April theme: Dinosaurs and Friends🦕
Introduction
Ankylosaurus! And as an unexpected bonus, I found Azhdarchid pterosaurs deep in the family, too. Pterosaurs are probably my very favorite Mesozoic animals (stay tuned for next week!). Also in this family: various spiders and snakes and fears and sins in various languages.
I include words here that are formally reconstructed to five different roots: 1) *h₂enk-: "to curve, to bend, joint"; 2) *h₂enǵʰ-: "to constrict, to tighten, narrow, distress"; 3) *h₂egʰ-: "to be upset, to be afraid"; 4) *h₂engʷʰ-: "snake, eel, water worm"; 5) *h₃égʷʰ-: "snake, serpent, dragon". Looking at that list, it seems clear at least some of those are related to each other. It has also been compared to *h₂eḱ-: "sharp".
Teaser
anchor,
Ankylosaurus,
angle,
English,
angst,
Baba Yaga,
Yggdrassil,
ugly,
eel,
Azhdarcho,
Echidna
Full Text
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?
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Anatolian *h₂emǵʰ-
- Hittite ḫamank- to tie, to bind, to get married
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- to curve, to bend, joint
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂énkti primary verb
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Indo-Iranian
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Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀅𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀢𑀻 áñcati to curve, to make round, to wander
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥kos bent adjective
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Celtic *ankos
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Brythonic *ank
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Brythonic *kraβ̃-ank
- Welsh crafanc talon, claw
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Celtic *ankotos
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Brythonic
- Old Irish écath fishhook
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Italic
-
Indo-Iranian
-
Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀅𑀁𑀓𑀼𑀰 aṃkuśa hook, goad
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Iranian
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥krós bent adjective
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥kreh₂ feminine
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Hellenic
-
Classical Greek ἄγκῡρα ánkūra anchor, hook
- Greek άγκυρα ágkyra anchor
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Latin ancora hook
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Central Romance
-
Western Romance
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French ancre anchor
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Spanish ancla anchor
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Persian لنگر langar anchor
- Arabic أَنْجَر ʾanjar anchor
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Classical Greek Ἄγκῡρα Ánkūra Ancyra/Angora/Ankara
- Greek Άγκυρα Ágkyra Ankara
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Latin Ancȳra Ankara
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Ottoman Turkish انقره Anqarah Ankara
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂énkōs bend, turn resultative noun
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Hellenic *ánkos
- Classical Greek ᾰ̓́γκος ánkos bend, hollow, valley
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Indo-Iranian *Hánkas
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Indo-Aryan *Hankás
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Sanskrit 𑀅𑀗𑁆𑀓 aṅká curve, hook, hip, curved line, number
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Sauraseni
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Madhya Sauraseni
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Hindi अंक aṅk number, mark, point
- Hindi आंकड़ा āṅkṛā numerical, statistical
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Sanskrit 𑀧𑀮𑁆𑀬𑀗𑁆𑀓 palyaṅka bed, couch, bedstead lit. "curve around"
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Odia ପାଲଙ୍କି palôṅki
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Portuguese palanquim palanquin
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ónkos bend, turn agentive noun
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Balto-Slavic
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East Baltic
- Lithuanian anka loop, ring
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Slavic *ǫkotь hook
- East Slavic укоть ukotĭ claw, anchor
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South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic ѫкоть ǫkotĭ
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Slavic *pàǭkъ spider "hook-leg"
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East Slavic паукъ paukŭ spider
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Russian пау́к paúk spider
- Russian Челове́к-пау́к Čelovék-paúk Spider-man
- Ukrainian паву́к pavúk spider
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South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic паѫкъ paǫkŭ
- Serbo-Croatian па̏ӯк pȁūk spider
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West Slavic
- Czech pavouk spider
- Polish pająk spider
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Hellenic
- Classical Greek ὄγκος ónkos curve, angle, hook, barb
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Italic
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Latin uncus hook, barb, hooked, curved
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Latin aduncus hooked, curved
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Central Romance
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian adânc deep, profound, serious
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ónkustos?
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Indo-Iranian *Hangúštʰas
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Indo-Aryan
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Sanskrit 𑀅𑀗𑁆𑀕𑀼𑀱𑁆𑀞 aṅgúṣṭha thumb, big toe
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Maharashtri 𑀅𑀁𑀕𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀞 aṃguṭṭha
- Marathi अंगठा ãṅgaṭhā thumb, big toe
- Pali aṅguṭṭha thumb
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Sauraseni
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Madhya Sauraseni
- Hindi अंगूठा aṅgūṭhā thumb, big toe
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Pahari
- Nepali औंठी aũṭhī (finger) ring
-
Iranian
- Avestan 𐬀𐬧𐬔𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬀 aṇgušta toe
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Western Iranian
- Persian انگشت angošt finger
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂enkulos? joint
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Old Armenian անգղ angł handle, vulture
- Armenian անգղ angł vulture
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Balto-Slavic
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Slavic *ǫ̑gъlъ corner, angle
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East Slavic оугълъ ugŭlŭ
- Russian у́гол úgol corner, angle
- Ukrainian ву́гол vúhol angle, corner
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South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic ѫгълъ ǫgŭlŭ angle
- Serbo-Croatian у̏гао ȕgao corner, angle
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West Slavic
- Czech úhel angle
- Polish węgieł corner, keystone
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Germanic *ankulaz
-
North Germanic
-
West Germanic
-
Old English *ancel
- Old English anclēow ankle modification by association with "claw"
- English ankle
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Frankish
-
Old High German ankala ankle
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Hellenic
-
Classical Greek ἀγκύλος ankúlos cooked, curved, intricate, wily
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Classical Greek ἀγκυλόω ankulóo I bend, I make crooked
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Classical Greek ἀγκύλωσις ankúlōsis stiffening of joints lit. "bent condition"
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English ankylosis
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English ankylo- bent, crooked, stiff, fused
- Translingual Ankylosaurus genus of ornithischian dinosaur refers to fusion of bones via ankylosis, not directly to "crooked"
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Indo-Iranian *Hanguri-
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Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀅𑀗𑁆𑀕𑀼𑀭𑀺 aṅgúri finger, toe
- Sanskrit 𑀅𑀗𑁆𑀕𑀼𑀮𑀻 aṅgulī finger
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Italic
-
Latin angulus corner, angle
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Central Romance
- Italian angolo angle, corner
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Eastern Romance
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Insular Romance
-
Western Romance
-
French angle angle
- Spanish ángulo angle
- Welsh ongl angle
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Latin triangulus three-cornered
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Latin triangulum triangle
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Central Romance
- Italian triangolo triangle
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Eastern Romance
- Romanian triunghi triangle
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Western Romance
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French triangle
- Spanish triángulo triangle
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Latin quādrangulus four-cornered
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Latin quadrangulum quadrangle
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂énkō noun
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Germanic *angô bend, crook, hook, angle
-
East Germanic
-
Gothic *agga
- Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰 halsagga neck
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Galician anga handle
- Galician angazo hand rake
- Galician angarela windlass, crank
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West Germanic
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Old High German ango hook, angle, narrowly
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Germanic *angulō hook, fishhook diminutive
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North Germanic
-
Old Norse ǫngull hook, fishhook
- Icelandic öngull hook, fishhook
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West Germanic
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Old English angol
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Frankish *angul
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Dutch angel stinger, fishhook, tang
- Dutch voetangel caltrop lit. "foot-stinger"
- Dutch hengel fishing rod
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Old High German angel
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German Angel fishhook, hinge, fishing rod
- German angeln to angle, to fish
- German Fußangel caltrop
- German Türangel door hinge
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Germanic *? Angles/Anglia (Peninsula)
-
West Germanic
-
Old English Engle Angle
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Old English Englisc
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Old English Engla land England "Angles' land"
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Old High German
- German Angeln Anglia (Peninsula)
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Latin Anglus Angle
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂enkuleh₂
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Germanic *anhulō strap
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North Germanic
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Old Norse ǫ́l
- Icelandic ól leather belt or strap
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West Germanic
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Old English *ōl
- Old English ōlþwong whip, scourge
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Hellenic
- Classical Greek ἀγκύλη ankúlē belt
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥kyós?
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Old Armenian անկիւն ankiwn angle, corner, nook
- Armenian անկյուն ankyun angle, corner, nook
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂enǵʰ- to constrict, to tighten, narrow, distress
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂énǵʰeti primary verb
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Hellenic
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Classical Greek ἄγχω ánkhō I compress, I choke, I pressure
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Classical Greek κῠνάγχη kunánkhē dog collar, sore throat, tonsilitis
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Latin cynanchē tonsilitis
- English cynache
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Medieval Latin quinancia
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Italic *anɣō
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Latin angō I bind, I press together, I choke, I cause pain
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Latin angina choking, suffocation
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Latin ānxius troubled, uneasy, anxious
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Central Romance
- Italian ansioso anxious, apprehensive, eager
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Western Romance
- French anxieux anxious, apprehensive
- Spanish ansioso anxious, eager
- English anxious
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Latin ānxietās anxiety, caution
-
Central Romance
- Italian ansietà anxiety, yearning
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Western Romance
-
French anxiété anxiety
- Spanish ansiedad anxiety
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂énǵʰus narrow, tight
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Old Armenian անձուկ anjuk narrow, difficult, strait, anxiety, wish
- Armenian անձուկ anjuk narrow, strait, constrained, wish
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Balto-Slavic
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East Baltic
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Slavic *ǫzъkъ
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East Slavic оузъкъ uzŭkŭ
- Russian у́зкий úzkij narrow, tight
- Ukrainian вузьки́й vuzʹkýj narrow
-
South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic ѫзъкъ ǫzŭkŭ tight, narrow
- Serbo-Croatian у̏зак ȕzak narrow, strait, tight
-
West Slavic
- Czech úzký narrow
- Polish wąski narrow, tight
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Finnic *ahtas narrow, cramped
- Finnish ahdas tight, narrow, restrictive, cramped
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Celtic *angus narrow
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Brythonic
- Breton enk too small, too narrow
- Welsh ing anguish, distress
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Celtic *kom-ingus
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Brythonic
- Welsh cyfyng narrow, confined, difficult, limited
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Old Irish cumung narrow, constricted
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Germanic *anguz narrow, tight, choked
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East Germanic
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Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌿𐍃 aggwus narrow, strait
- Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹𐌸𐌰 aggwiþa distress, anguish
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North Germanic
-
West Germanic
-
Old English ange tight, painful
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Old English angnæġl hangnail lit. "painful (finger
-
Frankish
-
Dutch eng
- Dutch engte narrowness, difficulty
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Old High German engi narrow, narrowness
- German eng narrow, tight
- Yiddish ענג eng narrow, crowded
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Germanic *angustiz
-
West Germanic
-
Frankish *angust
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Old High German angist
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German Angst fear, fright, anxiety
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Old Saxon *angust
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Old Norse angist
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Danish angst fear, apprehension, anxiety, angst
- Icelandic angist anguish
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Germanic *? Angles/Anglia (Peninsula)
-
West Germanic
-
Old English Engle Angle
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Old English Englisc
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Old English Engla land England "Angles' land"
-
Old High German
- German Angeln Anglia (Peninsula)
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Latin Anglus Angle
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Indo-Iranian *Hánĵʰuš
-
Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit 𑀅𑀁𑀳𑀼 áṃhu narrow, anxiety, distress
-
Italic *angus
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Italic *angustos
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Latin angustus narrow, close, confined, small
-
Central Romance
-
Eastern Romance
- Romanian îngust narrow, tight, thin
- Albanian ngushtë narrow
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Western Romance
-
Spanish angosto narrow, reduced
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Spanish angostura narrowness, narrow passage, narrows
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Spanish Angostura place name city in Venezuela at the narrows of the Orinoco River, now called Ciudad Bolívar
- English Angostura bitters
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Latin angustō I narrow, I make smaller
-
Eastern Romance
- Romanian îngusta to narrow, to tighten, to shrink
- Albanian ngushtoj I narrow
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Western Romance
- Spanish angostar to narrow
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Latin angustia narrowness, confinement, difficulties, brevity, deprivation
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Central Romance
-
Western Romance
-
French angoisse anguish, distress, dread, angst
- Spanish angoja grief, anguish
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂énǵʰos
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Balto-Slavic *inˀgāˀ
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Slavic *ęga anguish, sore, dread, terror
- East Slavic ꙗзѧ jazę ulcer
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South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic ѧꙃа ędza wound, illness, weakness
- Serbo-Croatian језа jeza horror, thrill, shudder
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Slavic *bàba ęga granny dread, dread hag
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East Slavic
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Russian Баба-Яга Baba-Jaga
- Ukrainian Баба-Яга Baba-Jaha
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West Slavic
- Czech ježibaba
- Polish Baba Jędza
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Germanic *angazaz worry, grief, anxiety
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North Germanic
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Old Norse angr sorrow, distress, resentment, affliction, injury
- Danish anger regret, remorse
- Icelandic angur trouble
- English anger
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Finnic *ankeda
- Finnish ankea dreary, dismal
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Hellenic
- Classical Greek ἀγχοῦ ankhoû near, nearby preposition, probably derived from a genitive form
-
Indo-Iranian *Hánĵʰas
-
Indo-Aryan *Hánźʰas
- Sanskrit 𑀅𑀁𑀳𑀲𑁆 áṃhas anxiety, trouble, sin
-
Iranian *Hanĵah
- Avestan ązah tightness, constriction, anxiety
- Uralic *aŋke painfully constricted
-
Proto-Indo-European ?
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Old Armenian անձաւ anjaw cave, den
- Armenian անձավ anjav cave
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʰ- to be upset, to be afraid
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂ógʰe to be upset, to be afraid stative
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Celtic *āgetor to fear, to dread
- Old Irish ad·ágathar to fear, to dread, to be in awe of
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Germanic *aganą to fear, to be afraid
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌽 ōgan to fear, to be afraid
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂ogʰéy-eti to scare causative
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Germanic *ōgijaną
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East Germanic
- Gothic 𐍉𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 ōgjan to scare
-
North Germanic
- Old Norse œgja
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Old Norse œgr terrible
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Old Norse Yggr Terrible (epithet of Odin)
-
French ogre
-
West Germanic
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂égʰos distress
-
Germanic *agaz
-
East Germanic
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse agi awe, terror, uproar, constraint, discipline
- Danish ave discipline
- Icelandic agi discipline
-
English awe
- English awful
- English awesome
- Old Norse uggr fear, apprehension, dread
-
Germanic *agazlīkaz fearsome, frightening-looking "awe-like"
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse uggligr fearful, dreadful
- Icelandic ugglegur
- English ugly
-
West Germanic
-
Frankish *egislīk
-
Dutch ijselijk
- Dutch ijzingwekkend frightening
-
Old Saxon egislīk terrifying, horrible
- Low German aislik horrible, gruesome, ugly
- Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀑𐀩𐀄 a-ki-re-u personal name, Achilles?
- Classical Greek Ἀχιλλεύς Akhilleús
-
Hellenic *akhos
- Classical Greek ἄχος ákhos distress, pain, grief
- Hellenic *Akhílāu̯os Achilles lit. "Grief of the People"?
-
Indo-Iranian *Hagʰás bad, evil
-
Indo-Aryan *Hagʰás
-
Sanskrit 𑀅𑀖 aghá bad, evil, sinful, dangerous
- Pali agha
-
Sauraseni 𑀅𑀳 aha
- Madhya Sauraseni
- Hindi अह ah
- Telugu అఘము aghamu sin, guilt
-
Iranian
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʰlos distressing, repulsive
-
Germanic *agluz upsetting, offensive, burdensome
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌿𐍃 aglus difficult
-
Germanic *aglijaną to offend, to damage
-
East Germanic
- Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 agljan to hurt, to damage
-
West Germanic
-
Old English eġlan to trouble, to pain, to afflict
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eg- guilt, penance?
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Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti primary verb
-
Germanic *akaną to ache
-
West Germanic
-
Germanic *akiz an ache
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵos action/result noun
-
Hellenic
- Classical Greek ἄγος ágos awe, reverence, curse, guilt, penance
-
Indo-Iranian
-
Indo-Aryan *Hā́gas
- Sanskrit 𑀆𑀕𑀲𑁆 ā́gas injury, sin, fault
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂engʷʰ- snake, eel, water worm
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éngʷʰis
-
Old Armenian աւձ awj snake, serpent
- Armenian օձ ōj snake, serpent
-
Old Armenian
- Armenian անգի angi thin, emaciated
-
Balto-Slavic *angis
-
East Baltic
-
Slavic *ǫ̃žь
-
East Slavic ꙋжь užĭ
- Russian уж už grass snake
- Ukrainian вуж vuž grass snake
- Estonian uss worm, maggot, snake
-
West Slavic
-
Celtic
-
Brythonic
-
Old Irish escong
- Irish eascann eel, snake, reptile
-
Indo-Iranian *Hánǰʰiš
-
Iranian *Hánǰiš
- Persian یغنیج yağni grass snake
-
Italic
- Latin anguis snake, serpent, dragon
- Proto-Indo-European *h₂éngʷʰileh₂? eel
-
Pre-Albanian *engellā
- Albanian ngjalë eel
-
Pre-Albanian *ts-engellā
- Albanian thnegël ant but more likely a Balkan Romance borrowing from formicula, with common 'f'=sqi-Latn / 'th'=sqi-Latn alternation
-
Hellenic
-
Classical Greek ἔγχελυς énkhelus eel should be ánkhelus, but influenced by ékhis?
-
Italic
-
Latin anguilla eel, small snake
-
Central Romance
- Dalmatian anǧola eel
- Italian anguilla eel
-
Insular Romance
-
Western Romance
- French anguille eel
- Spanish anguila eel
- Translingual Anguilla a taxonomic genus of eels
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥gʷʰos
-
Germanic *unkʷô snake
-
West Germanic
-
Old High German unc snake
- German Unke fire-bellied toad
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂engʷʰrós
-
Balto-Slavic *angurios
-
East Baltic
-
Slavic *ǫgorjь eel
-
East Slavic
- Russian у́горь úgorʹ eel
- Ukrainian вуго́р vuhór eel
-
South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic ѫгорищь ǫgorištĭ
- Serbo-Croatian у̀гор ùgor eel, conger
-
West Slavic
- Czech úhoř eel
-
Polish węgorz eel
- Yiddish ווענגער venger eel
-
Finnic
-
Germanic *angraz
-
West Germanic
-
Old High German angar mealworm, grub
-
Old High German engiring diminutive
-
Proto-Indo-European *h₃égʷʰis snake, serpent, dragon
-
Old Armenian իժ iž viper
- Armenian իժ iž viper, snake
-
Germanic agiz snake, lizard
-
Germanic *egalaz leech
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse *iglr
- Danish igler leeches
- Icelandic iglur leeches
-
West Germanic
-
Frankish
-
Old High German egala leech
-
Germanic *agiþahsijǭ lizard, newt lit. "badger-lizard"
-
West Germanic
-
Old English āþexe lizard, newt
- English ask newt dialectal
-
Frankish *egithassa
-
Dutch hagedis lizard
- Sranan Tongo lagadisa lizard
-
Old High German egidehsa lizard
-
German Eidechse lizard
- German Echse lizard
- Yiddish עקדיש ekdish scorpion
-
Germanic *ēlaz
-
North Germanic
-
Old Norse áll eel
- Danish ål eel
- Icelandic áll eel, river channel
-
West Germanic
-
Old English ǣl eel
- English eel
-
Old English ǣlfær migration of eels lit. "eel journey"
-
Frankish *āl
-
Old High German āl
-
Hellenic
-
Classical Greek ὄφῐς óphis serpent, snake
-
Koine Greek ὀφίδιον ophídion
- Greek φίδι fídi snake
- English ophidiophobia
- English ophiophobia
- Coptic ⲟⲃⲓⲟⲛ
-
Classical Greek ὀφιοῦχος ophioûkhos snake-handler, Ophiuchus (constellation)
-
Indo-Iranian *Háǰʰiš snake
-
Indo-Aryan *Háźʰiṣ
-
Iranian *Háǰiš
-
Avestan aži
-
Avestan Aži Dahāka
-
Parthian až-δahāg
-
Persian اژدها aždahâ dragon
- Armenian աժդահա aždaha monstrous giant
- Hindi अज़दहा azdahā dragon
-
Ottoman Turkish اژدرها ejderha dragon
- Turkish ejderha dragon
- Serbo-Croatian ажда̀ха aždàha dragon
-
Persian اژدر aždar dragon
- Translingual Azhdarcho a taxonomic genus of pterosaur
-
Western Iranian
-
Northwestern Iranian
- Kurdish ažî bug, worm, snake
-
Phrygian
-
Classical Greek ἔχις ékhis snake, adder, viper
-
Classical Greek ἔχιδνᾰ ékhidna viper
- Greek έχιδνα échidna adder, viper, echidna
-
Classical Greek Ἔχιδνα Ekhidna
- English Echidna
- English echidna
-
Tocharian
- Kushean auk snake, serpent
Visual
Collected English words
anchor,
angora,
Ankara,
palanquin,
ankle,
ankylosis,
ankylo-,
Ankylosaurus,
angle,
triangle,
quadrangle,
quad,
angle,
English,
England,
Angle,
anglo-,
cynache,
quinsy,
angina,
anxious,
anxiety,
hangnail,
angst,
Angostura bitters,
anguish,
Baba Yaga,
anger,
Yggdrassil,
ogre,
awe,
awful,
awesome,
ugly,
ail,
ache,
Anguilla,
ask,
eel,
elver,
ophidiophobia,
ophiophobia,
Ophiuchus,
Azhdarcho,
Echidna,
echidna
Footnotes