Introduction

The PIE word *yóh₁r̥: "year" becomes both the native English "year" and also the Latinate "hour". Fascinatingly, Greek ὥρᾱ hṓrā (whence the Latin) is also borrowed, post-Alexander, into Classical Sanskrit along with the Hellenistic-Babylonian astronomy/astrology, eventually giving such descendants as Thai โหร hǒon: "astrologer, prophet, magician"!

Teaser

year, hour, encore, horoscope

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *yóh₁r̥ year

  • Indo-Iranian *yáHr̥

    • Indo-Aryan *yār

      • Sanskrit *yār

        • Sanskrit 𑀧𑀭𑁆𑀬𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻 paryāríṇī calving after a year
    • Iranian *yār

      • Avestan 𐬫𐬁𐬭𐬆 yārə year
      • Iranian *Hhuyārah good year (non-drought year) with PIE *h₁su-

        • Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 huiiāiriia good year, non-drought year, good harvest
      • Iranian *dušyārah bad year (drought year) with PIE *dus-

        • Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬲𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 dužiiāyriia bad year, drought year, bad harvest
        • Western Iranian

          • Northwestern Iranian

            • Parthian 𐫅𐫢𐫏𐫀𐫡 dušyār drought

              • Parthian dižyārīft famine
          • Old Persian 𐎯𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶 dušiyāram bad year, drought year, bad harvest
  • Proto-Indo-European *yéh₁ros

    • Germanic *jērã year, the rune ᛃ

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐌾𐌴𐍂 jēr year, the letter 𐌾
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse ár year, harvest, abundance, the rune ᛡ

          • Danish år year
          • Icelandic ár year
      • West Germanic

        • Old English ġēar year, the rune ᛡ

          • English year
          • Old English ġeāra long ago "of years"?

            • English yore
        • Frankish *jār

          • Dutch jaar year

            • Sranan Tongo yari year
        • Old High German jār year

          • German Jahr year
          • Yiddish יאָר yor year
      • English Jera the rune ᛃ/ᛡ/ᛄ/ᛅ
  • Proto-Indo-European *yóh₁ros

    • Balto-Slavic *jāˀrā́ˀ

      • Slavic *jȃro spring

        • East Slavic ꙗра jara spring
        • South Slavic

          • Serbo-Croatian ја̏ра jȁra spring
        • West Slavic

          • Polish jar spring
    • Hellenic

      • Ancient Greek ὥρᾱ hṓrā any period of time, season, climate, time of day, youth

        • Koine Greek

          • Greek ώρα óra hour, time
          • Latin hōra hour, time, season

            • Sardinian òra
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian oară time, instant, instance
              • Albanian herë time
            • Western Romance

              • Old French ore

                • French heure hour, time, o'clock

                  • Haitian Creole lè hour, when
                • Middle English

                  • English hour

                    • Hausa awa hour
                  • Scots oor hour
              • Italian ora hour, time, now
              • Spanish hora hour, time, appointment

                • Cebuano oras hour, duration, instant
                • Navajo óola hour, o'clock
                • Quechua ura hour
                • Tagalog oras time, hour

                  • Tagalog orasan clock, to time
            • Latin ad hanc hōram at this hour, at this time

              • Eastern Romance

                • Dalmatian junkaura still
            • Latin in hanc hōram at this hour, at this time

              • Western Romance

                • French encore still, again, yet

                  • English encore
                • Italian ancora still, again, more, yet, even
            • Latin hāc hōram as of this hour, as of this time

              • Western Romance

                • Spanish ahora now
            • Albanian orë hour, clock
            • Basque oren hour
            • Brythonic *ọr

              • Welsh awr hour
            • Old Irish úar hour, time, occasion

              • Irish uair hour, time
            • Latin ad illam hōram at that hour

              • Western Romance

                • French alors then, so, hence
                • Italian allora so, well then, then, at the time
                • Spanish alora then, at that moment
          • Sanskrit 𑀳𑁄𑀭𑀸 horā rising of an astrological sign, hour, mark, horoscope, astrology

            • Pali 𑀳𑁄𑀭𑀸 horā

              • Burmese ဟူးရား hu:ra: astrology, astrologer, soothsayer
              • Old Khmer

                • Thai โหร hǒon astrologer, prophet, magician
            • Hindi होरा horā astrology, hora
            • Telugu హోర hōra hour
            • Middle Chinese 火羅 hua la astrology, hora
            • English hora
          • Koine Greek ὡρολόγιον hōrológion clock, mechanism for telling time

            • Greek ρολόι rolói clock, timepiece, wristwatch, clock tower, meter
            • Latin horologium clock, mechanism for telling time, waterclock, sundial

              • Eastern Romance

                • Romanian orologiu clock
              • Western Romance

                • Old French

                  • French horloge clock, timepiece
                  • Dutch horloge watch

                    • Malay arloji watch
                  • English horologe
                • Italian orologio clock
                • Old Occitan relotge

                  • Basque erloju clock, watch
                  • Spanish reloj clock, watch

                    • Tagalog reló watch
                • Sicilian ralogiu clock, watch

                  • Maltese arloġġ clock
              • Latin horologia

                • English horology
          • Koine Greek ὡροσκόπος hōroskópos

            • Medieval Latin horoscopus

              • French horoscope

                • English horoscope
          • English horo-
    • Italic *jōros year

      • Italic *jōrnos year (attributive)

        • Italic *ho-jōrnos this year (attributive), this year's

          • Latin hōrnus this year's, grown this year

Visual

Collected English words

year, yore, Jera, hour, encore, hora, horologe, horology, horoscope, horo-