Teaser

work, work, energy, George, liturgy, surgeon, organic

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- to make

  • Proto-Indo-European *wérǵeti makes

    • Albanian argëtój I entertain, I amuse
    • Celtic *wregeti does, makes

      • Brythonic *gwrėɣɨd

        • Breton gran I make suppletive with ober borrowed from Latin
        • Cornish gwrav I make
        • Middle Welsh gwneuthur

          • Welsh gwneud doing, making
        • Pictish ᚒᚏᚏᚐᚉᚈ urract he made
      • Old Irish fairged they made
  • Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵti

    • Indo-Iranian *wr̥šti voicing assimilation from *wr̥ȷ́ti

      • Indo-Iranian *swawr̥šti

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀲𑁆𑀯𑀯𑀾𑀱𑁆𑀝𑀺 svávṛṣṭi epithet of Indra
  • Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵyéti makes intransitive/deponent imperfective?

    • Germanic *wurkijaną to work, to make

      • East Germanic

        • Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 waurkjan to work, to make
        • Crimean Gothic warthata made
      • North Germanic ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ worahto I made Tune Stone

        • Old Norse yrkja to work, to compose

          • Old West Norse

            • Icelandic yrkja to cultivate, to till
          • Middle English irken

            • English irk
          • Old Norse orka work, strength

            • Old East Norse

              • Danish orke
            • Old West Norse

              • Icelandic orka strength, power, energy
      • West Germanic

        • Old English wyrċan to make, to work, to do

          • Middle English werken

            • English work
            • Scots wark / wirk work
            • Yola woorkt worked
      • Finnic *pürkidäk to strive for, to tend to (do)

        • Finnish pyrkiä to strive to, to pursue, to aspire to be, to tend to (do)
      • Samic *përkëtēk to work

        • Northern Sámi bargat to do, to work

          • Northern Sámi bargu work, job
    • Hellenic *wreďďō

      • Classical Greek ῥέζω rhézō I do, I make, I act
    • Indo-Iranian *wr̥ȷ́yáti

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀯𑀾𑀚𑁆𑀬𑀢𑁂 vṛjyáte to be turned, to be twisted
      • Iranian

        • Avestan 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 vərəziieiti does, works
  • Proto-Indo-European *wérǵyeti transitive imperfective?

    • Albanian vërdhoj
    • Germanic *wirkijaną to make, to make happen

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse virkja

          • Old East Norse

            • Danish virke to work, to function, to affect, to seem

              • Icelandic virka to work, to function
          • Old West Norse

            • Icelandic virkja to make work, to harness, to exploit
      • West Germanic *wirkijan

        • Old English wyrċan to make, to work, to do

          • Middle English werken

            • English work
            • Scots wark / wirk work
            • Yola woorkt worked
        • Frankish *wirken

          • Middle Dutch werken

            • Dutch werken to work
        • Old High German wirken

          • Middle High German wirken

            • German wirken to work, to function, to seem, to take effect
    • Hellenic *wérďō

      • Mycenaean Greek 𐀺𐀽𐀁 wo-ze-e to work
      • Classical Greek ἔρδω érdō to act, to do, to perform
  • Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵtós worked, made adjective

    • Germanic *wurhtaz done, made, happened /past participle of *wurkijaną

      • West Germanic

        • Old English worht / ġeworht

          • Middle English wroghte

            • English wrought
      • Germanic *wurhtijō worker, workman, maker

        • West Germanic

          • Old English wyrhta worker, maker

            • Middle English wrighte / wurhte

              • English wright
          • Frankish *wurhto

            • Dutch wrecht worker, builder, wright
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Iranian

        • Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀 varšta done, complete, worked
  • Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom a work, a making

    • Old Armenian գործ gorc work, deed, action, business, effect

      • Armenian գործ gorc work, job, business
    • Germanic *werką work (noun)

      • North Germanic

        • Old Norse verk work

          • Old East Norse

            • Danish værk work, creation
          • Old West Norse

            • Icelandic verk work, chore, creation
          • Old Norse Bǫlverkr Bale-Worker, Evil-Doer (pseudonym of Odin)
      • West Germanic

        • Old English weorc

          • Old English Nīewe Weorc place name: New Work

            • Middle English

              • English Newark
          • Middle English werk / wirk / work

            • English work
            • Scots wark
            • Yola woork
        • Frankish *werk

          • Dutch werk task, job, chore, creation
        • Old High German werc

          • Middle High German wërc

            • German Werk creation, achievement, factory
        • Old Saxon

          • Middle High German werk

            • Middle High German bolwerk bulwark, stronghold

              • Dutch bolwerk

                • English bulwark
                • French boulevard

                  • English boulevard
    • Hellenic *wérgon

      • Classical Greek ἔργον érgon work, labor, task, deed, result of work, creation

        • Greek έργο work, project, creation
        • Classical Greek ἐργαλεῖον ergaleîon tool

          • Greek εργαλείο ergaleío tool

            • Greek εργαλειοθήκη ergaleiothíki toolbox
        • Classical Greek ἐργάτης ergátēs worker, laborer, capstan, winch

          • Greek εργάτης ergátis worker, laborer, servant, capstan, winch
          • Ottoman Turkish ارغات ırgat

            • Turkish ırgat laborer (archaic), capstan, winch
            • Albanian argat laborer
            • Serbo-Croatian аргат argat laborer, peasant
        • English ergo-

          • English ergonomic
    • Indo-Iranian *wárȷ́am

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀯𑀭𑁆𑀚 várja
      • Iranian

        • Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬆𐬨 varəzəm
    • Tocharian

      • Arshian wark wickerwork, basketry
  • Proto-Indo-European *wérǵos working, a work

    • Celtic *wergos active

      • Brythonic

        • Welsh gwery
      • Gaulish uercobretos chief magistrate of the Aedui

        • Latin vergobretus chief magistrate of the Aedui
    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek εργός ergós working, active, complete

        • German Allergie allergy learned construction "other-work", based on Energie

          • English allergy
        • Classical Greek πανοῦργος panoûrgos all-working, willing to do anything, treacherous, sly

          • French Panurge roguish character from Gargantua and Pantagruel
          • English panurgy
        • Classical Greek ἐνεργός energós at work, active

          • Classical Greek ἐνέργεια enérgeia activity, vigor, workmanship, cosmic force

            • Latin energia

              • English energy
              • German Energie
        • Classical Greek άεργος / ἀεργός aergós not working, idle, lazy, incomplete

          • Classical Greek ἀργός argós not working, idle, lazy, incomplete contraction

            • New Latin argon

              • Translingual Ar
              • English argon
            • Classical Greek λήθαργος lḗthargos forgetful, lethargic

              • Classical Greek ληθαργία lēthargía

                • English lethargy
    • Indo-Iranian

      • Indo-Aryan

        • Sanskrit 𑀊𑀭𑁆𑀚𑁆 ū́rj vigor, strength, sap
      • Iranian

        • Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰 varǝz strength, performance, work, activity
  • Proto-Indo-European *worǵós worker, maker

    • Hellenic *-worgós used in compounds

      • Mycenaean Greek -𐀺𐀒 -wo-ko

        • Mycenaean Greek 𐀂𐀋𐀫𐀺𐀒 i-je-ro-wo-ko priest
        • Mycenaean Greek 𐀆𐀓𐀶𐀺𐀒 de-ku-to-wo-ko net-maker
        • Mycenaean Greek 𐀓𐀬𐀰𐀺𐀒 ku-ru-so-wo-ko goldsmith
      • Classical Greek -ουργός -ourgós

        • Classical Greek γεωργός geōrgós tilling the ground, farmer "earth-work"

          • Classical Greek Γεώργιος Geṓrgios personal name: Farmer

            • Latin Geōrgius

              • English George
              • Low German Jürgen

                • German Jürgen
                • Danish Jørgen
        • Classical Greek χειρουργός kheirourgós craftsman, surgeon "hand-worker"

          • Latin chīrūrgus surgeon
          • Classical Greek χειρουργία kheirourgíā handiwork, handicraft, surgery

            • Latin chīrūrgia surgery

              • Western Romance

                • Old French surgie

                  • English surgery
              • Latin *chīrurgiānus

                • Western Romance

                  • Old French cerorgien / surgien / cirurgiien

                    • Middle French chirurgien

                      • French chirurgien
                    • Middle Dutch cirurgijn

                      • Dutch chirurgijn
                    • Middle English surgien / cirurgien

                      • English surgeon / chirurgeon
        • Classical Greek δημιουργός dēmiourgós skilled worker, craftsman, builder, public engineer, magistrate

          • Koine Greek Δημιουργός Dēmiourgós Demiurge

            • English Demiurge
        • Classical Greek Λῠκοῦργος Lukoûrgos personal name: Wolf-Worker

          • Latin Lycurgus

            • English Lycurgus
        • Classical Greek λειτουργός leitourgós public servant "townhall worker"

          • Classical Greek λειτουργία leitourgíā public service, ministration

            • Greek λειτουργία leitourgía function, service, liturgy, Mass
            • Latin lītūrgia liturgy

              • English liturgy
        • Classical Greek μεταλλουργός metallourgós miner, metal-worker

          • French métallurgie

            • English metallurgy
  • Proto-Indo-European *wérǵih₂

    • Celtic *wergā anger

      • Old Irish ferg anger, wrath

        • Irish fearg anger
  • Proto-Indo-European *worǵéh₂

    • Hellenic *worgā́

      • Classical Greek ὀργή orgḗ temper, passion, anger, temperament

        • Greek οργή orgí rage, anger
        • Classical Greek ὀργάω orgáō I am eager, I am excited, I ripen, I am aroused

          • Classical Greek ὀργασμός orgasmós eagerness, arousal, orgasm

            • Greek οργασμός orgasmós
            • French orgasme

              • English orgasm
        • Classical Greek ὀργίζω orgízō I anger, I irritate, I become angry

          • Greek οργίζω orgízo I anger, I enrage
        • Classical Greek ὄργια órgia secret rituals, cultic practices

          • Latin orgia secret revel, festival of Bacchus, orgy

            • French orgie

              • English orgy
  • Proto-Indo-European *worǵnom tool for work

    • Hellenic *worganon

      • Classical Greek ὄργανον órganon tool, instrument, musical instrument, sense organ

        • Greek όργανο órgano body organ, musical instrument, appliance, equipment
        • Aramaic 𐡀𐡅𐡓𐡂𐡍𐡅𐡍 ʾōrganōn instrument, tool, vessel, body organ
        • Old Armenian երգիոն ergion (pipe) organ

          • Armenian երգեհոն ergehon (pipe) organ
        • Latin organum implement, tool, musical instrument

          • French organe organ

            • English organ
          • French orgue (pipe) organ

            • English orgue
            • Persian ارگ org (pipe) organ
          • Latin organicus

            • French organique

              • English organic
          • Medieval Latin organismus organism

            • English organism

              • English cyborg
          • Medieval Latin organizāre to organize

            • Middle French organiser

              • French organiser to organize
              • Middle English organizen

                • English organize
            • Medieval Latin organizātiō / organizātiōnem

              • Middle French organisation

                • French organisation
                • English organisation / organization
        • Persian ارغنون arğanun (pipe) organ

Visual

Collected English words

cyborg, George, Newark, surgery, surgeon, bulwark, boulevard, Lycurgus, irk, work, wrought, wright, work, ergo-, ergonomic, energy, Ar, argon, lethargy, panurgy, allergy, Demiurge, liturgy, metallurgy, orgasm, orgy, organ, orgue, organic, organism, organize, organisation

Footnotes

1. ^

   I've always associated the Gnostic Demiurge with demigod, and assumed it was demi-: "half". But that's a Latin prefix. Demiurge actually has the demi- meaning "people, public" as in democracy or demographic instead—a dēmiourgós was a public craftsman, often an engineer of public works.