρης plḗrēs full, complete

        • Greek πλήρης plíris full, complete
  • Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁tós full

    • Albanian plotë full
    • Indo-Iranian *praHtás

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀢 prātá
  • Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us full, much, many Caland adjective

    • Germanic *feluz

      • Germanic *felu many, much, very

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 filu much, a lot

            • Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 filufaihs various, diverse, manifold
        • West Germanic *felu

          • Frankish *filo

            • Frankish *Filoberht personal name: Very-Bright

              • Old French Filibert

                • French Philibert spelling altered by association with Philippe, etc.
                • Old French nois de filbert hazelnut ripen around St. Philibert's Day

                  • Middle English filbert-note hazelnut

                    • English filbert
            • Middle Dutch vele many, much, frequently, very

              • Dutch veel many, much, frequently
  • Proto-Indo-European *polh₁ús much, many

    • Hellenic *polús

      • Hellenic *polúpos

        • Mycenaean Greek 𐀡𐀬𐀡𐀆 po-ru-po-de octopus
        • Classical Greek πολύπους polúpous

          • Latin polypus

            • Central Romance

              • Italian polpo octopus
            • Western Romance

              • Old French *puelve

                • French pieuvre octopus

                  • Italian piovra
              • Spanish pulpo octopus
            • English polyp
      • Classical Greek πολύς polús many

        • Classical Greek Πόλυβος Pólubos personal name: Many-Cows
        • Classical Greek Πολύδωρος Polúdōros personal name: Many-Gifts
        • Classical Greek πολυμήχανος polumḗkhanos having many means, cunning epithet of Odysseus
        • Classical Greek Πολύφημος Polúphēmos personal name: Many-Voiced
        • Classical Greek Πολύβιος Polúbios personal name: Many-Lives

          • Latin Polybius

            • English Polybius
            • Translingual Polybius a taxonomic genus of swimming crabs
        • Classical Greek Πολυξένη Poluxénē personal name: Many-Guests

          • Greek Πολυξένη Polyxéni
          • Latin Polyxena

            • English Polyxena
            • Italian Polissena
        • English poly-
        • Swedish polymer

          • English polymer
        • Classical Greek πολυτελής polutelḗs precious, costly, extravagant
        • Classical Greek πλείων pleíōn more

          • English Pleiocene / Pliocene
        • Classical Greek πλεῖστος pleîstos most

          • English Pleistocene
  • Proto-Indo-European *pléh₁yōs very many, very full, more

    • Italic *plēōs

      • Latin plūs more

        • Latin nōn plūs ultra nothing further beyond, go no further
        • Central Romance

          • Italian più more
        • Western Romance

          • Old French plus more than

            • Middle French plus

              • French plus more, most

                • French les cordonniers sont toujours les plus mal chaussés shoemakers are always the worst shod
        • English plus
        • Latin plūrālis plural, moreness

          • Old French plurel

            • Middle French

              • French pluriel
            • Middle English

              • English plural
          • Italian plural
          • Spanish plural
        • Latin manipulus handful, team, maniple (pre-Marian tactical unit)

          • English maniple
  • Proto-Indo-European *ploh₁us

    • Proto-Indo-European *dwiploh₁us two-filled, double, ambivalent, doubtful

      • Germanic *twīflaz doubt

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍆𐌻 tweifl doubt
        • West Germanic

          • Frankish

            • Dutch twijfel doubt
          • Old High German zwīfal doubt

            • German Zweifel doubt
          • Old Saxon

            • Middle Low German twīvel doubt

              • Danish tvivl doubt
      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek δῐπλόος diplóos two-fold, folded in half, double, compound, doubtful

          • Greek διπλός diplós two-fold, double, dual
          • Classical Greek δίπλωμα díplōma doubled thing, folded paper, double pot

            • Latin diplōma letter of recommendation, diploma

              • English diploma
              • Latin diplōmaticus related to a letter of recommendation, diplomatic

                • French diplomatique

                  • English diplomatic
                  • French diplomate diplomat back-formed

                    • English diplomat
      • Italic *dwiplos

        • Latin duplus double

          • Central Romance

            • Italian doppio double, dual, two-faced
          • Insular Romance

            • Sardinian dopiu
          • Western Romance

            • French double

              • English double
              • German doppeln to double

                • German doppel-

                  • German Doppelgänger

                    • English doppelganger
                    • Japanese ドッペルゲンガー dopperugengā
            • Spanish doble
          • English duple
    • Proto-Indo-European *sm̥ploh₁us single, simple

      • Hellenic

        • Classical Greek ἁπλόος haplóos

          • English haplo-
      • Italic

        • Latin simplus simple

          • Old French simple / sinple simple, innocent, honest

            • Middle French

              • French simple simple": "single, simple

                • Romanian simplu simple
            • Middle Dutch simpel simple

              • Dutch simpel simple
            • Middle English simple / symple simple, innocent, godly

              • English simple
            • Middle High German simpel simple

              • German simpel simple
  • Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁yós

    • Old Armenian լի li full, abundant, perfect, whole

      • Armenian լի li full, packed, abundant, rich
      • Old Armenian լնում lnum to fill, to load, to complete, to spread
  • Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁gos

    • Pre-Germanic *pulkaz

      • Germanic *fulką folk

        • Germanic *Fulkamērijaz personal name: Folk-Famous

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse Folkmarr

              • Old East Norse

                • Danish Folkmar
          • West Germanic *Folkmārī

            • Old English Folcmǣr
            • Frankish *Folkmēr

              • Middle Dutch

                • Dutch Folkmar
            • Old High German *Folkmār

              • Middle High German

                • German Volkmar
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse fólk people

            • Old East Norse

              • Danish folk people, men, crew
            • Old West Norse

              • Icelandic fólk people
        • West Germanic

          • Old English folc people, nation, tribe, crowd

            • Middle English

              • English folk

                • English filk
              • Scots fowk folk, people
          • Frankish *folk

            • Middle Dutch

              • Dutch volk people, nation, tribe, common folk, working classes
            • Vulgar Latin *fulcus

              • Central Romance

                • Italian folla crowd, mob, host
              • Western Romance

                • French foule crowd, multitude, host
          • Old High German folk

            • Middle High German

              • German Volk people, nation, tribe, common folk, working classes, crowd, swarm, hive

                • Translingual Volkswagen
              • Yiddish פֿאָלק folk people, folk
        • Germanic *fulkiją collection of people, band, company, troop

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse fylki district, county, shire, battalion

              • Old East Norse

                • Danish fylke county
              • Old West Norse

                • Icelandic fylki province, county, state, matrix, array
          • West Germanic

            • Old English fylċe

              • Old English fylċian to marshall troops

                • English filch
          • Germanic *fulkijaz

            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse fylkir chief, king
      • Balto-Slavic *pulkas

        • Baltic

          • East Baltic

            • Lithuanian pulkas flock, crowd, regiment
        • Slavic *pъlkъ

          • East Slavic пълъкъ pŭlŭkŭ

            • Russian полк polk regiment
          • South Slavic

            • Serbo-Croatian пук / puk folk, people
          • West Slavic

            • Polish pułk regiment

              • German Pulk mob, throng, crowd
  • Proto-Indo-European *poplh₁os?

    • Italic *poplos *poplom

      • Umbrian 𐌐𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌖𐌌 puplum

        • Umbrian 𐌐𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌖𐌐𐌄𐌓 pupluper
      • Latin poplos / populus people, nation, community, crowd, host

        • Latin senātus populusque rōmānus

          • Latin SPQR
        • Latin poplicus / pūblicus

          • Old French public / publik / publique

            • Middle French publique / public

              • French public
            • Middle English publik / publike

              • English public

                • English public house

                  • English pub
          • Latin rēs pūblica / rēspūblica
  • Proto-Indo-European *?

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek πλήθω plḗthō I am full, I swell

        • Classical Greek πληθώρη plēthṓrē fullness

          • Greek πληθώρα plithóra
          • Latin plēthōra plethora

            • English plethora
  • Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁nuti "~not-fulling?"

    • Old Armenian հեղում hełum pour, pour out, empty. spread, shed

      • Armenian հեղել hełel to spill

Visual

Collected English words

full-blown, polyp, public, public house, pub, comply, compliment, complete, complement, accomplish, deplete, expletive, implement, replete, supply, supplement, ample, pleb, plebe, plebeian, plebiscite, full, fill, fulfill, plenty, plenitude, plenary, Polybius, Polybius, Polyxena, poly-, polymer, Pleiocene, Pleistocene, plus, plural, maniple, folk, filk, Volkswagen, filch, plethora, haplo-, simple, lapserdak, diploma, diplomatic, diplomat, double, doppelganger, duple, Fulbright, filbert, Fulbright Program