Introduction

*ḱer(h₁)-: "to grow, to make grow, to increase" is mostly in the western IE languages; *ḱer-: "to braid, to weave, rope" is mostly in the east, with only Greek and Armenian having both forms. I would suspect the western *ḱerh₁-: "to make grow" form is a derived root adding *-h₁- and extending the meaning from "to weave".

The problem is that clashes the possible derivation of *ḱer(h₂)-: "horn, head, top" from *ḱer(h₁)- "grow" with a *-h₂ collective, since *ḱer(h₂)-: "horn, head, top" appears throughout IE languages. Unless "horn, head, top" is actually from the *ḱers- "fur, bristle" meaning, and is that from "grow" or "woven rope"?

It is also tempting to connect *ḱorwos: "a young man" (Classical Greek κόρος kóros: "boy, youth") with *kóryos: "band of young men as warrior-hunters". But satem forms show that *ḱer(h₂)-: "horn" must be *ḱ and *kóryos must be *k. *ḱer(h₁)-: "to grow, to increase" is almost entirely found in centum languages except for Armenian սերմ serm: "seed"; so on both phonological and semantic grounds, *kóryos is a less likely connection.

Teaser

creole, griot, creature, concrete, crescent, cereal, Ce

Full Text

• Proto-Indo-European *ḱer- to braid, to weave, a woven rope

  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱéryeti with *-yóh₂ first person

    • Pre-Albanian *tsurja

      • Albanian thur to braid, to knit, to interweave, to fence in
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥éh₁ti with *-éh₁mi first person

    • Old Armenian սարիմ sarim to set up, to spin, to throw

      • Armenian սարել sarel
    • Proto-Indo-European *ḱer(h₁)- to grow, to increase re-analyzed root extension?

      • Proto-Indo-European *ḱreh₁eh₂yéti make grow transitive

        • Italic *kreāō

          • Latin creāre I create, I give birth to, I prepare, I choose

            • Central Romance

              • Italian creare to create, to appoint, to set up
            • Western Romance

              • French créer to create
              • Spanish criar to rear (a child)
              • Portuguese criar

                • Portuguese cria one who is raise, offspring, kid, ward

                  • Portuguese crioulo someone raised in the colonies, creole

                    • Spanish criollo someone raised in the colonies, creole

                      • English creole
            • Spanish crear to create reborrowed from Latin
            • Latin creātus created, begotten, chosen

              • Western Romance

                • Portuguese criado servant

                  • French griot

                    • English griot
                • Spanish criado servant
              • English create
              • Late Latin creātūra a creation, a created thing, a creature

                • English creature
      • Proto-Indo-European *ḱreh₁sḱéti is growing iterative/continuative

        • Italic *krēskō

          • Latin crēscere I increase, I thrive, I become visible

            • Central Romance

              • Italian crescere to grow
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian crește grow, increase, raise, cultivate
            • Insular Romance

              • Sardinian creschi
            • Western Romance

              • French croître to grow
              • Spanish crecer to grow
            • Latin accrēscere

              • Central Romance

                • Italian accrescere to increase
              • Western Romance

                • French accroître to increase

                  • French accrû increased past participle

                    • English accrue
                • Spanish acrecer to increase
              • Latin accrētiō increment

                • English accretion
              • Latin concrēscere I thicken, condense, curdle, stiffen, congeal

                • Latin concrētus condensed, thick, hardened, solid past participle

                  • English concrete ^[2]
            • Latin dēcrēscere

              • Western Romance

                • French décroître to decrease

                  • English decrease
            • Latin incrēscere I grow in, I swell

              • Central Romance

                • Italian increscere to regret
              • Western Romance

                • Old French encroistre to increase

                  • Anglo-Norman encreistre to increase

                    • English increase
              • Latin incrēmentum growth, development, increment

                • English increment
            • Latin crēscēns increasing, thriving, becoming visible active participle

              • Central Romance

                • Italian crescente growing, rising, waxing (moon)

                  • Italian crescente sourdough
              • Western Romance

                • French croissant crescent, crescent moon, croissant

                  • English crescent
                  • English croissant
                • Spanish creciente crescent of a waxing moon, increasing
            • Latin crēscendus that which is to increase, that which is to become visible future passive participle

              • Central Romance

                • Italian crescendo growing, increasing

                  • English crescendo

                    • Japanese クレッシェンド kuresshendo crescendo
                  • Spanish crescendo crescendo
              • Western Romance

                • Spanish creciendo growingly
      • Proto-Indo-European *ḱorwos growing, a thing or person who is growing

        • Hellenic *kórwā

          • Mycenaean Greek 𐀒𐀷 ko-wa girl, maiden
          • Classical Greek κόρη kórē girl, maiden

            • Greek kóri daughter, girl, kore (statue)
            • English kore Classical Greek statue of a woman
            • Classical Greek Κόρη Kórē the Maiden, divine epithet of Persephone ^[3]
        • Hellenic *kórwos

          • Mycenaean Greek 𐀒𐀺 ko-wo boy, youth
          • Classical Greek κόρος kóros boy, youth

            • English kouros Classical Greek statue of a (naked) youth
            • Classical Greek Δῐόσκουροι Dióskouroi the Twins Castor and Pollux lit. "Zeus's Boys"

              • Latin Dioscūrī

                • English Dioscuri
        • Proto-Indo-European *kóryos must be *k not *ḱ
      • Proto-Indo-European *ḱeres-s growthful?

        • Germanic *hirsaz

          • Germanic *hirsijô

            • North Germanic

              • Old Norse

                • Danish hirse millet
                • Icelandic hirsi millet
                • Finnish hirssi millet
            • West Germanic

              • Old High German hirso millet

                • German Hirse millet
                • Yiddish הירזש hirzh millet
        • Italic *kerēs

          • Latin Cerēs

            • English Ceres a Roman goddes, a dwarf planet
            • Latin Cerealis of Ceres

              • French céréale cereal all meanings

                • English cereal
            • New Latin ceria cerium oxide after the planet/asteroid/dwarf planet Ceres

              • English cerium
              • Translingual Ce
      • Proto-Indo-European *ḱermn̥ grown resultative

        • Old Armenian սերմն sermn seed, berry, bud, progeny, race

          • Armenian սերմ serm seed
      • Proto-Indo-European *sem-ḱer-

        • Italic

          • Latin sincērus clean, sound, uninjured, natural, sincere

            • Central Romance

              • Italian sincero sincere, honest
            • Eastern Romance

              • Romanian sincer sincere
            • Western Romance

              • French sincère sincere

                • English sincere
              • Spanish sincero sincere, honest
      • Proto-Indo-European *ḱer(h₂)- horn, head, top
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥tus spinning action noun

    • Old Armenian սարդ sard spider

      • Armenian սարդ sard spider
      • Georgian ზარდლი zardli spider archaic
      • Turkish sart spider, cobweb dialectal
      • Old Armenian սարդիոստայն sardiostayn spiderweb

        • Armenian սարդոստայն sardostayn spiderweb
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥nos

    • Indo-Iranian *ćr̥nas
    • Indo-Aryan *śṛṅas rope? woven?

      • Indo-Aryan *śṛṅ-kʰaras chain probably with *kʰaras: "hard, sharp, iron"; "iron rope"?, "hard woven"?

        • Sanskrit 𑀰𑀾𑀗𑁆𑀔𑀮 śṛṅkhala chain, belt, fetter

          • Magadhi

            • Bengali শিকল śikol chain
          • Maharashtri 𑀲𑀗𑁆𑀓𑀮𑀻 saṅkalī

            • Marathi साखळी sākhḷī chain
          • Sauraseni 𑀲𑀁𑀓𑀮 saṃkala

            • Hindi साँकल sā̃kal chain, door latch, leash, necklace chain
          • Hindi शृंखला śŕṅkhlā series, mountain range, chain, shackle
          • Malay sengkela chain, shackles
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥yos

    • Hellenic *kəřřós

      • Classical Greek καῖρος kaîros thrums, the ends of the warp threads attached to the loom
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱorkom?

    • Pre-Albanian *tsarka

      • Albanian thark pen for animals, large basket for hay, storage shed for corn
  • Proto-Indo-European ḱr̥yéh₂?

    • Old Armenian սարիք sarikʿ rope, sling
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- fibrous, rough, hairy root extension, Balto-Slavic innovation? ^[1]

    • Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥stís

      • Balto-Slavic

        • Slavic *sь̑rstь fur, hair, wool

          • East Slavic

            • Russian шерсть šerstʹ fur, wool, worsted
            • Ukrainian шерсть šerstʹ wool
          • West Slavic

            • Czech srst fur, animal hair
            • Polish sierść fur, animal hair
    • Proto-Indo-European *ḱérsus

      • Balto-Slavic

        • East Baltic

          • Lithuanian šerỹs bristle
  • Proto-Indo-European *ḱer(h₁)- to grow, to increase re-analyzed root extension?

    • Proto-Indo-European *ḱreh₁eh₂yéti make grow transitive

      • Italic *kreāō

        • Latin creāre I create, I give birth to, I prepare, I choose

          • Central Romance

            • Italian creare to create, to appoint, to set up
          • Western Romance

            • French créer to create
            • Spanish criar to rear (a child)
            • Portuguese criar

              • Portuguese cria one who is raise, offspring, kid, ward

                • Portuguese crioulo someone raised in the colonies, creole

                  • Spanish criollo someone raised in the colonies, creole

                    • English creole
          • Spanish crear to create reborrowed from Latin
          • Latin creātus created, begotten, chosen

            • Western Romance

              • Portuguese criado servant

                • French griot

                  • English griot
              • Spanish criado servant
            • English create
            • Late Latin creātūra a creation, a created thing, a creature

              • English creature
    • Proto-Indo-European *ḱreh₁sḱéti is growing iterative/continuative

      • Italic *krēskō

        • Latin crēscere I increase, I thrive, I become visible

          • Central Romance

            • Italian crescere to grow
          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian crește grow, increase, raise, cultivate
          • Insular Romance

            • Sardinian creschi
          • Western Romance

            • French croître to grow
            • Spanish crecer to grow
          • Latin accrēscere

            • Central Romance

              • Italian accrescere to increase
            • Western Romance

              • French accroître to increase

                • French accrû increased past participle

                  • English accrue
              • Spanish acrecer to increase
            • Latin accrētiō increment

              • English accretion
            • Latin concrēscere I thicken, condense, curdle, stiffen, congeal

              • Latin concrētus condensed, thick, hardened, solid past participle

                • English concrete ^[2]
          • Latin dēcrēscere

            • Western Romance

              • French décroître to decrease

                • English decrease
          • Latin incrēscere I grow in, I swell

            • Central Romance

              • Italian increscere to regret
            • Western Romance

              • Old French encroistre to increase

                • Anglo-Norman encreistre to increase

                  • English increase
            • Latin incrēmentum growth, development, increment

              • English increment
          • Latin crēscēns increasing, thriving, becoming visible active participle

            • Central Romance

              • Italian crescente growing, rising, waxing (moon)

                • Italian crescente sourdough
            • Western Romance

              • French croissant crescent, crescent moon, croissant

                • English crescent
                • English croissant
              • Spanish creciente crescent of a waxing moon, increasing
          • Latin crēscendus that which is to increase, that which is to become visible future passive participle

            • Central Romance

              • Italian crescendo growing, increasing

                • English crescendo

                  • Japanese クレッシェンド kuresshendo crescendo
                • Spanish crescendo crescendo
            • Western Romance

              • Spanish creciendo growingly
    • Proto-Indo-European *ḱorwos growing, a thing or person who is growing

      • Hellenic *kórwā

        • Mycenaean Greek 𐀒𐀷 ko-wa girl, maiden
        • Classical Greek κόρη kórē girl, maiden

          • Greek kóri daughter, girl, kore (statue)
          • English kore Classical Greek statue of a woman
          • Classical Greek Κόρη Kórē the Maiden, divine epithet of Persephone ^[3]
      • Hellenic *kórwos

        • Mycenaean Greek 𐀒𐀺 ko-wo boy, youth
        • Classical Greek κόρος kóros boy, youth

          • English kouros Classical Greek statue of a (naked) youth
          • Classical Greek Δῐόσκουροι Dióskouroi the Twins Castor and Pollux lit. "Zeus's Boys"

            • Latin Dioscūrī

              • English Dioscuri
      • Proto-Indo-European *kóryos must be *k not *ḱ
    • Proto-Indo-European *ḱeres-s growthful?

      • Germanic *hirsaz

        • Germanic *hirsijô

          • North Germanic

            • Old Norse

              • Danish hirse millet
              • Icelandic hirsi millet
              • Finnish hirssi millet
          • West Germanic

            • Old High German hirso millet

              • German Hirse millet
              • Yiddish הירזש hirzh millet
      • Italic *kerēs

        • Latin Cerēs

          • English Ceres a Roman goddes, a dwarf planet
          • Latin Cerealis of Ceres

            • French céréale cereal all meanings

              • English cereal
          • New Latin ceria cerium oxide after the planet/asteroid/dwarf planet Ceres

            • English cerium
            • Translingual Ce
    • Proto-Indo-European *ḱermn̥ grown resultative

      • Old Armenian սերմն sermn seed, berry, bud, progeny, race

        • Armenian սերմ serm seed
    • Proto-Indo-European *sem-ḱer-

      • Italic

        • Latin sincērus clean, sound, uninjured, natural, sincere

          • Central Romance

            • Italian sincero sincere, honest
          • Eastern Romance

            • Romanian sincer sincere
          • Western Romance

            • French sincère sincere

              • English sincere
            • Spanish sincero sincere, honest
    • Proto-Indo-European *ḱer(h₂)- horn, head, top

Visual

Collected English words

creole, griot, create, creature, accrue, accretion, concrete, decrease, increase, increment, crescent, croissant, crescendo, kore, kouros, Dioscuri, Ceres, cereal, cerium, Ce, sincere

Footnotes

1. ^

   Proto-Indo-European *ḱers-: "fibrous, rough, hairy" has been suggested as an origin for Germanic *hērą: "hair", but I think *hērą is better explained as *kesróm: "what is combed", compare the derivation of here.

2. ^

   Many languages borrow the Latin concretus for the adjective meaning "tangible, not abstract", but mostly only English uses it for the building material. Most other Latin-borrowing languages derive the word for the building material from Latin bitūmen (mineral pitch, bitumen) instead. Latin did not have a word for "concrete" distinct from "cement".

3. ^

   Persephone is called the Maiden, in relation to Demeter the Mother. Ceres, in the interpretatio graeca, is considered analogous Demeter.