Introduction

One neat discovery in this family is that English has words from three different compoundings of *h₃ekʷ- with *h₂énti: "opposite, near, in front" three different times: compounded in Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti-h₃kʷós goes through Latin antiquus to give antique and antic; compounded again in Late Latin as *anteocularis it goes through Old French antoillier to give antler; and finally compounded in scientific English of Greek roots as anti-optic.

Teaser

eye, daisy, window, antique, antler, binocular, person

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- to see, eye, to eye

  • Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs eye

    • Proto-Indo-European *h₂nḗr-h₃ókʷs?? man-seeming??

      • Hellenic *ǝntʰrokʷos person, human

        • Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀵𐀫𐀦 a-to-ro-qo person, human
        • Arcadocypriot 𐠀𐠰𐠦𐠡𐠩 a-to-ro-po-se men
        • Classical Greek ἄνθρωπος ánthrōpos person, human, mankind

          • Greek άνθρωπος ánthropos person, human
          • Classical Greek μισάνθρωπος misánthrōpos misanthropic, human-hating

            • Classical Greek μισανθρωπία misanthrōpía misanthropy, human-hatred

              • English misanthropy

                • English misanthrope
          • Classical Greek λῠκάνθρωπος lukánthrōpos werewolf, wolf-man, lycanthrope

            • Greek λυκάνθρωπος lykánthropos
            • English lycanthrope
            • Classical Syriac ܩܢܛܪܘܦܘܣ qanṭropos werewolf, lycanthrope

              • Arabic قطرب quṭrub werewolf, lycanthrope
          • Classical Greek ἄνθρωπολόγος anthrōpologos discussion of a human, discussion of humanity

            • New Latin anthropologia

              • French anthropologie

                • English anthropology
          • English anthropo-

            • English anthropomorphic
            • English Anthropocene
    • Balto-Slavic *aks

      • Baltic

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian akìs eye
        • West Baltic

          • Old Prussian ackis eye
      • Slavic *ȍko

        • East Slavic

          • Ukrainian око oko eye
        • South Slavic

          • Old Church Slavonic ⱁⰽⱁ / око oko eye, sight
          • Serbo-Croatian око / oko eye
        • West Slavic

          • Czech oko eye
          • Polish oko eye, sight
        • Slavic *okъnò window

          • East Slavic окно okno

            • Russian окно okno window
            • Ukrainian вікно vikno window
          • South Slavic

            • Old Church Slavonic окно okno

              • Romanian ocnă mine, prison
            • Serbo-Croatian окно / okno pane, shaft, pit
          • West Slavic

            • Czech okno window
            • Polish okno window, shaft
          • Finnic *akkuna window

            • Estonian aken window
            • Finnish akkuna window dialectic
            • Finnic *ikkuna window variant

              • Finnish ikkuna window
          • Hungarian akna window
    • Celtic *okʷs eye

      • Gaulish ops eye

        • Gaulish exops eyeless, blind

          • Latin ab oculīs blind

            • Western Romance

              • Old French avogle / aveule blind, blind person

                • Middle French avegule

                  • French aveugle

                    • Haitian Creole aveg blind
        • Gaulish *sacrap- evil eye
        • Gaulish Cenopillus
    • Pre-Germanic *agz?

      • Germanic *augô eye modified by association with *ausô: "ear" from *h₂ṓws

        • East Germanic

          • Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 augō eye
          • Crimean Gothic oeghene eyes only attested in plural
        • North Germanic

          • Old Norse auga eye

            • Dalecarlian

              • Övdalian oga eye
            • Old East Norse

              • Danish øje eye
              • Swedish öga eye
            • Old West Norse

              • Faroese eyga eye, view
              • Icelandic auga eye
            • Old Norse vindauga window

              • Danish vindue window
              • Swedish vindöga window (archaic)
              • English window

                • English windowpane
              • Irish fuinneog window
            • Old Norse augasteinn pupil (of the eye)

              • Old East Norse

                • Danish øjesten apple of one's eye
                • Swedish ögonsten apple of one's eye
              • Old West Norse

                • Icelandic augasteinn pupil, lens
        • West Germanic *augā

          • Old English ēage eye

            • Old English dæġes ēage daisy lit. "day's eye"

              • Middle English dayesye daisy

                • English daisy
            • Middle English eyȝe / eie / eye eye

              • English eye
              • Scots ee eye
              • Yola iee eye
            • Old English ēagþyrel window lit "eye-hole"
          • Frankish *oga

            • Middle Dutch oge eye, gaze

              • Dutch oog eye
          • Old High German ouga eye

            • Middle High German ouge eye

              • German Auge eye
              • Yiddish אויג oyg eye
          • West Germanic *augāhlid eyelid

            • Old English *ēaghlid

              • Middle English

                • English eyelid
            • Frankish *ogahlid

              • Middle Dutch

                • Dutch ooglid eyelid
            • Old High German *ougenhlit

              • Middle High German

                • German Augenlid eyelid
        • Germanic *augjaz eyed, having eyes (of a certain type)

          • North Germanic

            • Proto-Norse augiʀ

              • Proto-Norse ᚷᛚᛇᚨᚢᚷᛁᛉ glïaugiʀ gleaming? eyed
              • Old Norse eygr
        • Germanic *augijaną to show, to cause to see

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 augjan to show
          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse eygja to eye

              • Old West Norse

                • Icelandic eygja
          • West Germanic

            • Old English īewan to show, to appear
            • Old Saxon ōgian

              • Low German ögen

                • Low German ögelen frequentive

                  • English ogle
    • Hellenic *ókʷs

      • Hellenic *áitʰ-ókʷs "eye-burning"

        • Classical Greek αἶθοψ aîthops gleaming, sparkling, blazing
      • Hellenic *áitʰiókʷs

        • Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀂𐀴𐀍𐀦 a-i-ti-jo-qo Ethiopian
        • Classical Greek Αἰθίοψ Aithíops Ethiopian

          • Classical Greek Αἰθιοπία Ethiopia

            • Latin Aethiopia Ethiopia

              • English Ethiopia

                • Hawaiʻian ʻAikiopa Ethiopia
            • Amharic ኢትዮጵያ ʾityop̣p̣ya Ethiopia
      • Classical Greek κώνωψ kṓnōps gnat, mosquito

        • Classical Greek κωνώπιον kōnṓpion diminutive

          • Greek κουνούπι kounoúpi mosquito

            • Aromanian cunupi mosquito
        • Classical Greek κωνωπεῖον kōnōpeîon an Egyptian couch with mosquito netting

          • Latin cōnōpēum / canōpēum / canāpēum mosquito net, canopy, seat with a canopy

            • Western Romance

              • Old French conope / canope

                • Middle French

                  • French canapé sofa, hors d’oeuvre, canapé

                    • English canapé
                    • Greek καναπές kanapés sofa, settee
                • Middle English canape / canapy / canope canopy

                  • English canopy

                    • French canopée (forest) canopy
                    • Spanish canopy / canopi (canopy) zipline
      • Classical Greek ὄψ / ὤψ óps ṓps eye, face

        • Translingual Camelops a taxonomic genus of extinct camels

          • Translingual Camelops hesternus species name: Yesterday's Camel
        • Translingual Ceratops an obsolete taxonomic genus of ornithiscian dinosaurs

          • Translingual Ceratopsia the Ceratopsians, a taxonomic suborder of ornithiscian dinosaurs
          • Translingual Triceratops a taxonomic genus of Ceratopsians lit. "three horn face"
      • Classical Greek ὀφθαλμός ophthalmós

        • Greek οφθαλμός ofthalmós eye, bud
        • English ophthalmo-
    • Indo-Iranian *Hákš eye

      • Indo-Aryan *Hákṣ

        • Indo-Aryan *anHákṣ

          • Vedic Sanskrit 𑀅𑀦𑀓𑁆 अनक् anák blind
    • Tocharian *ëk

      • Arshian ak eye
      • Kushean ek eye
      • Tocharian *tärrek blind ^[1]

        • Arshian trak blind
        • Kushean tärrek blind
      • Tocharian *tāpāki- mirror

        • Arshian tāpaki mirror
        • Kushean tapākye mirror
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷih₁ eyes (dual)

      • Pre-Albanian *asī

        • Albanian sy eye
      • Old Armenian աչք ačʻkʻ eyes, sight
      • Hellenic *óťťe

        • Classical Greek ὄσσε ósse eyes
      • Indo-Iranian *HáčiH

        • Indo-Iranian *Hákši eye

          • Indo-Aryan *Hákṣi

            • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀺 ákṣi eye

              • Elu

                • Dhivehi ލޮަ loa eye
                • Sinhala ඇස æsa eye
              • Magadhi

                • Bengali আঁখ ãkh eye
              • Sauraseni 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺 akkhi

                • Madhya Sauraseni

                  • Hindi आँख ā̃kh eye, sight
                • Northwestern Sauraseni

                  • Kashmiri أچھ ạch eye
                  • Punjabi ਅੱਖ akkh eye, sight
                • Western Sauraseni

                  • Romani jakh eye
              • Telugu அக்கு akku eye
          • Iranian *Háxši *Háši

            • Avestan 𐬀𐬱𐬌 aši eyes
            • Western Iranian

              • Old Persian

                • Middle Persian 𐭠𐭱 āš

                  • Persian اش aš -eye
      • Nuristani

        • Ashkun aćī́ eye
        • Kamviri ačé eye
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₁én-h₃ókʷih₁ in the (two) eyes, seen

        • Tocharian

          • Kushean yneś obvious, real

            • Kushean yneśaññe the present, the current time
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷō *h₃kʷn-

      • Old Armenian ակն akn eye

        • Armenian ակն akn eye
    • Proto-Indo-European *-h₃kʷos combining form

      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂époh₃kʷos looking back

        • Balto-Slavic

          • East Baltic

            • Lithuanian apúokas eagle owl for being able to turn their head around and look backward
          • Slavic *opakъ

            • South Slavic

              • Serbo-Croatian опак opak wicked, spiteful, severe
        • Germanic *abuhaz backwards, inverted, wicked

          • East Germanic

            • Gothic 𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌺𐍃 ibuks backward, back
          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse ǫfugr / afigr backward, unkind, harsh

              • Old East Norse

                • Danish avet backward
              • Old West Norse

                • Icelandic öfugur backward, inverted, wrong, inside out, queer
              • Middle English awke

                • English awk
                • Middle English aukeward in the wrong direction

                  • English awkward
          • West Germanic

            • Old English *afuh

              • Old English afuhlic perverse, evil
            • Old High German abuh

              • Middle High German ebich

                • German äbich inside out
      • Indo-Iranian

        • Indo-Aryan

          • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀧𑀸𑀜𑁆𑀘𑁆 apāñc facing backward, behind, western
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₁éni-h₃kʷos face lit. "in-eye"

        • Celtic *enīkʷom face

          • Brythonic *eneb face

            • Breton eneb face, honor, opposite
            • Cornish enep face, surface
            • Old Welsh enep surface, page
          • Primitive Irish *ineqa-

            • Primitive Irish ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ ineqaglas personal name: Green/Blue/Grey-Face
            • Old Irish enech face, front, honor

              • Middle Irish enech / einech / ainech

                • Irish oineach honor, honorary
          • Celtic *eɸi-enīkʷom

            • Brythonic *eieneb

              • Welsh wyneb face
        • Hellenic *enōkʷā́

          • Classical Greek ἐνωπή enōpḗ face
        • Indo-Iranian *HániHkas

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀦𑀻𑀓 ánīka face, appearance, front
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti-h₃kʷos in front of the eye, before the eye, across from the eye

        • Indo-Iranian

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀓 antiká near, close by, across from
        • Italic *antīkʷos

          • Latin antīquus former, earlier, old

            • Central Romance

              • Italian antico old, ancient

                • English antic
            • Old French antic

              • Middle French

                • French antique

                  • English antique
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁tro-h₃kʷs fire-sight, seeming like a fire

        • Italic *ātrōks

          • Latin atrox terrible, frightening, fierce, cruel

            • Central Romance

              • Italian atroce atrocious, dreadful, ghastly
            • Western Romance

              • Spanish atroz atrocious, horrible, appalling
            • Latin atrocitas atrocity, suffering, disaster

              • English atrocity
      • Proto-Indo-European *ni-h₃kʷos below the eye, looking downward
      • Proto-Indo-European *préti-h₃kʷos in front of the eye, towards the eye

        • Hellenic

          • Archaic Ionic Greek *protiōpon

            • Classical Greek πρόσωπον prósōpon
            • Etruscan 𐌘𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌖 φersu mask, masked actor

              • Etruscan *φersuna

                • Latin persōna mask, character, role, personality, grammatical person

                  • Central Romance

                    • Italian persona person, someone, anyone
                  • Western Romance

                    • Old French persone person, individual, rector of a parish, someone

                      • Middle French

                        • French personne / persoun person, grammatical person, no one, anyone
                      • Middle English persoun / personne

                        • English person
                        • English parson
                  • English persona

                    • Japanese ペルソナ perusona persona
                  • Latin persōnālis

                    • English personal
                    • French personnel

                      • English personnel
        • Indo-Iranian

          • Indo-Aryan

            • Sanskrit 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀢𑀻𑀓 prátīka surface, form, appearance, image
        • Tocharian

          • Kushean pratsāko chest, breast
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₂nḗroh₃ókʷs?? man-seeming??
      • Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dʰéreh₃kʷós?? seen below?? earthly??

        • Hellenic *ǝntʰrokʷos person, human

          • Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀵𐀫𐀦 a-to-ro-qo person, human
          • Arcadocypriot 𐠀𐠰𐠦𐠡𐠩 a-to-ro-po-se men
          • Classical Greek ἄνθρωπος ánthrōpos person, human, mankind

            • Greek άνθρωπος ánthropos person, human
            • Classical Greek μισάνθρωπος misánthrōpos misanthropic, human-hating

              • Classical Greek μισανθρωπία misanthrōpía misanthropy, human-hatred

                • English misanthropy

                  • English misanthrope
            • Classical Greek λῠκάνθρωπος lukánthrōpos werewolf, wolf-man, lycanthrope

              • Greek λυκάνθρωπος lykánthropos
              • English lycanthrope
              • Classical Syriac ܩܢܛܪܘܦܘܣ qanṭropos werewolf, lycanthrope

                • Arabic قطرب quṭrub werewolf, lycanthrope
            • Classical Greek ἄνθρωπολόγος anthrōpologos discussion of a human, discussion of humanity

              • New Latin anthropologia

                • French anthropologie

                  • English anthropology
            • English anthropo-

              • English anthropomorphic
              • English Anthropocene
    • Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷelos

      • Italic *okʷelos eye

        • Latin oculus / oclus eye, sight

          • Latin ab oculīs blind

            • Western Romance

              • Old French avogle / aveule blind, blind person

                • Middle French avegule

                  • French aveugle

                    • Haitian Creole aveg blind
          • Central Romance

            • Dalmatian uaclo eye
            • Italian occhio eye
          • Eastern Romance

            • Aromanian oclju eye
            • Romanian ochi eye
          • Insular Romance

            • Sardinian ogru eye
          • Western Romance

            • Catalan ull eye
            • Old French ol / oil / ueil eye

              • Middle French œil eye

                • French œil eye

                  • French trompe-l’œil

                    • English trompe l’oeil
            • Spanish ojo eye
          • English oculus
          • Latin ocularis

            • French oculaire

              • French binoculaire

                • English binocular
          • Latin inoculare to graft (an eye or bud) of one tree into another, to implant

            • English inoculate
          • Latin *anteocularis in front of the eyes

            • Western Romance

              • Old French antoillier antler, horn ^[2]

                • French andouiller tine of an antler
                • Middle English

                  • English antler
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₃ékʷmn̥ a seeing, a look action/result noun

    • Hellenic *ókʷmə

      • Archaic Greek *ópma

        • Aeolic Greek ὄππα
        • Ionic Greek

          • Classical Greek ὄμμα eye, light, face oblique stem ὄμματ- ómmat-

            • Classical Greek ὀμμάτιον diminutive

              • Byzantine Greek μάτιν matin

                • Greek μάτι máti eye
            • Translingual Ommata taxonomic genus of longhorn beetles
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₃kʷtós seen, visible

    • Hellenic

      • Classical Greek ὀπτός optós seen, visible

        • Classical Greek ὀπτικός optikós visual, optical

          • Latin opticus

            • English optic

              • English anti-optic
  • Proto-Indo-European *h₃ékʷtis

    • Classical Greek ὄψις ópsis view, sight, countenance

      • Greek όψη ópsi appearance, aspect

        • Classical Greek σύνοψις súnopsis seeing all together, general view, synopsis, estimate

          • Latin synopsis list, synopsis, overview

            • English synopsis
  • Proto-Indo-European *?-h₃ókʷo-

    • Anatolian *sṓgʷos eye

      • Hittite 𒃲𒄭𒀀𒅖 šakawiš eye
      • Luwic

        • Cuneiform Luwian 𒁕𒀀𒌋𒄿𒅖 tāwīš⁠ eye
        • Hieroglyphic Luwian 𔑰𔗬 ta-wa- eye
        • Lycian 𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊁 tewe eyes

          • Lycian 𐊑𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊚 ñtewẽ facing, opposite, towards

Visual

Collected English words

daisy, misanthropy, misanthrope, anthropology, anthropo-, anthropomorphic, Anthropocene, eye, eyelid, ogle, Ceratops, ophthalmo-, awk, awkward, antic, antique, person, parson, persona, personal, personnel, trompe l’oeil, oculus, binocular, inoculate, antler, Ommata, optic, anti-optic, synopsis, Ceratopsia, Triceratops, windowpane, atrocity, window, lycanthrope, Camelops, Camelops hesternus, Ethiopia, canapé, canopy

Footnotes

1. ^

   In Tocharian *tärrek: "blind, blind person", the second element is ek: "eye", while the the first element is probably cognate to "stare". Compare West Germanic *stareblind: "completely blind", which gives Dutch staarblind, Old English stæreblind, and German Star-deu-Latn: "cataract (eye disease)".

2. ^

   Latin *anteocularis: "in front of the eyes"—Old French antoillier: "antler, horn", English antler—effectively re-creates Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti-h₃kʷos: "in front of the eye"—whence Latin antiquus, antique.