February theme: Weather ⛈️

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Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁- to blow (of wind) ^[1]

Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁(n)-ti to be blowing imperfective
- Balto-Slavic *wḗˀtei
  - East Baltic
    
    Lithuanian vėtyti to winnow
  - Slavic *vějati to blow (of wind), to winnow
    
    East Slavic
    
    Russian ве́ять véjatʹ to blow gently, to flutter, to winnow
    
    South Slavic
    
    Serbo-Croatian ве̏јати vȅjati to winnow, to blow violenty
    
    West Slavic
    
    Polish wiać to blow (of wind), to run, to escape
- Germanic *wēaną to blow (of wind)
  - East Germanic
    
    Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽 waian to blow (of wind)
  - West Germanic
    
    Old English wāwan to blow (of wind)
    
    Old High German wāen
    
    German wehen to blow (of wind)
- Hellenic *awēmi
  - Ancient Greek ἄημι áēmi
- Indo-Iranian *Hwā́-ti
  - Indo-Aryan
    
    Sanskrit वाति vā́ti to blow, to smell, to hurt
    
    Sanskrit वान vāna blown past participle
    
    Sanskrit निर्वाण nirvāṇa blowing out, cessation, disappearance, emancipation from matter, extinction of individual existence, passion, or desire
    
    Magadhi
    
    Bengali নির্বাণ nirbaṇ nirvana, extinguishment
    
    Pali nibbāna
    
    Thai นิพพาน níp-paan nirvana, ascendance, death
    
    Middle Chinese
    
    Mandarin 涅槃 nièpán nirvana
    Japanese ねはん nehan nirvana, enlightenment, death of the Buddha, death, salvation
    Korean 열반 yeolban nirvana
    Vietnamese niết bàn nirvana
    
    Sinhala නිවන nivana
    Hindi निर्वाण nirvāṇ extinguished, blown out, nirvana
    Punjabi ਨਿਰਵਾਣ nirvāṇ
    English nirvana
  - Iranian
    
    Avestan 𐬬𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 vāiti
    
    Western Iranian
    
    Persian وزیدن vazidan to blow, to bluster
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥t-s blowing (adjective), that which blows, wind, air
- Anatolian
  - Hittite 𒄷𒉿𒀭𒍝 ḫu-wa-an-za
- Celtic *wintos wind
  - Brythonic *gwɨnt wind
    
    Welsh gwynt wind
  - Old Irish fet whistle
- Germanic *windaz wind
  - East Germanic
    
    Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 winds wind
  - North Germanic
    
    Old Norse vindr wind
    
    Icelandic vindur wind
    Swedish vind wind, attic, loft
    
    Old Norse vindauga window lit. "wind-eye"
    
    Danish vindue window
    Swedish vindöga window (archaic)
    English window
    Irish fuinneog window
  - West Germanic
    
    Old English wind wind
    
    English wind wind
    
    Old High German wint wind
    
    German Wind wind
    Yiddish ווינט vint wind
  - Germanic *windwōną to toss into the wind, to throw about, to winnow
    
    East Germanic
    
    Gothic *𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰 *winþjan
    
    Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰 diswinþjan to throw (grain) apart, to scatter like chaff
    
    North Germanic
    
    Old Norse vinza to winnow
    
    Icelandic vinza to winnow
    
    West Germanic
    
    Old English windwian to winnow, to blow away, to ventilate
    
    English winnow
    Scots windo winnow
    
    Old High German wintōn to fan, to winnow
- Hellenic *awḗəts
  - Ancient Greek ἀείς aeís blowing
- Indo-Iranian
  - Indo-Aryan
    
    Sanskrit वात vā́ta wind, air, God of Wind
    
    Sauraseni
    
    Pali vāta wind
    
    Telugu వాతము vātamu wind, air
  - Iranian
    
    Avestan 𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬀 vāta
    
    Western Iranian
    
    Kurdish با ba weather, wind
    
    Persian باد bâd wind
    
    Pashto باد bâd wind (archaic)
- Italic *wentos wind
  - Latin ventus wind
    
    Sardinian bentu wind
    
    Eastern Romance
    
    Romanian vânt wind
    
    Romanian a avânta to rush at
    
    Western Romance
    
    French vent wind, empty words
    
    English vent
    
    French ventail leaf (of a door), panel (of a window), ventail (archaic)
    
    English ventail
    
    Italian vento wind
    
    Spanish viento wind, woodwind
    
    Spanish aventar to blow, to fan, to throw, to blow away
    
    Latin ventulus slight wind, breeze
    
    Latin ventilo I toss, I swing, I brandish, I expose to draught, I winnow
    
    Sardinian bentulai
    
    Eastern Romance
    
    Romanian a vântura to winnow, to fan, to wander
    
    Western Romance
    
    Spanish beldar to winnow
    
    English ventilate
    French ventiler
    Italian ventilare
    
    Latin ventosus windy
    
    Sardinian bentosu
    
    Eastern Romance
    
    Romanian vântos windy, breezy
    
    Western Romance
    
    French venteux windy
    
    French ventouse plunger, suction cup, ventouse, sucker
    
    English ventouse
    Greek βεντούζα ventoúza plunger, suction cup
    
    French Ventôse six month of the French Republican calendar
    
    Italian ventoso windy, conceited
    Spanish ventoso windy
    
    Vulgar Latin *ventana
    
    Spanish ventana window
    
    Tagalog bintana window
    
    Latin *exventō I expose to air
    
    Sardinian sbintari to air, to aerate, to degas
    
    Eastern Romance
    
    Romanian a zvânta to dry, to air, to thrash
    
    Western Romance
    
    French éventer to air, to ventilate, to expose to wind, to fan, to go stale, to go flat
    
    French éventail fan, range, array
    English vent
    
    Italian sventare to foil, to thwart, to baffle
- Tocharian *wʲente
  - Arshian want wind
  - Kushean yente wind
Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁yu-s
- Balto-Slavic *wēyas
  - Lithuanian vė́jas wind, God of Wind
    
    Sanskrit वायु vāyú wind, God of Wind, the element of air, breath
    Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬎 vaiiu air, wind, the space between earth and heaven
- Indo-Iranian
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéhdro-m weather,
- Proto-Albanian *ŭ(n)dərā
  - Albanian vrëndë light rain
- Balto-Slavic
  - Slavic
    
    East Slavic
    
    Russian вёдро vjódro fair weather
- Germanic *wedrą weather, storm
  - North Germanic
    
    Old Norse veðr weather
    
    Icelandic veður weather, storm
    Swedish väder weather
  - West Germanic
    
    Old English weder sky, weather, season
    
    English weather
    
    Old High German wetar
    
    German Wetter weather, storm
    Yiddish וועטער veter weather
  - Germanic *unwedrą bad weather, storm
    
    North Germanic
    
    Old Norse óveðr
    
    Icelandic óveður storm
    Swedish oväder storm, bad weather
    
    West Germanic
    
    Old English unweder bad weather, storm
    
    English unweather
    
    Old High German unwetar
    
    German Unwetter
- Hellenic *áwethlon
  - Ancient Greek ἆθλον âthlon contest, prize, arena ^[2]
    
    English -athlon
    
    English triathlon
    
    Greek άθλος áthlos feat, accomplishment, contest, task ^[2]
    
    Ancient Greek ᾱ̓θλέω āthléō I contend, I wrestle, I compete
    
    Ancient Greek ἀθλητής athlētḗs contender, combatant, champion, prizefighter
    
    Greek αθλητής athlitís athlete, sportsman
    
    Latin āthlēta wrestler, athlete
    
    Western Romance
    
    French athlète athlete
    
    English athlete
    
    Italian atleta athlete
    Spanish atleta athlete, fit person
    
    Ancient Greek ἄθλημα áthlēma sport
    
    Greek άθλημα áthlima sport
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wh₁nó-s windy
- Italic
  - Latin vannus winnowing basket, winnowing fan
    
    Western Romance
    
    French van winnowing basket
    Italian vanni wings (poetic)
    
    Old English fann winnowing basket, fan
    
    English fan
    
    Old High German wanna tub ^[3]
    
    German Wanne tub
    
    German Badewanne bathtub
    
    Yiddish וואַנע vane bathtub
    Polish wanna bathtub, bath
    Russian ва́нна vánna bath, bathtub
    
    Latin vannō I fan, I winnow
    
    Western Romance
    
    French vanner to winnow, to shake about, to scrutinize, to stir
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁trih₂-n
- Balto-Slavic *wetrā
  - East Baltic
    
    Lithuanian vė́tra storm
  - Slavic *vě̀trъ wind
    
    East Slavic
    
    Russian ве́тер véter wind
    
    South Slavic
    
    Serbo-Croatian ве̏тар vȅtar wind
    
    West Slavic
    
    Polish wiatr wind
Proto-Indo-European ?
- Hellenic *awetmós ^[4]
  - Ancient Greek ἀτμός atmos vapor, steam, smoke ^[4]
    
    English atmo-
    
    English atmosphere
    
    Greek ατμός atmós steam, water vapor

Visual

Collected English words

Footnotes

Possibly, a relative (of indeterminate degree) with Arabic هَوَاء hawāʔ: "empty space, void, air, atmosphere". In which case, it is an interesting data point in the question of how h₁ and h₂ were pronounced.

There are two theories about where هَوَاء hawāʔ comes from. Synchronically (that is, in modern morphology, without regard to history), it derives from ه و ي h-w-y: "valley, depression", with the assumption that by extension, it means the empty/airy space in the valley. In which case it would be from Semitic *hVw: "fall upon", from Afro-Asiatic *haw: "fall").

Less well attested, but more obviously connected is a possible Afro-Asiatic root *haway-: "blow", which appears in Chadic *haway-: "wind", Bachama hawey, Bata haue.

Orel and Stubolva (Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary, 1995) list Arabic hwy under both *haw and *haway-.

Side note, if from the "valley"/"fall" option, the Hebrew reflex is הָיָה haya: "to happen, to occur, to be" as in נֵס גָּדוֹל הָיָה שָׁם nés gadól hayá shám: "A great miracle happened there." (the acronym represented by the four letters on a dreidel) and אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה ’ehyeh ’ăšer ’ehyeh: "I will be what I will be" (King James, "I am that I am"). This is thought to also be related to יהוה Yahweh, perhaps meaning either "he who is" or "he who sends down".

As in οἱ Ἡρακλέους ἆθλοι hoi Hērakleous athloi: "The Labours of Hercules".

I don't quite follow the semantic leap there, but everyone seems to agree that Old High German wanna comes from vannus. Possibly it was conflated with Latin balneum/Vulgar Latin *baneu/Spanish baño, meaning "bath").

My sources list ἀτμός from *h₂weh₁- via the given Hellenic form, but not the PIE form. I can't think of a way in either Proto-Indo-European or Greek to get that t in there between the root and the m.

Word Family - Easter

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Eärendil, Easter, air, soar, east, Austria, Australia, early, Erigeron

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Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- dawn, east
- Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwsōs Divinity of Dawn
  - Germanic *auzi
    
    Germanic *Auziwandilaz Bright-Wanderer, Dawn-Wanderer, Morning Star personal name ^[1]
    
    East Germanic
    
    Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌶𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌻 auzandil morning star (Venus), Lucifer
    
    North Germanic
    
    Old Norse Aurvandil
    
    West Germanic
    
    Old …

AidanEM

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