September theme: Community 🏘️

Teaser

complete, supply, full, poly-, folk

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ to fill

  • Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁-ti

    • Hellenic

      • Ancient Greek πλῆτο plêto
  • Proto-Indo-European pleh₁st sigma perfective

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥-pleh₁st in-fill (perfective)

      • Indo-Iranian *HápraHt

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit अप्रात् áprāt to fill
  • Proto-Indo-European *pípleh₁-ti reduplicate imperfective

    • Hellenic

      • Ancient Greek πίμπλημι pímplēmi I fill, I satisfy
    • Indo-Iranian *píparti

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit पिपर्ति píparti to fill, to satisfy, to fulfil, to inflate, to blow
      • Iranian

        • East Iranian

          • Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬞𐬁𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌
  • Proto-Indo-European *pl̥néh₁-ti nasal infix imperfective

    • Indo-Iranian *pr̥náHti

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit पृणाति pṛnā́ti fulfill, nourish, inflate
  • Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ye-ti ye imperfective

    • Italic *plēō

      • Latin pleō I fill, I fulfill

        • Latin compleō I fill up, I complete

          • Western Romance

            • Italian compiere to finish, to complete, to reach an age
            • Spanish cumplir to fulfill, to complete, to reach an age

              • English comply
              • Spanish cumplimiento compliance, completion, formality

                • Italian complimento ceremony, congratulations, compliment

                  • French compliment compliment

                    • English compliment
          • Latin complētus

            • English complete
          • Latin complēmentum complement (that which completes)

            • French complément complement

              • English complement
          • Vulgar Latin *accompleō

            • Old French

              • French accomplir to accomplish, to achieve
              • English accomplish
        • Latin dēpleō I empty out, I drain, I exhaust

          • English deplete
        • Latin expleō to fill out

          • Latin explētus filled out, completed

            • Late Latin explētīvus serving to fill out, filler

              • English expletive
        • Latin impleō I fill up, I satisfy, I fulfill

          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian a umple to fill, to stuff, to cram
          • Western Romance

            • French emplir to fill
            • Italian empire to fill, to overflow archaic

              • Italian riempire to fill in, to fill up, to stuff, to heap
            • Spanish henchir to swell, to fill
          • Latin implēmentum

            • English implement
        • Latin repleō to fill again, to replenish, to restore, to satisfy

          • Latin replētus refilled, satisfied

            • Western Romance

              • Old French

                • French replet plump, chubby
                • English replete
              • Spanish repleto replete, full
        • Latin suppleō I make up for, I replace, I fill up, I supply, I supplement

          • Western Romance

            • French suppléer to supply, to replace

              • English supply
            • Italian sopperire to provide (for)
            • Italian supplire to stand in (for), to make up (for)
            • Spanish suplir to substitute, to supply, to eke out
          • Latin supplēmentum

            • Western Romance

              • French supplément supplement

                • English supplement
              • Spanish suplemento supplement
        • Latin amplus large, spacious, magnificent

          • Western Romance

            • French ample plentiful, abundant, ample

              • English ample
            • Italian ampio wide, broad, loose, spacious
            • Spanish ancho wide, broad, proud
          • Welsh ami frequent
  • Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁sḱéti iterative

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₁én-pelh₁sḱéti in-filling

      • Old Armenian յեղց yełcʿ full
  • Proto-Indo-European *pléh₁dʰuh₁

    • Hellenic

      • Ancient Greek πλῆθος plêthos large number, majority, crowd, mob, general public
    • Italic *plēðūs

      • Latin plēbs plebeians, common people

        • Western Romance

          • Italian pieve rural parish church
        • Brythonic *pluïβ

          • Welsh plwyf parish, community, poor relief
        • English pleb
        • French plèbe

          • English plebe
        • Italian plebe common people, rabble, riff raff
        • Latin plēbēius

          • Medieval Latin plebeianus

            • English plebeian
        • Latin plēbiscītum

          • French plébiscite

            • English plebiscite
      • Italic *plēðros

        • Oscan 𐌐𐌋𐌝𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌔 plífriks plebeian
  • Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós full

    • Balto-Slavic *pílˀnas full

      • Lithuanian pìlnas full
      • Slavic *pьlnъ full

        • East Slavic

          • Russian по́лный pólnyj full, complete, perfect, stout
        • South Slavic

          • Serbo-Croatian пу̏н pȕn full, compelte, occupied, plump
        • West Slavic

          • Polish pełny full
    • Celtic *ɸlānos full

      • Brythonic *lọn full

        • Welsh llawn full, abundant, fully, very
      • Old Irish lán full

        • Irish lán full
    • Germanic *fullaz full, whole, entire

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍃 fulls full, whole, entire
      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse fullr full

          • Danish fuld full, complete, drunk
          • Icelandic fullur full, drunk
      • West Germanic

        • Old English full full, complete, entire

          • English full
        • Frankish

          • Dutch vol full
        • Old High German foll full

          • German voll full, drunk
          • Yiddish פֿול ful full
      • Finnic *pullas round, thick

        • Finnish pullea plump, round
      • Samic *polnē hill, mound

        • Northern Sami boldni
      • Germanic *fullijaną to fill, to make full

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 fulljan to fill
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse fylla to fill, to complete

            • Danish fylde to fill, to load, to reach an age, to stuff (cooking)
            • Icelandic fylla to fill
        • West Germanic

          • Old English fyllan to fill

            • English fill
            • Old English fullfyllan to fulfill

              • English fulfill
          • Frankish

            • Dutch vullen to fill
          • Old High German fullen to fill

            • German füllen to fill, to stuff (cooking)
    • Indo-Iranian *pr̥Hnás full, filled

      • Indo-Aryan *pr̥Hnás

        • Sanskrit पूर्ण pūrṇá filled, complete, past, satisfied, powerful, selfish

          • Magadhi

            • Bengali পূর্ণ purnô full, whole, complete
          • Sauraseni

            • Madhari

              • Hindi पूरा pūrā whole, complete, fulfilled
            • Pahari

              • Punjabi ਪੂਰਾ
            • Pali puṇṇa
            • Telugu పూర్ణము pūrṇamu full, complete, powerful, pie filling
          • Sanskrit पूर्णिमा pūrṇimā (day/night of) full moon

            • Sauraseni

              • Pali

                • Malay purnama moon
      • Iranian *pr̥Hnáh

        • East Iranian

          • Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀
          • Pashto پر pur
          • Saka *purrəh

            • Khotanese purrä
        • West Iranian

          • Kurdish pir piř very
          • Old Persian *𐎱𐎼𐎴 *purna

            • Persian پر por full
    • Italic *plēnos

      • Latin plēnus full, satisfied, plump

        • Sardinian prenu full
        • Eastern Romance

          • Romanian plin full
        • Western Romance

          • French plein full, plenty, solid, mid-
          • Italian pieno full
          • Spanish lleno full
        • Latin plenitas fullness, abundance

          • Western Romance

            • Old French plenté fullness, abundance

              • English plenty
        • Latin plēnitūdō fullness, abundance

          • Western Romance

            • French plénitude plentitude, fullness

              • English plenitude

                • English plentitude
            • Spanish plenitud plentiude
        • Latin plēnārius full, complete, absolute

          • Western Romance

            • French plénier complete, entire, plenary
          • English plenary
          • Italian plenario plenary
          • Spanish plenario plenary
  • Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ros full

    • Italic *plēros

      • Latin plērus most, almost all
  • Proto-Indo-European *pléh₁res

    • Hellenic

      • Ancient Greek πλήρης plḗrēs full, complete

        • Greek πλήρης plíris full, complete
  • Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁tós full

    • Albanian plotë full
    • Indo-Iranian *praHtás

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit प्रात prātá
  • Proto-Indo-European *polh₁ús much, many

    • Hellenic

      • Mycenaean Greek *𐀡𐀬 po-ru

        • Mycenaean Greek 𐀡𐀬𐀡𐀆 po-ru-po-de octopus "many-foot"
      • Ancient Greek πολῠ́ς polús many

        • English poly-
        • Ancient Greek πλείων pleíōn more

          • English Pl(e)iocene
        • Ancient Greek πλεῖστος pleîstos most

          • English Pleistocene
  • Proto-Indo-European *ploh₁is ~fuller

    • Italic *plous

      • Latin plūs more

        • Western Romance

          • French plus more
          • Italian più more
        • English plus
        • Latin plūrālis plural, moreness

          • Old French plurel

            • French pluriel
            • English plural
          • Italian plural
          • Spanish plural
        • Latin duplus double

          • Sardinaian dopiu
          • Western Romance

            • French double double

              • English double
            • Italian doppio double, dual, two-faced
            • Spanish doble
        • Latin manipulus handful, team, maniple (pre-Marian tactical unit)

          • English maniple
  • Proto-Indo-European *plh₁yó-s

    • Old Armenian լի

      • Armenian լի
      • Old Armenian լնում lnum to fill, to load, to complete, to spread
  • Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁go-s

    • Pre-Germanic *pulkaz

      • Germanic *fulką folk

        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse fólk people

            • Danish folk people, men, crew
            • Icelandic fólk people
        • West Germanic

          • Old English folc people, nation, tribe, crowd

            • English folk

              • English filk
            • Scots fowk folk, people
          • Frankish *folk

            • Dutch volk people, nation, tribe, common folk, working classes
            • Vulgar Latin *fulcus

              • Western Romance

                • French foule crowd, multitude, host
                • Italian folla crowd, mob, host
          • Old High German folk

            • German Volk people, nation, tribe, common folk, working classes, crowd, swarm, hive

              • Translingual Volkswagen
            • Yiddish פֿאָלק
        • Germanic *fulkiją collection of people, band, company, troop

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse fylki district, county, shire, battalion

              • Danish fylke county
              • Icelandic fylki province, county, state, matrix, array
          • West Germanic

            • Old English fylċe

              • Old English fylċian to marshall troops

                • English filch
          • Germanic *fulkijaz

            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse fylkir chief, king
      • Balto-Slavic pulkas

        • Lithuanian pul̃kas flock, crowd, regiment
        • Slavic *pъlkъ

          • East Slavic пълъкъ

            • Russian полк regiment
          • South Slavic

            • Serbo-Croatian пу̑к pȗk folk, people
          • West Slavic

            • Polish pułk regiment

              • German Pulk mob, throng, crowd
  • Proto-Indo-European ?

    • Hellenic

      • Ancient Greek πλήθω plḗthō I am full, I swell

        • Ancient Greek πληθώρη plēthṓrē fullness

          • Greek πληθώρα plithóra
          • Latin plēthōra plethora

            • English plethora
  • Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-nu-ti "~not-fulling?"

    • Old Armenian հեղում hełum pour, pour out, empty. spread, shed

      • Armenian հեղել hełel to spill

Visual

Collected English words

comply, compliment, complete, complement, accomplish, deplete, expletive, implement, replete, supply, supplement, ample, pleb, plebe, plebeian, plebiscite, full, fill, fulfill, plenty, plenitude, plentitude, plenary, poly-, Pl(e)iocene, Pleistocene, plus, plural, double, maniple, folk, filk, Volkswagen, filch, plethora