Word Family - Stegosaurus

April theme: Dinosaurs and Friends🦕

Teaser

stegosaur, tile, thatch, thatch, deck, deck, toga, detective, thug

Full Text

Proto-Indo-European *steg- *teg- to cover
- Proto-Indo-European *steg- *teg- pole, stick, beam ^[4]
  - Proto-Indo-European *stogeh₂
    
    Germanic *stakô stake
    
    East Germanic
    
    Gothic *staka
    
    Western Romance *staca stake
    
    Old French estache stake, strap
    
    Spanish estaca stake, tent peg
    
    North Germanic
    
    Old Norse staki stake, rod
    
    Old East Norse
    
    Danish stage
    
    Swedish stake candlestick, erection
    
    Old West Norse
    
    Faroese staki
    
    Icelandic staki
    
    West Germanic
    
    Old English staca stake
    
    Middle English stake / stack / staak
    
    English stake
    
    Irish staic stake, post, picket
    
    Irish stáca stake, stack
    
    Frankish *stakō
    
    Western Romance *staca stake
    
    Old French estache stake, strap
    
    Spanish estaca stake, tent peg
    
    Middle Dutch
    
    Dutch staak
    
    Old French estaie stay, prop
    
    Middle French
    
    French étai a stay, a prop, a strut
    
    Middle English stay
    
    English stay
    
    Old French estayer to prop, to support
    
    Middle French
    
    French étayer to prop, to support
    
    Middle English staien / steyen
    
    English stay
  - Proto-Indo-European *stogós *togós
    
    Germanic *stakkaz a barn, a rick, a haystack
    
    North Germanic *stakkaʀ
    
    Old Norse stakkr barn, haystack, pile
    
    Old East Norse
    
    Danish stak stack
    
    Old West Norse
    
    Icelandic stakkur stack
    
    Middle English stak / stack / stakke stack
    
    Irish stáca stake, stack
    
    English stack
    
    Finnic *sakna sauna
    
    Estonian saun sauna
    
    Finnish sauna sauna
    
    English sauna
    
    Russian сауна sauna sauna
    
    Armenian սաունա sauna sauna
  - Proto-Indo-European *tegnom
    
    Old Armenian թակն tʻakn mallet
    
    Italic *tegnom
    
    Latin tignum lumber, log, beam
  - Proto-Indo-European *tegdʰlom
    
    Italic *texlom
    
    Latin tēlum spear, missile, javelin
- Proto-Indo-European *stégeti *tégeti primary verb
  - Balto-Slavic
    
    Baltic
    
    East Baltic
    
    Lithuanian stíegti to roof, to thatch
  - Hellenic
    
    Classical Greek στέγω stégō I cover, I wrap, I make watertight
    
    Classical Greek στέγη stégē roof, cover, shelter, room, house
    
    Greek στέγη stégi roof, house
    
    Classical Greek στεγνός stegnós watertight, waterproof, constipated
    
    Greek στεγνός stegnós dry, dull
    
    Classical Greek στεγανός steganós ^[1]
    
    Latin steganographia steganography ^[1]
    
    English steganography
  - Indo-Iranian *stʰágati
    
    Indo-Aryan *stʰágati
    
    Sanskrit 𑀲𑁆𑀣𑀕𑀢𑀺 sthágati to cover, to conceal
  - Italic *tegezi
    
    Latin tegere to cover, to clothe, to protect
    
    Latin integere to cover, to protect
    
    Latin integumentum covering, guard, shield
    
    English integument
    
    Latin detegere to uncover, to take off, to reveal
    
    Albanian dëftoj I show
    
    Latin dētēctus uncovered, revealed
    
    English detect
    
    English detective
    
    French détecter to detect
    
    Dutch detecteren to detect
    
    Spanish detectar
    
    Latin protegere to cover, to protect, to defend lit. "cover forward"
    
    Central Romance
    
    Italian proteggere to shield, to protect
    
    French protéger to protect
    
    French protégé / protégée protected
    
    English protégé
    
    Latin prōtēctus
    
    English protect
    
    Latin tēgula roof tile
    
    Central Romance
    
    Dalmatian tacla baking sheet
    
    Italian teglia baking sheet, wide-brimmed hat
    
    Italian tegola roof tile
    
    Eastern Romance
    
    Albanian tjegull shingle, tile
    
    Serbo-Croatian тегла / tegla jar
    
    Hungarian tégla brick
    
    Hungarian téglalap rectangle lit. "brick surface"
    
    Turkish tuğla brick
    
    Western Romance
    
    Old French tiule tile
    
    Middle French
    
    French tuile tile, tuile (thin cookie)
    
    English tuile
    
    Spanish teja roof tile
    
    Germanic *tigulǭ tile, brick
    
    North Germanic
    
    Old Norse tigl
    
    Old East Norse
    
    Danish tegl
    
    Swedish tegel brick
    
    Finnish tiili brick, tile
    
    Old West Norse
    
    Icelandic tigl tile, brick
    
    West Germanic *tigulā
    
    Old English tiġele
    
    Middle English tiȝel / tile / tyle
    
    English tile
    
    Frankish
    
    Middle Dutch tigele / tegel
    
    Dutch tegel tile
    
    Dutch tichel roof tile, brick, flagstone
    
    Old High German ziagala / ziagal
    
    Middle High German ziegel
    
    German Ziegel brick, roof tile
    
    Serbo-Croatian цигла / cigla brick
    
    Polish cegła brick
    
    Ukrainian цегла cehla brick
    
    Latin tegumentum cover, covering, shell, armor, husk
    
    English tegument
- Proto-Indo-European *stogéy-eti causative verb
  - Indo-Iranian *stʰagáyati
    
    Indo-Aryan *stʰagáyati
    
    Sanskrit 𑀲𑁆𑀣𑀕𑀬𑀢𑀺 sthagáyati to make hidden, to make invisible
    
    Iranian
    
    Scythian
    
    Saka
    
    Khotani ttajsera pass over ^[2]
- Proto-Indo-European *stégos *tégos covered
  - Celtic *tegos house
    
    Celtic *kom-tegenos shared, held in common lit. "together-housed"
    
    Old Irish coitchen common, mutual, shared
    
    Irish coiteann common, general, popular
    
    Brythonic *tɨɣ
    
    Welsh tŷ house ^[3]
    
    Welsh popty bakery, oven lit. "bake-house" with -tŷ
    
    Welsh ysbyty hospital
    
    Welsh bwyty restaurant lit. "food-house"
    
    Welsh tylwyth family, household lit. "house-people"
    
    Welsh Tylwyth Teg fair(y) folk
    
    Old Irish tech
    
    Irish teach house
    
    Irish Baile an Tí Mhóir place name: Town of the Big House
    
    English Baltimore
    
    Celtic *tego-slowgos household lit. "house-troop"
    
    Brythonic
    
    Welsh teulu family
    
    Old Irish teglach
    
    Irish teaghlach immediate family, household
  - Hellenic *stégos *tégos
    
    Classical Greek στέγος stégos roof, house, grave, brothel
    
    Translingual Stegosaurus a taxnomic genus of ornithischian dinosaur lit. "roof-reptile", for the plates on its back
    
    Translingual Stegosauria the Stegosaurs, a taxonomic suborder of ornithiscian dinosaurs
    
    English stegosaur
    
    Classical Greek τέγος tégos roof, cover, covered hall
  - Indo-Iranian *stʰagas covered, concealed
    
    Indo-Aryan
    
    Sanskrit 𑀲𑁆𑀣𑀕 sthaga dishonest, fraudulent
    
    Maharashtri
    
    Marathi ठक ṭhak thief, swindler
    
    Sauraseni
    
    Hindustani
    
    Hindi ठग ṭhag swindler, fraud, robber
    
    English thug
- Proto-Indo-European *stǝgtos *tǝgtos covered
  - Indo-Iranian
    
    Iranian *taxta-
    
    Scythian
    
    Saka
    
    Khotani tti dwelling, nest ^[2]
    
    Western Iranian
    
    Old Persian *taxt throne
    
    Persian تخت taxt throne, capital, seat, sofa, bed
    
    Arabic تَخْت taḵt bed, couch, bench, capital, platform, orchestra
    
    Malay takhta throne
    
    Ottoman Turkish تخت taht throne, sofa, stage
    
    Turkish taht throne
    
    Armenian թախտ tʿaxt plank-bed, ottoman, sofa
    
    Serbo-Croatian тахт / taht throne
    
    Old Armenian տախտ taxt throne, bed, couch
    
    Armenian տախտ taxt couch, sofa
    
    Georgian ტახტი ṭaxṭi ottoman, bench, throne, royal residence
    
    Kurdish text throne, bed, wood
- Proto-Indo-European *togeh₂
  - Italic
    
    Latin toga toga, garment, roof
    
    English toga
- Proto-Indo-European *togyeh₂
  - Celtic *togyā
    
    Celtic *uɸertogyā cover, canopy
    
    Brythonic *wertogyā *gworθoɣ
    
    Welsh gortho canopy
    
    Latin vertogia
    
    Old Irish fortgae / fortche
    
    Brythonic *toɣ
    
    Welsh to roof
    
    Old Irish tugae cover, thatch
    
    Middle Irish tuga
    
    Irish tuí thatch, straw
    
    Manx too / thoo
    
    Scottish Gaelic tugha straw
    
    Celtiberian togia roof, house
- Proto-Indo-European *stogós *togós coverer agentive
  - Balto-Slavic *stāgas
    
    Baltic
    
    East Baltic
    
    Lithuanian stogas roof
    
    West Baltic
    
    Old Prussian stogis roof
  - Celtic *togos roof
    
    Celtic *entogos
    
    Old Irish étach covering, clothing
    
    Brythonic *toɣ
    
    Welsh to roof
  - Germanic *þaką roof, cover
    
    North Germanic
    
    Old Norse þak thatch, roof
    
    Old East Norse
    
    Danish tag roof
    
    Swedish tak roof, ceiling
    
    Old West Norse
    
    Faroese tak roof
    
    Icelandic þak roof
    
    Northern Sámi dáhkki roof, ceiling, hearth
    
    West Germanic *þak
    
    Old English þæc roof, thatch
    
    Middle English thak / thacche
    
    English thatch
    
    English Thatch
    
    English Teach
    
    Scots thack / thak thatch, roofing material, roof
    
    Frankish *thak
    
    Middle Dutch dac roof
    
    Dutch dak roof
    
    Old High German dah
    
    Middle High German dach
    
    German Dach roof
    
    German Dachdecker roofer, tiler, thatcher
    
    Yiddish דאַך dakh roof
    
    Polish dach roof, apartment
    
    Polish dachowiec feral cat lit. "roofer"
    
    Ukrainian дах dax roof
    
    Old Saxon thak
    
    Middle Low German dak
    
    Low German Dack
    
    Germanic *þakjaną to cover, to roof
    
    North Germanic
    
    Old Norse þekja to cover, to thatch
    
    Old East Norse
    
    Danish tække to thatch
    
    Swedish täcka to cover, to provide for, to protect
    
    Old West Norse
    
    Faroese tekja to cover, to roof
    
    Icelandic þekja to cover, to roof, to thatch
    
    West Germanic
    
    Old English þeċċan to cover, to thatch
    
    Middle English thecchen
    
    English thatch
    
    Scots theke
    
    Yola detch
    
    Frankish *thecken
    
    Middle Dutch decken
    
    Dutch dekken to cover, to set (a table)
    
    English deck verb, as in "deck the halls", "deck out"
    
    Frankish *thecka covering
    
    Middle Dutch dec
    
    Dutch dek
    
    English deck
    
    German Deck deck (of a ship)
    
    Old High German decchen to cover
    
    Middle High German decken
    
    German decken to cover, to set (a table)
    
    German Dachdecker roofer, tiler, thatcher
    
    Old High German theckī / decchī covering
    
    Middle High German decke
    
    German Decke covering, ceiling, roof
    
    German Bettdecke duvet, quilt, bedspread
    
    Old Saxon thekkian to cover, to roof
    
    Middle Low German decken
    
    German decken

Visual

Collected English words

Baltimore, stake, stack, sauna, stay, stay, steganography, detect, detective, integument, protégé, protect, tuile, tile, tegument, Stegosaurus, Stegosauria, stegosaur, thug, toga, thatch, Thatch, Teach, thatch, deck, deck

Footnotes

^
I'm not sure what—if anything—the difference between Greek στεγνός stegnós and στεγανός steganós is. There's authors that use both, so it's not a dialect difference, but they seem to be interchangeable.

The word steganography is first recorded in, and apparently coined for, Johannes Trithemius's 1499 book, _Steganographia_. _Steganographia_ which was a steganographical tex: it was made to look like an occult book on communicating with spirits, but was actually a book about cryptography and steganography.
^
Khotani ttajsera: "pass over, overwhelm" and tti: "nest" are probably from this root, but Khotani derivation is way above my pay grade, these are just guesses of where they go in the graph. There's also a set of Khotani words with "head" related meanings that may be connected: ttādai: "forehead", ttomau: "top", ttiiva: "crown", ttīna: "bridle".
^
We saw Welsh tŷ before, when Latin hospitium was borrowed into Welsh to mean "hospital", but was egg-corned in Welsh to end with tŷ: "house", parallel to bwyty: "restaurant".
^
While *(s)teg- about covering and roofs and *(s)teg- about poles and beams are usually considered two different roots, the concept of "pole, stick, beam" seems clearly related to the concept of a roof. On the other hand "pole, stick, beam" is also related to the idea of "pierce, stab" usually assigned to *steyg- (whence, "stick", "stitch", "etiquette").

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