September theme: Community 🏘️
Teaser
complete,
supply,
full,
poly-,
folk,
filbert
Full Text
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Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- to fill, full, numerous
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Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ti primary verb, root perfective
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Hellenic
- Classical Greek πλῆτο plêto
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Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁st sigma perfective
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Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥-pleh₁st "in-fill"
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Indo-Iranian *HápraHt
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Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀢𑁆 áprāt to fill
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Proto-Indo-European *pípleh₁ti reduplicate imperfective
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Hellenic
- Classical Greek πίμπλημι pímplēmi I fill, I satisfy
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Indo-Iranian *píparti
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Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀧𑀺𑀧𑀭𑁆𑀢𑀺 पिप॑र्ति píparti to fill, to satisfy, to fulfil, to inflate, to blow
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Iranian
- Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬞𐬁𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 hampāfrāiti fills himself Vendidad 4.48
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Proto-Indo-European *pl̥néh₁ti nasal infix imperfective
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Indo-Iranian *pr̥náHti
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Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀧𑀾𑀡𑀸𑀢𑀺 pṛnā́ti fulfill, nourish, inflate
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Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁yeti ye imperfective
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Italic *plējezi
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Latin plēre to fill, to fulfill
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Latin complēre to fill up, to complete
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Latin *accomplēre
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Old French acomplir / acompliss-
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Middle French
- French accomplir to accomplish, to achieve
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Middle English acomplissen
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Central Romance
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Italian compiere to finish, to complete, to reach an age
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Western Romance
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Spanish cumplir to fulfill, to complete, to reach an age
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Spanish cumplimiento compliance, completion, formality
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Italian complimento ceremony, congratulations, compliment
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French compliment compliment
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Latin complētus filled, complete
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Latin complēmentum complement (that which completes)
- French complément complement
- English complement
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Latin dēplēre to empty out, to drain, to exhaust
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Latin explēre to fill out
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Latin explētus filled out, completed
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Latin explētīvus serving to fill out, filler
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Latin implēre to fill up, to satisfy, to fulfill
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Central Romance
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Italian empire to fill, to overflow archaic
- Italian riempire to fill in, to fill up, to stuff, to heap
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian umple to fill, to stuff, to cram
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Western Romance
- French emplir to fill
- Spanish henchir to swell, to fill
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Latin implēmentum
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Latin replēre to fill again, to replenish, to restore, to satisfy
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Latin replētus refilled, satisfied
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Old French replet
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Middle French
- French replet plump, chubby
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Middle English replete
- Spanish repleto replete, full
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Latin supplēre to make up for, to replace, to fill up, to supply, to supplement
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Central Romance
- Italian sopperire to provide (for)
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Old French souploier
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Middle French
- French suppléer to supply, to replace
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Middle English supplien
- Spanish suplir to substitute, to supply, to eke out
- Italian supplire to stand in (for), to make up (for)
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Latin supplēmentum
- French supplément supplement
- English supplement
- Spanish suplemento supplement
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Latin amplus large, spacious, magnificent
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Central Romance
- Italian ampio wide, broad, loose, spacious
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Western Romance
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Old French ample
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Middle French ample
- French ample plentiful, abundant, ample
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Middle English ample
- Spanish ancho wide, broad, proud
- Welsh ami frequent
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Latin Amplitium
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Central Romance
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Italian Ampezzo
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Italian Cortina d'Ampezzo
- Italian Milano Cortina 2026
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Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁sḱéti iterative
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Proto-Indo-European *h₁én-pelh₁sḱéti in-filling
- Old Armenian յեղց yełcʿ full
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Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁dʰwḗh₁s
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Hellenic
- Classical Greek πλῆθος plêthos large number, majority, crowd, mob, general public
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Italic *plēðūs
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Latin plēbs plebeians, common people
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Central Romance
- Italian pieve rural parish church
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Brythonic *pluïβ
- Welsh plwyf parish, community, poor relief
- English pleb
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French plèbe
- Italian plebe common people, rabble, riff raff
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Latin plēbēius
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Medieval Latin plebeianus
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Latin plēbiscītum
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Italic *plēðros
- Oscan 𐌐𐌋𐌝𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌔 plífriks plebeian
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Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós full
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Balto-Slavic *pílˀnas full
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Baltic
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Slavic *pьlnъ full
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East Slavic
- Russian полный polnyj full, complete, perfect, stout
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South Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian пун / pun full, compelte, occupied, plump
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West Slavic
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Celtic *ɸlānos full
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Brythonic *lọn full
- Welsh llawn full, abundant, fully, very
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Old Irish lán full
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Germanic *fullaz full, whole, entire
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍃 fulls full, whole, entire
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North Germanic
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Old Norse fullr full
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Old East Norse
- Danish fuld full, complete, drunk
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Old West Norse
- Icelandic fullur full, drunk
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West Germanic *full
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Old English full full, complete, entire
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Middle English ful full, very
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English full
- Scots fou full, well-fed, drunk
- Yola vull full
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Frankish
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Middle Dutch vol full, complete
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Old High German foll full
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Old High German Follberht personal name: Fully-Bright
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German Vollbrecht
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English Fulbright
- English Fulbright Program
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Middle High German voll
- German voll full, drunk
- Yiddish פֿול ful full
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Finnic *pullas round, thick
- Finnish pullea plump, round
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Samic *polnē hill, mound
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Germanic *fullijaną to fill, to make full
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 fulljan to fill
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North Germanic
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Old Norse fylla to fill, to complete
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Old East Norse
- Danish fylde to fill, to load, to reach an age, to stuff (cooking)
- Swedish fylla to fill, to make, to reach an age, to have a birthday
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Old West Norse
- Faroese fylla to fill, to reach an age, to have a birthday
- Icelandic fylla to fill
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West Germanic *fullijan
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Old English fyllan to fill
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Middle English
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Old English fullfyllan to fulfill
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Frankish
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Old High German fullen to fill
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Middle High German
- German füllen to fill, to stuff (cooking)
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Indo-Iranian *pr̥Hnás full, filled
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Indo-Aryan *pr̥Hnás
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Sanskrit पू॒र्णः पू॒र्णा पू॒र्णम् pūrṇáḥ pūrṇā́ pūrṇám filled, complete, past, satisfied, powerful, selfish
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Magadhi
- Bengali পূর্ণ purnô full, whole, complete
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Sauraseni
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Hindustani
- Hindi पूरा pūrā whole, complete, fulfilled
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Northwestern Sauraseni
- Pali puṇṇa
- Telugu పూర్ణము pūrṇamu full, complete, powerful, pie filling
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Sanskrit 𑀧𑀽𑀭𑁆𑀡𑀺𑀫𑀸 pūrṇimā (day/night of) full moon
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Iranian *pr̥Hnáh
- Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀 pərəna
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Sogdo-Bactrian
- Bactrian πορρι porri
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Sogdian 𐼾𐼴𐼻𐼷 puʳni *pur- full
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Sogdian ܕܣܦܪܛܪ δsprtr hand towel, handkerchief "hand-full-wipe"
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Persian لسپردرک laspardarak hand towel, handkerchief
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Yiddish לאַפּסערדאַק lapserdak A traditional Jewish black kaftan
- English lapserdak
- Russian лапсердак lapserdak lapserdak
- Pashto پر pur
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Scythian
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Western Iranian
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Northwestern Iranian
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Old Persian *purna
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Middle Persian 𐫛𐫇𐫡 / 𐭯𐭥𐭫 pur
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Italic *plēnos
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Latin plēnus full, satisfied, plump
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Central Romance
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Insular Romance
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Eastern Romance
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Western Romance
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Old French plein
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Middle French
- French plein full, plenty, solid, mid-
- Spanish lleno full
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Latin plenitas fullness, abundance
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Western Romance
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Old French plenté fullness, abundance
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Middle English plente / plentie
- English plenty
- Yola blenty
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Latin plēnitūdō / plēnitūdinem fullness, abundance
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Old French plenitude
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Middle French
- French plénitude plentitude, fullness
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Middle English plenitude
- English plenitude / plentitude
- Spanish plenitud plentiude
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Latin plēnārius full, complete, absolute
- French plénier complete, entire, plenary
- English plenary
- Italian plenario plenary
- Spanish plenario plenary
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Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ros full
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Italic *plēros
- Latin plērus most, almost all
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Proto-Indo-European *pléh₁res?
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek πλήρης plḗrēs full, complete
- Greek πλήρης plíris full, complete
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Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁tós full
- Albanian plotë full
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Indo-Iranian *praHtás
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Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us full, much, many Caland adjective
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Germanic *feluz
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Germanic *felu many, much, very
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East Germanic
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Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 filu much, a lot
- Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 filufaihs various, diverse, manifold
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West Germanic *felu
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Frankish *filo
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Frankish *Filoberht personal name: Very-Bright
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Old French Filibert
- French Philibert spelling altered by association with Philippe, etc.
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Old French nois de filbert hazelnut ripen around St. Philibert's Day
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Middle English filbert-note hazelnut
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Middle Dutch vele many, much, frequently, very
- Dutch veel many, much, frequently
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Proto-Indo-European *polh₁ús much, many
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Hellenic *polús
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Hellenic *polúpos
- Mycenaean Greek 𐀡𐀬𐀡𐀆 po-ru-po-de octopus
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Classical Greek πολύπους polúpous
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Latin polypus
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Central Romance
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Western Romance
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Old French *puelve
- Spanish pulpo octopus
- English polyp
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Classical Greek πολύς polús many
- Classical Greek Πόλυβος Pólubos personal name: Many-Cows
- Classical Greek Πολύδωρος Polúdōros personal name: Many-Gifts
- Classical Greek πολυμήχανος polumḗkhanos having many means, cunning epithet of Odysseus
- Classical Greek Πολύφημος Polúphēmos personal name: Many-Voiced
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Classical Greek Πολύβιος Polúbios personal name: Many-Lives
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Latin Polybius
- English Polybius
- Translingual Polybius a taxonomic genus of swimming crabs
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Classical Greek Πολυξένη Poluxénē personal name: Many-Guests
- Greek Πολυξένη Polyxéni
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Latin Polyxena
- English Polyxena
- Italian Polissena
- English poly-
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Swedish polymer
- Classical Greek πολυτελής polutelḗs precious, costly, extravagant
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Classical Greek πλείων pleíōn more
- English Pleiocene / Pliocene
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Classical Greek πλεῖστος pleîstos most
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Proto-Indo-European *pléh₁yōs very many, very full, more
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Italic *plēōs
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Latin plūs more
- Latin nōn plūs ultra nothing further beyond, go no further
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Central Romance
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Western Romance
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Old French plus more than
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Middle French plus
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French plus more, most
- French les cordonniers sont toujours les plus mal chaussés shoemakers are always the worst shod
- English plus
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Latin plūrālis plural, moreness
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Old French plurel
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Middle French
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Middle English
- Italian plural
- Spanish plural
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Latin manipulus handful, team, maniple (pre-Marian tactical unit)
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Proto-Indo-European *ploh₁us
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Proto-Indo-European *dwiploh₁us two-filled, double, ambivalent, doubtful
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Germanic *twīflaz doubt
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍆𐌻 tweifl doubt
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West Germanic
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Frankish
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Old High German zwīfal doubt
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Old Saxon
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Middle Low German twīvel doubt
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek δῐπλόος diplóos two-fold, folded in half, double, compound, doubtful
- Greek διπλός diplós two-fold, double, dual
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Classical Greek δίπλωμα díplōma doubled thing, folded paper, double pot
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Latin diplōma letter of recommendation, diploma
- English diploma
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Latin diplōmaticus related to a letter of recommendation, diplomatic
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French diplomatique
- English diplomatic
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French diplomate diplomat back-formed
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Italic *dwiplos
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Latin duplus double
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Central Romance
- Italian doppio double, dual, two-faced
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Insular Romance
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Western Romance
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French double
- English double
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German doppeln to double
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German doppel-
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German Doppelgänger
- English doppelganger
- Japanese ドッペルゲンガー dopperugengā
- Spanish doble
- English duple
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Proto-Indo-European *sm̥ploh₁us single, simple
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek ἁπλόος haplóos
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Italic
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Latin simplus simple
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Old French simple / sinple simple, innocent, honest
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Middle French
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French simple simple": "single, simple
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Middle Dutch simpel simple
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Middle English simple / symple simple, innocent, godly
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Middle High German simpel simple
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Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁yós
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Old Armenian լի li full, abundant, perfect, whole
- Armenian լի li full, packed, abundant, rich
- Old Armenian լնում lnum to fill, to load, to complete, to spread
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Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁gos
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Pre-Germanic *pulkaz
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Germanic *fulką folk
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Germanic *Fulkamērijaz personal name: Folk-Famous
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North Germanic
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West Germanic *Folkmārī
- Old English Folcmǣr
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Frankish *Folkmēr
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Old High German *Folkmār
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North Germanic
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Old Norse fólk people
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Old East Norse
- Danish folk people, men, crew
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Old West Norse
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West Germanic
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Old English folc people, nation, tribe, crowd
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Middle English
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English folk
- Scots fowk folk, people
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Frankish *folk
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Middle Dutch
- Dutch volk people, nation, tribe, common folk, working classes
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Vulgar Latin *fulcus
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Central Romance
- Italian folla crowd, mob, host
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Western Romance
- French foule crowd, multitude, host
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Old High German folk
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Middle High German
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German Volk people, nation, tribe, common folk, working classes, crowd, swarm, hive
- Yiddish פֿאָלק folk people, folk
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Germanic *fulkiją collection of people, band, company, troop
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North Germanic
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Old Norse fylki district, county, shire, battalion
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Old East Norse
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Old West Norse
- Icelandic fylki province, county, state, matrix, array
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West Germanic
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Old English fylċe
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Old English fylċian to marshall troops
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Germanic *fulkijaz
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North Germanic
- Old Norse fylkir chief, king
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Balto-Slavic *pulkas
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Baltic
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East Baltic
- Lithuanian pulkas flock, crowd, regiment
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Slavic *pъlkъ
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East Slavic пълъкъ pŭlŭkŭ
- Russian полк polk regiment
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South Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian пук / puk folk, people
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West Slavic
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Polish pułk regiment
- German Pulk mob, throng, crowd
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Proto-Indo-European *poplh₁os?
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Italic *poplos *poplom
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Umbrian 𐌐𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌖𐌌 puplum
- Umbrian 𐌐𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌖𐌐𐌄𐌓 pupluper
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Latin poplos / populus people, nation, community, crowd, host
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Latin senātus populusque rōmānus
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Latin poplicus / pūblicus
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Old French public / publik / publique
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Middle French publique / public
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Middle English publik / publike
- Latin rēs pūblica / rēspūblica
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Proto-Indo-European *?
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek πλήθω plḗthō I am full, I swell
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Classical Greek πληθώρη plēthṓrē fullness
- Greek πληθώρα plithóra
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Latin plēthōra plethora
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Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁nuti "~not-fulling?"
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Old Armenian հեղում hełum pour, pour out, empty. spread, shed
- Armenian հեղել hełel to spill
Visual
Collected English words
full-blown,
polyp,
public,
public house,
pub,
comply,
compliment,
complete,
complement,
accomplish,
deplete,
expletive,
implement,
replete,
supply,
supplement,
ample,
pleb,
plebe,
plebeian,
plebiscite,
full,
fill,
fulfill,
plenty,
plenitude,
plenary,
Polybius,
Polybius,
Polyxena,
poly-,
polymer,
Pleiocene,
Pleistocene,
plus,
plural,
maniple,
folk,
filk,
Volkswagen,
filch,
plethora,
haplo-,
simple,
lapserdak,
diploma,
diplomatic,
diplomat,
double,
doppelganger,
duple,
Fulbright,
filbert,
Fulbright Program